Persistence Of Imidacloprid Research Articles

An overview on the fate and behavior of imidacloprid in agricultural environments.

This review provides an overview on the fate and behavior of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, in agricultural environments. The study focuses on four key aspects: adsorption and leaching of imidacloprid in soil, degradation and hydrolysis of imidacloprid in soil and water, uptake and persistence of imidacloprid in plants, and volatilization of imidacloprid to the atmosphere. The review presents the latest findings from research on each of these topics. While imidacloprid is highly effective at controlling pests, it is also known to persist in the environment, posing risks to non-target organisms such as bees, birds, and aquatic life. Moreover, there is increasing concern about its potential to accumulate in the soil and water systems, which may have long-term effects on the ecosystem. The review suggests that better understanding of the behavior and fate of imidacloprid in agricultural environments is essential for developing effective strategies to minimize its environmental impact.

Oxytetracycline Increases the Residual Risk of Imidacloprid in Radish (Raphanus sativus) and Disturbs the Plant-Rhizosphere Microbiome Holobiont Homeostasis.

Antibiotics can be accidentally introduced into farmland by wastewater irrigation, and the environmental effects are still unclear. In this study, the effects of oxytetracycline on the residue of imidacloprid in soil and radishes were investigated. Besides, the rhizosphere microbiome and radish metabolome were analyzed. It showed that the persistence of imidacloprid in soil was unchanged, but the content of olefin-imidacloprid was increased by oxytetracycline. The residue of imidacloprid in radishes was increased by nearly 1.5 times, and the hazard index of imidacloprid was significantly raised by 1.5-4 times. Oxytetracycline remodeled the rhizosphere microbiome, including Actinobe, Elusimic, and Firmicutes, and influenced the metabolome of radishes. Especially, some amino acid metabolic pathways in radish were downregulated, which might be involved in imidacloprid degradation. It can be assumed that oxytetracycline increased the imidacloprid residue in radish through disturbing the plant-rhizosphere microbiome holobiont and, thus, increased the pesticide dietary risk.

Imidacloprid Uptake and Leaching in the Critical Root Zone of a Florida Entisol

Imidacloprid (IDP) products are applied via soil drenching in the citrus critical root zone (CCRZ) at 0–60 cm soil depth. This study aimed to determine the uptake and leaching of IDP in the CCRZ of a Florida Entisol. The treatments include: (1) a control with no IDP applied, (2) 1.6 g of active ingredient (a.i.) per tree (×2), and (3) 3.2 g a.i. per tree of IDP (×4). The treatments were applied to two trees within each experiment unit, replicated five times, and completely randomized. The IDP concentration in the Entisol was affected by the amount of water received within the sampling intervals. IDP movement in the Entisol was evident for the field trials in Fall 2021 and 2022, irrespective of the treatment. A total of 10 mm of daily irrigation was the major driver of IDP movement in Fall 2021 (September–December 2021), while 11.7 cm of cumulative rainfall plus 10 mm of daily irrigation were the major drivers for IDP in Fall 2022 (November–December 2022). The IDP uptake level by leaves was relatively low probably because of the relatively low temperature and humidity. More applications of IDP did not result in its higher uptake by citrus leaves in the Entisol. Given the persistence of IDP, there is a possibility of leaching, which could potentially contaminate the groundwater, surface water, and non-target organisms. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully manage the use of IDP in citrus production systems to mitigate the unintended environmental impacts.

Persistence of imidacloprid in trunk injected horse chestnut and its impact on Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Persistence of imidacloprid in trunk injected horse chestnut and its impact on Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Insights into the ecotoxicological effects associated with imidacloprid: A Review

Imidaclopridis a neonicotinoid insecticide contently used in agricultural fields with excellent systemic and contact activity, used in the largest volume worldwide against sucking pests of Diptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera in chilly, cotton, grapes, groundnut, okra, paddy, sugarcane, sunflower and tomato. It functions as an agonist at the acetylcholine receptors of the pest, affecting invertebrate movements, leading to palsy and mortality. It has an approbative toxicity profile, due to its poor penetration of the blood–brain barrier in vertebrates. Moreover, it does not exhibit any mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenicor immunotoxic properties. Besides these boons of imidacloprid, several studies reported the high leaching potential and persistence of imidacloprid in the ecosystem, creating threat to non-targeted organisms by altering their biochemical and reproductive processes.

