Persistent Anovulation Research Articles

Polycystic Ovaries And Associated Biochemical Features In Medical Students Of The Women Medical College In Haryana

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogenous endocrinal disorder and one of the leading causes of infertility worldwide. Its diagnosis is based on abnormalities of the reproductive system, hyperandrogenism and persistent anovulation after exclusion of primary diseases of the ovaries and adrenal and pituitary glands. Methods: This Cross – sectional study was conducted among 362 MBBS students of a government medical college in Haryana chosen by simple random sampling. After taking written consent, interview was conducted. Categorical variables were presented in the form of frequency and proportions while continuous variables as mean and standard deviation. Results: Prevalence of PCOS among the study population was 15.74%. The mean age of onset of PCOS was 21.32 ± 1.35 years. Significant risk factors for PCOS were family h/o, drug intake for any illness, testosterone, DHEAS values, thyroid profile, Ultrasonography (USG) findings, BMI and Menstrual Irregularity with p-value < 0.005. Conclusion: PCOS is an emerging disorder that has been linked to a number of health issues, including obesity, anovulation and irregular menstruation. Age-related increases in PCOS prevalence and symptoms highlight the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach to early detection of this condition.

Phytochemical Interventions for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome : (PCOS) Systematic Review

Worldwide, 2.2-26% Many women who are fertile experience PCOS, a complicated the Endocrine, metabolic, and genetic condition. Pale menstruation, infertility, hirsutism, acne, and insulin resistance are some of the symptoms of PCOS, which is typified by polycystic ovaries, persistent anovulation, and hyperandrogenism. While they come with risks and adverse effects, conventional treatments frequently target specific ailments. Herbal remedies, on the other hand, present a viable, low-risk substitute. The effectiveness of several botanicals, such as Ashoka, Shatavari, Lodhra, Guduchi and Haritki in reducing PCOS symptoms is highlighted in this review. These herbs improve ovarian morphology and lower hyperandrogenism; they also have hypoglycemic, anti-obesity, and hormone-regulating qualities. Other herbs that are useful for hormone imbalance, reproductive dysfunction, depression, menstruation include The plants Phyllanthus emblica and Bauhinia variegata. Bellirica terminalia. Hypericum perforatum with Tribulus terrestris. anomalies. Notably, there have been no documented adverse effects and these phytotherapeutic approaches are well tolerated. The goal of this review is to compile the body of research regarding the use of natural plants to treat PCOS, with a focus on the possibility of herbal formulations as a safe, effective, supplemental management strategy for condition.

Evaluation on PCOS in Hypothyroidism among Young Females in the Age Group of 18-25 Years: A Study from Tamilnadu, India

A multifactorial ailment, polycystic ovary syndrome, is typified by persistent anovulation along with indications of excess androgen without the presence of other particular diseases of the pituitary, thyroid, or adrenal glands that might cause comparable symptoms. Because polycystic ovarian syndrome is frequently accompanied by obesity, elevated insulin resistance and increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors are commonly linked to the condition. In Kulasekharam, Tamil Nadu, India, at the Sree Ramakrishna Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences and Hospital, the study was conducted. Women who are between the ages of 18 and 25 are taking part in the research. After outlining the purpose of the study, verbal consent was obtained. This survey received 30 responses. There are thirty questions in the survey. The following subjects were included in the questionnaire's parameters: food, menstruation disorders, anxiety, hair care, and digestive problems. The study excluded female subjects who were unwilling or uncooperative. Most women are affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome. Their food is not well- balanced and healthy. Women also need to be better informed on the importance of maintaining good hygiene, eating a balanced diet, drinking enough water, and the dangers of junk food. They also need to learn more about gut dysbiosis and how to prevent exposure to environmental pollutants. Future medical treatments should concentrate on these areas in order to improve young women's general health and wellness.

Benefits of yoga on women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal imbalance that occurs when the ovaries produce and release eggs creating excess hormones. Affected women range in age from 6% to 20%, depending on the diagnostic criteria. Hyperandrogenism and persistent anovulation are two characteristics of the complex condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Treatment for PCOS involves lifestyle modifications, education, and symptom-specific therapies for both individuals at risk and those with a confirmed diagnosis. Exercise and dietary changes have long been seen as the cornerstones of managing lifestyle diseases. Yoga is an age-old discipline that aims to balance a person's mental, emotional, physical, and spiritual aspects. Yoga can improve one's physical and mental well-being, making them feel better overall. Several research studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of yoga in PCOS control. Regular yoga practice has been demonstrated to ease the symptoms of PCOS and decrease testosterone levels, also promoting relaxation. The present paper is intended to bring a thematic insight into the problem related to PCOD and the impact of yoga among the patients of PCOD.

“Herbal plants used in the treatment of PCOS-A Comprehensive review”

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a common endocrine metabolic illness marked by polycystic ovaries, persistent anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, resulting in symptoms of monthly irregularity, infertility, and hirsutism. Various medicinal therapies for polycystic ovarian syndrome have been offered. However, the potential adverse effects of long-term therapies, as well as their limited effectiveness, have made complementary and alternative treatments a viable choice. According to recent estimates, the usage of complementary therapies is on the rise. Various plants like Saraca asoka, Moringa olifera, Asparagus racemosus, Cimicifuga racemose etc., proved active in the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome. In this review, attempts have been made to summarize the important medicinal plants which are used in the treatment or prevention of polycystic ovarian syndrome. This article will be helpful for the upcoming researchers in their investigation of Polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Parameters of PCOS in Tertiary Hospital in Bangladesh

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) represents a complex endocrinopathy with significant metabolic implications. The Rotterdam criteria establish the diagnosis based on the presence of two of three criteria: ultrasound-confirmed polycystic ovaries, hyperandrogenism, and persistent anovulation. Objective: Our objective was to investigate hormonal and anthropometric parameters in PCOS patients compared to controls, aiming to elucidate predictive markers and metabolic aberrations. Method: A case-control study comprising 50 PCOS subjects and 50 controls was conducted, focusing on females aged 18-40 attending an obstetrics and gynecology department, Tertiary hospital. Hormonal assays and anthropometric measurements were performed following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Significant differences emerged between PCOS and control groups across various parameters. PCOS individuals displayed elevated levels of TSH, LH, FSH, and prolactin, coupled with increased BMI and altered waist-to-hip ratio, indicating early metabolic disruptions. Notably, the LH:FSH ratio was lower in PCOS subjects, suggesting hormonal imbalances. Conclusion: High levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, LH, FSH, and prolactin, coupled with elevated body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio, served as indicators of PCOS and early metabolic irregularities.

The role of the autonomic nervous system in polycystic ovary syndrome.

This article reviewed the relationship between the autonomic nervous system and the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Its primary characteristics include persistent anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology, often accompanied by disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism. The body's functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which consists mainly of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis in the body. Research indicates that ovarian function in mammals is under autonomic neural control. The ovaries receive central nervous system information through the ovarian plexus nerves and the superior ovarian nerves. Neurotransmitters mediate neural function, with acetylcholine and norepinephrine being the predominant autonomic neurotransmitters. They influence the secretion of ovarian steroids and follicular development. In animal experiments, estrogen, androgens, and stress-induced rat models have been used to explore the relationship between PCOS and the autonomic nervous system. Results have shown that the activation of the autonomic nervous system contributes to the development of PCOS in rat. In clinical practice, assessments of autonomic nervous system function in PCOS patients have been gradually employed. These assessments include heart rate variability testing, measurement of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, skin sympathetic response testing, and post-exercise heart rate recovery evaluation. PCOS patients exhibit autonomic nervous system dysfunction, characterized by increased sympathetic nervous system activity and decreased vagal nerve activity. Abnormal metabolic indicators in PCOS women can also impact autonomic nervous system activity. Clinical studies have shown that various effective methods for managing PCOS regulate patients' autonomic nervous system activity during the treatment process. This suggests that improving autonomic nervous system activity may be an effective approach in treating PCOS.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Periodontal Diseases: The Link Demystified

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorders, affecting 7-20% of women of reproductive age. In the case of PCOS, the ovaries have a large number of cystic follicles linked to persistent anovulation and androgen overproduction. PCOS is also linked to other systemic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, and psychological conditions. Research studies indicate that PCOS may increase susceptibility to periodontal disease. The mechanisms underpinning the links between these two conditions are not completely understood. There is emerging evidence to support the existence of a two-way relationship between PCOS and periodontitis, with PCOS increasing the risk for periodontitis and periodontal inflammation worsening the PCOS status. This narrative review of the various pathophysiological mechanisms linking the two diseases depicts a positive correlation between the two conditions.