Dissipation and Persistence of Imidacloprid Used as Seed Treatment in Peas

Dissipation and persistence study of imidacloprid on peas as seed treatment revealed presence of 6.47 and 9.92 mg kg-1 residues on green pea leaves at a dose of 1.8 g and 3.6 g a.i. per kg of seed, respectively after 19 days of treatment. Residues of imidacloprid dissipated below limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg-1 after 49 and 54 days of treatment. Residues of imidacloprid were found below limit of quantification of 0.01 mg kg-1 in immature pod with succulent seeds, succulent seeds (shelled), mature pod with seeds, mature seeds (shelled), soil and dry fodder (without root and pod).

Impact of organic manures on the persistence of imidacloprid in the sandy clay loam soil of tropical sugarcane crop ecosystem.

Impact of organic manures, viz., composted coir pith, press mud, sugarcane trash, and farmyard manure (FYM) on the persistence of imidacloprid in the sandy clay loam soil of tropical sugarcane crop ecosystem, was studied by employing rapid sample preparation method and reversed phase HPLC. The recoveries of the method employed to determine the residues of imidacloprid in the soil were in the range of 94.5 ± 7.02-97.3 ± 2.94% across the five levels of fortification ranged between 0.005 and 0.5 μg/g. Imidacloprid was observed to persist in the soil manured with FYM and composted coir pith for 30 days with the half-life of 7.62 and 7.0 days, respectively as against 21 days with the half-life of 6.66 days in the non-manurial soil. The comparatively longer persistence of imidacloprid in the FYM and composted coir pith-applied soils was attributed to reduced leaching from the plow layer due to the adsorption of insecticide molecules by the added organic manures.

Effect of light on persistence of imidacloprid in soil

Imidacloprid are Applied Widely to Protect Crops from Damage by Insect Pest, the Residue Usually Come Into Contact with Soil, where They Undergo A Transformations That Lead to Formation of A Complex Pattern of Metabolites. This Study Was Performed to Study The Persistence And Degradation Of Imidacloprid In Gezira-Sudan Soil As Affected By UV And Sunlight Exposure.The High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-DAD) Were Used To Characterize The Photodegradation Kinetics Under The Experiment Condition And To Identify The Main Photoproducts IMI-Urea In Soil Samples As To Propose Plausible Photodegradation Pathways Of Imidacloprid In Soil.Samples Of Soil Were Placed In Petri-Plate, Brought To Field Capacity Moisture And Then Exposed To UV And Sunlight. Residues Of Imidacloprid In Soil Dissipated With Half-Life Of 15.84 Under UV And 60.2 Days Under Sunlight. Exposure Of Thin Film Of Imidacloprid To UV And Sunlight Confirmed That It Is Photo Labile And Dissipated Very Fast With Half-Life 15.05 And 8.6 Days Under UV And Sunlight, Respectively. The Formation Of Imidacloprid-Urea As Main Photoproduct Was Only Detected On Day 7 In The Case Of Thin-Film Exposed To UV-Light. The Study Revealed That UV Component Of Sunlight Is An Important Factor For Imidacloprid Dissipation From Soil Surface.

Multigeneration toxicity of imidacloprid and thiacloprid to Folsomia candida

In a recent study, we showed that the springtail Folsomia candida was quite sensitive the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid and thiacloprid. This study aimed at determining the toxicity of both compounds to F. candida following exposure over three generations, in natural LUFA 2.2 standard soil. In the first generation, imidacloprid was more toxic than thiacloprid, with LC50s of 0.44 and 9.0 mg/kg dry soil, respectively and EC50s of 0.29 and 1.5 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. The higher LC50/EC50 ratio suggests that thiacloprid has more effects on reproduction, while imidacloprid shows lethal toxicity to the springtails. In the multigeneration tests, using soil spiked at the start of the first generation exposures, imidacloprid had a consistent effect on survival and reproduction in all three generations, with LC50s and EC50s of 0.21–0.44 and 0.12–0.29 mg/kg dry soil, respectively, while thiacloprid-exposed animals showed clear recovery in the second and third generations (LC50 and EC50 > 3.33 mg/kg dry soil). The latter finding is in agreement with the persistence of imidacloprid and the fast degradation of thiacloprid in the test soil.