The efficacy and mechanism of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels root aqueous extract based on RNA sequencing and 16S rDNA sequencing in alleviating polycystic ovary syndrome

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) leads to persistent anovulation, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovary, and is mainly characterized by menstrual disorders, and reproductive dysfunction. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels root has been used in many classical formulas of traditional Chinese medicine, and is commonly used to treat various gynecological diseases. PurposeTo investigate the protective effect of water extract of A. sinensis root (WEA) on PCOS rats, and the mechanism by RNA sequencing, and 16S rDNA sequencing. MethodsThe PCOS rat model was established by letrozole combined with high-fat diet (gavage; 2 months), and treated with WEA (gavage; 2 g/kg, 4 g/kg or 8 g/kg; 1 month). To evaluate the therapeutic effect of WEA on PCOS rats, vaginal smear, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and biochemical indicators detection were performed. The rat ovarian tissue was analyzed by RNA sequencing, and the results were verified by qRT-PCR, and Western blot. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota of rats. ResultsThe results of the vaginal smear, and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that WEA improved estrous cycle disorder, and ovarian tissue lesions. WEA (4 g/kg or 8 g/kg; 1 months) alleviated hormone disorders, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. RNA sequencing showed that WEA intervention significantly changed the expressions of 2756 genes, which were enriched in phosphatidylinositol3-kinase/phosphorylated protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and insulin signaling pathways. 16S rDNA sequencing found that WEA increased the species diversity of gut microbiota, and regulated the abundance of some microbiota (genus level: Dubosiella, Bifidobacterium, Coriobacteriaceae (UCG-002), and Treponema; species level: Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus murinus, and Lactobacillus johnsonii). ConclusionWEA regulated hormone, and glycolipid metabolism disorders, thereby relieving the PCOS induced by letrozole combined with high-fat diet. The mechanism was related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT, PPAR, MAPK, AMPK, and insulin signaling pathways in ovarian tissues, and the maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis. Clarifying the efficacy and mechanism of WEA in alleviating PCOS based on RNA sequencing and 16S rDNA sequencing will guide the more reasonable clinical use of WEA.

Potential for NPY receptor-related therapies for polycystic ovary syndrome: an updated review.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disease that can cause female infertility and bring economic burden to families and to society. The clinical and/or biochemical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, persistent anovulation, and polycystic ovarian changes, often accompanied by insulin resistance and obesity. Although its pathogenesis is unclear, PCOS involves the abnormal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the abnormal activation of GnRH neurons. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and functions as the physiological integrator of two neuroendocrine systems, one governing feeding and the other controlling reproduction. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the improvement of the reproductive and metabolic status of PCOS through the therapeutic application of NPY and its receptors.In this review, we summarize the central and peripheral regulation of NPY and its receptors in the development of PCOS and discuss the potential for NPY receptor-related therapies for PCOS.

Efficacy of N acetylcysteine vs metformin on biochemical and clinical parameters in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome in a tertiary care hospital

: Ovarian dysfunction syndrome, or PCOS, is characterised by hyperandrogenism, enlarged cystic ovaries, and persistent anovulation in women of reproductive age. These coexist with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity. To enhance menstruation pattern, insulin sensitivity, and treat dyslipidemia, a metformin replacement that has few side effects is required.: To study the effects of N acetyl cysteine in women with PCOS in and compare with commonly used Metformin. : To evaluate if N acetyl cysteine can substitute Metformin in treatment of women with PCOS in clinical parameters like BMI, menstrual pattern and biochemical parameters like FBS and lipid profile.: A prospective randomized control study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynaecology department in Shri Sathya Sai medical college. 60 women (diagnosed by Rotterdam criteria) of age group 18 to 45 were included in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned into 2 groups. Group M received Metformin 500mg TDS and group N received N acetylcysteine 600mg TDS. Clinical and biochemical parameters contributing to metabolic syndrome such as menstrual pattern, BMI, Fasting blood sugars and lipid profile were noted before and after completion of the study along with side effects of the drugs.: 30 women in metformin group and 30 in NAC group completed study. A statistically significant decrease in BMI, Waist hip ratio was noted in both metformin and NAC groups. The mean difference post treatment was (3.63 vs 4.16) in BMI and (0.014 vs 0.017) in waist hip ratio. Both treatments led to significant improvement in menstrual pattern, FBS and lipid profile. Group N showed statistically better results compared group M. : Metformin and N acetyl cysteine were efficient in improving BMI, menstrual pattern and the metabolic parameters. However, decrease in BMI, WHR, FBS, lipid profile and menstrual pattern were statistically more significant in NAC compared to metformin.

Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review of Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes.

The polycystic ovarian syndrome affects many women today. Previous research has demonstrated a direct link between it and serious ailments such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and infertility. Originally thought to be a reproductive disorder, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is now understood to be a metabolic and psychological disorder. Women of reproductive age suffering from PCOS undergo hormonal imbalances in which progesterone, insulin, and testosterone are produced in excess. PCOS exhibits a variety of characteristics as well as a heterogeneity of symptoms, including acne, hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, irregular menstruation, infertility, obesity, and mood disorders like despair and anxiety. Chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and an elevated threat of coronary artery disease are some of its defining characteristics. PCOS develops due to interacting genetic and environmental factors. From a gynaecological curiosity, it grew into a multisystem endocrinopathy. It is fascinating to learn how hormonal issues result in gynaecological problems. Insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinism, and an increase in ovarian androgenic hyperresponsiveness to circulating insulin are all directly related to hyperandrogenism and anovulation. Independent of weight, insulin resistance is more common with PCOS and plays a crucial role in the syndrome's metabolic and reproductive complications. Anovulation, polycystic ovaries, and elevated luteinizing hormones, which increase circulating androgen, are all caused by a reduction in follicle-stimulating hormone. High androgen levels cause hyperinsulinemia, which leads cells to become insulin resistant and makes PCOS patients more likely to develop diabetes mellitus. Later research established that women with polycystic ovarian shape and persistent anovulation are the only ones susceptible to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is thus a distinct characteristic of the condition. The purpose of this review paper is to investigate how PCOS ultimately results in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Incredible Combination of Lifestyle Modification and Herbal Remedies for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Management.

A relatively frequent endocrine-metabolic illness called polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by polycystic ovaries, persistent anovulation, and hyperandrogenism, which cause symptoms such as irregular menstruation, infertility, and hirsutism. PCOS is linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and increased amounts of androgens, or male hormones. The sedentary lifestyle, dietary fluctuations, inactivity, and stress are other contributing variables. According to estimates from India in 2021, around 22.5% of women, or one in five Indian women, suffer from PCOS. Evidence-based medical care for PCOS places a strong focus on a multidisciplinary approach, as standard pharmacological treatment frequently targets a single symptom, may be contraindicated, has adverse effects, and is ineffective in certain circumstances. However, long-term treatments have drawbacks and are likely to be ineffective, making complementary and alternative therapies a worthwhile choice. Yoga science is a thorough treatment plan for a healthy body and mind that may eradicate PCOS's primary causes, stress and obesity. Some common herbal remedies, including Foeniculum vulgare, Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Areca catechu, and Lepidium meyenii, have been highly regarded sources that have the benefits of lowering PCOS as well as having hypoglycemic and antiobesity effects. In light of existing literature, women with PCOS experienced symptomatic relief, improvement in hormonal balance, and the quality of life by utilizing yoga practices as well as herbal remedies. In conclusion, combining lifestyle modifications with herbal remedies can be used in the management of PCOS as a holistic approach. Therefore, this review opens a new window for researchers all across the world to validate such findings.

Therapeutic potential of exosomes/miRNAs in polycystic ovary syndrome induced by the alteration of circadian rhythms.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a reproductive dysfunction associated with endocrine disorders and is most common in women of reproductive age. Clinical and/or biochemical manifestations include hyperandrogenism, persistent anovulation, polycystic ovary, insulin resistance, and obesity. Presently, the aetiology and pathogenesis of PCOS remain unclear. In recent years, the role of circadian rhythm changes in PCOS has garnered considerable attention. Changes in circadian rhythm can trigger PCOS through mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation; however, the specific mechanisms are unclear. Exosomes are vesicles with sizes ranging from 30-120nm that mediate intercellular communication by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, mRNAs, DNA, or lipids to target cells and are widely involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes. Circadian rhythm can alter circulating exosomes, leading to a series of related changes and physiological dysfunctions. Therefore, we speculate that circadian rhythm-induced changes in circulating exosomes may be involved in PCOS pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the possible roles of exosomes and their derived microRNAs in the occurrence and development of PCOS and discuss their possible mechanisms, providing insights into the potential role of exosomes for PCOS treatment.

Adipokinesand Ghrelin Rolein Regulation of Ovarian Function in Obesity

There is a great worldwide trend in the incidence of obesity, which is increasing with each passing year among all populations, including women of reproductive age. Given the impressive list of diseases associated with obesity, as well as the negative inverse correlation of the severity of obesity with fertility, this problem is global not only in the social sphere, but it also becomes demographically significant.Along with other pathogenetic mechanisms leading to persistent anovulation, an imbalance in adipokine production by adipose tissue can also serve as one of the important links in the development of reproductive dysfunction. Despite apparent interest in this topic, a large number of previously discovered adipokines are still not studied. Among adipokines, the effects of adiponectin and leptin on reproductive function are best known. Alterations in adiponectin and leptin levels can affect hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal signaling, folliculogenesis, oogenesis and steroidogenesis. In addition, leptin is involved in the initiation of puberty, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and changes the balance between proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cells. The leading causes of reduced fertility, infertility, and IVF failure in obese patients are mechanisms that promote the formation of chronic anovulation, delay the maturation of oocytes, reduce their quality, and/or lead to changes in endometrial susceptibility. These effects can be caused by an imbalance in the concentrations of leptin and adiponectin (leptin excess and adiponectin deficiency), lead to endometrial dysfunction, disruption of implantation and early embryogenesis. These changes, in turn, can affect just as the likelihood of spontaneous conception, so the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technologies and subsequent gestation.Thus, the study of potential pathogenetic pathways of fertility regulation in obesity, one of which is the subject of this review, is an important area for further study.

Клінічна характеристика обстежених пацієнток із безпліддям та перенесеним пренатальним стресом

The purpose of the study was to go thoroughly into a question about the clinical features of the history and reproductive status in women with psychoemotional disorders associated with prenatal stress in comparison with the clinical features of the history and reproductive status of somatically healthy women with tubo-peritoneal factor infertility. Materials and methods. The study involved 120 patients, 80 of whom experienced prenatal stress: the main group, which was divided respectively into group 1 – women who underwent in vitro fertilization and group 2 – women who did not undergo in vitro fertilization. For comparison, a control group of 40 women without prenatal stress was formed. The age of the patients ranged from 22 to 45 years. Complaints, medical and life history, gynecological history, educational level were studied in all patients, and the causes of infertility were assessed. Results and discussion. Among the causes of primary infertility, hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian insufficiency and associated ovulatory changes, which are manifested by menstrual irregularities, are dominant. Persistent anovulation, lack of correction of menstrual irregularities lead to the development of endocrine-dependent gynecological diseases, one of the manifestations of which is primary infertility. The frequency of infertility with a regular menstrual cycle is 30-70%. In these patients, combined forms of infertility are more common. The study found that in terms of place of residence, social status, the presence of bad habits, gynecological history data, infertile patients in vitro fertilization programs do not differ from healthy women with tubo-peritoneal factor of infertility. A significant difference was revealed between the indicators of the nature of the menstrual cycle in the comparison groups. It was found that a menstrual cycle lasting less than 23 days is a predictor of decreased functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in women. Analysis of the hormonal regulation of the reproductive function of the examined groups of women established the prevalence of follicle-stimulating hormone indices in the main group over the control group (9.6 ± 0.2 versus 6.2 ± 0.1 mMod / ml, respectively, p <0.05), and the thyroid-stimulating hormone level had no differences between comparison groups. We proposed to distinguish 3 states of ovarian reserve – normal, low and extremely low for women with infertility and a history of prenatal stress. Conclusion. Timely comprehensive assessment of the state of the endocrine system, the state of the ovaries in relation to the state of the regulatory mechanisms of psychoemotional adaptation of women with infertility associated with prenatal stress, which we studied, requires a partial revision of approaches to this group of patients and the timely use of in vitro fertilization to improve the effectiveness of infertility treatment

Clinical experience of Guishen pill combined with Diane-35 in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome is one of the most common gynecological endocrine diseases in women. This article mainly discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome from the two aspects of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine, and focuses on the mechanism of action of Guishen Pill. The clinical efficacy of symptoms. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease that mostly occurs in women during adolescence and reproductive age. Patients are characterized by persistent anovulation and ovarian polycystic changes. The clinical manifestations include irregular menstruation, infertility, hirsutism, and acne, obesity, acanthosis nigricans [1]. Traditional Chinese medicine does not have this disease name. According to its clinical manifestations and characteristics, it belongs to "infertility", "oligomenorrhea" and "amenorrhea" [2]. While PCOS may also be associated with a variety of complications, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and psychiatric disorders, the cause remains unclear. There is relevant evidence that polycystic ovary syndrome and genetic factors, intrauterine factors and environmental factors, as well as epigenetic mechanisms [3].

Frequency of Subclinical Hypothyroidism among Patients of Polycysitic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian disorder is the most frequent kind of persistent anovulation caused by androgen extra, affecting 6-12% of fertile women. PCOS is seen as a complex condition through a variable origin. It has also been linked to greater in metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. The purpose of our research was to determine the frequency of subclinical hypothyroidism among patients of polycystic ovarian disease presenting in the outpatient department of tertiary care hospital Methods: The Study was a cross-sectional study which was conducted in Gynecology & Obstetrics Department, Lady Aitchison Hospital, Lahore. All polycystic ovarian disease patients were enrolled. Participants' blood samples were drawn utilizing aseptic methods and transported to a pathology laboratory for serum TSH levels to be measured. Subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be common in polycystic ovarian individuals diagnosed. SPSS v24 was used to enter and evaluate data. The Chi-square method was conducted to test the relevance of post-stratification. A p-value of 0.06 was believed important. Results: Total 136 cases with polycystic ovarian disease were selected for this study. Mean age was 28.4±7.9 years. Among 136 patients, 26(19.1%) had subclinical hypothyroidism. By stratification of subclinical hypothyroidism, it was found that age >30 years and obese had extensive effect having subclinical hypothyroidism (p=0.00001, p=0.002). Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism may be a modifiable risk factor, associated with polycystic ovarian disease. Steps should be taken to minimize more this risk factor by screening and early intervention. Keywords: Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Polycystic Ovarian Disease.

Peculiarities of gynecological history and reproductive status of women with psycho-emotional disorders related to prenatal stress

Persistent anovulation, menstrual disorders lead to the development of endocrine-dependent gynecological diseases, one of the manifestations of which is primary infertility. The aim of the study: to assess the clinical features of history and reproductive status in women with psycho-emotional disorders associated with prenatal stress. The study involved 120 patients, 80 of whom suffered prenatal stress: 1 – the main group, which is divided into 1A subgroup – women who underwent in vitro fertilization, and 1B subgroup – women who did not undergo in vitro fertilization. For comparison, a 2 – control group of 40 women without prenatal stress with exclusively tubal factor of infertility, in which the parameters of the functional state of the reproductive system corresponded to the normal ovarian reserve. The age of patients ranged from 22 to 45 years. Complaints, anamnesis of disease and life, gynecological anamnesis, level of education were studied in all patients, the causes of infertility were assessed. The results of the study were processed using the statistical package of the licensed program “STATISTICA® for Windows 13.0”. The normality of the distribution of indicators was established by the Shapiro-Wilk criterion. Descriptive statistics are presented as the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of M±SD or the median and quartile interval Me (Q1-Q2) depending on the distribution of the trait. It was found that in place of residence, social status, the presence of bad habits, gynecological history of infertile patients in in vitro fertilization programs do not differ from healthy women with tubal-peritoneal factor infertility. There was a significant difference between the indicators of the nature of the menstrual cycle in the comparison groups. It has been found that a menstrual cycle of less than 23 days is a predictor of reduced functional activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in women. Analysis of hormonal regulation of reproductive function of the examined groups of women found the prevalence of FSH in the main group over the control (9,611±0,212 vs. 6,221±0,113 mMod/ml, respectively, (p<0.05), and the level of TSH was not differences between comparison groups. We proposed to identify 3 states of ovarian reserve - normal, low and extremely low for women with a history of infertility and prenatal stress. Conclusion: timely comprehensive assessment of the endocrine system, ovarian status in relation to the state of regulatory mechanisms of psychoemotional adaptation of women with infertility associated with prenatal stress, which we studied, requires a partial revision of approaches to this group of patients and timely use of in vitro extracorporeal the effectiveness of infertility treatment.

Research Progress of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease with reproductive dysfunction and abnormal endocrine metabolism. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance (IR) and persistent anovulation. At present, the pathogenesis and pathological mechanism of PCOS are still unclear, and there is no unified standard for the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS locally nor abroad. It is still a famous and difficult problem to explore the pathogenesis of PCOS and seek effective prevention and treatment methods.