Persistence and Degradation of Imidacloprid in Wheat Crop

Present study was conducted to investigate the levels and persistence of imidacloprid residues in wheat grains and straw of field crop samples grown from treated seed and foliar application. Objective of the study was to assess the best practices that may be used to produce safe grains and straw. Residual uptake of imidacloprid was measured after seed treatments at four dosage levels of seed. Each sample of 25g treated seed was sown in a separate 5ft2 plot.The absorption of imidacloprid residues was investigated by spraying the crops with 1ml and 5ml of 6 mgmL-1 solution of 200SL Confidor (imidacloprid). The results helped in determining the maximum allowable limits of imidacloprid application (foliar or seed treatment) on wheat, which would prevent the residues from exceeding the MRL. The quantitative determination of imidacloprid suggested that the lowest seed treatment level (i.e. 0.015g/25g seed) may be used to produce a residues-free crop.

Persistence of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl in qat leaves

Summary Qat leaves are chewed on a daily basis by approximately 10 million inhabitants of different countries. This study investigated the persistence of three insecticides most used in qat production, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl. These chemicals were applied separately on plots of ten qat trees each at the recommended application rates. Samples of qat leaves were collected separately at time 0 (1 h post-treatment) and 1, 3, 7, 12, 19, 26 and 37 days after application. The residues of the investigated pesticides were extracted and then quantified by liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS). The half-lives of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and methomyl were 12.2, 11.7, and 5.1 days, respectively. Overall, our findings showed that imidacloprid and acetamiprid were more persistent than methomyl in qat leaves. Taking into account the maximum residue limits (MRL) in lettuce, due to lack of MRL in qat leaves, the residue concentrations were below MRL for imidacloprid 7 days after application, and 1 day after application for acetamiprid and methomyl.

Recovery of Imidacloprid from Leachate and Soil

Greenhouse experiments simulated field treatments with Premise® 75 WP imidacloprid insecticide at the highest recommended labeled rate (0.10% AI) for prevention and control of subterranean termites around and within structures. Persistence of imidacloprid was examined in treated sandy loam soil with and without vegetation. Samples from soil substrates and leachates collected 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment during a 1-year post-treatment period were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mean concentrations of imidacloprid in the treated soil and leachate immediately after application were 842.6 ± 9.2 µg per gram and 941.5 µl per liter, respectively. Recovery of imidacloprid utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography was 84.2 ± 9.2 and 94.5 ± 10.6%, respectively. No imidacloprid was found in soil or leachate 6 months after treatment. The results indicated that imidacloprid was soluble and leached from the treated soil.

Metabolism and persistence of imidacloprid in different types of soils under laboratory conditions

To study the metabolism and persistence of imidacloprid, samples of sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam soils were collected from different geographical locations of Punjab. The soil samples were autoclaved at 120°C at 15 psi for 15 min before initiating the experiment, and then each soil type was fortified at three levels of imidacloprid i.e. 100, 200 and 400 mg kg−1 in three replications and kept at 25 ± 2°C under laboratory conditions. The residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of imidacloprid and its metabolites was worked out to be 0.01 mg kg−1. Total residues of imidacloprid 7 days after treatment at 100 mg kg−1 were found to be 69.74, 72.66 and 77.20 mg kg−1 in sandy loam, loamy sand and clay loam soil, respectively, whereas residues from 200 mg kg−1 were 144.32, 146.56 and 150.25 mg kg−1 and from 400 mg kg−1 application, residues were 308.23, 312.54 and 327.95 mg kg−1 corresponding to three soils under study. Imidacloprid residues degraded to chloronicotinic acid, imidacloprid-nitroguanidine, nitrosimine, olefin and 5-hydroxy imidacloprid in all the three types of soils. Imidacloprid urea metabolite was not found in any of the soil. The persistence of imidacloprid was found to be more in clay loam soil as compared to loamy sand and sandy loam soils. Dissipation of imidacloprid residues in soils was not found to follow the first-order kinetics. The half-life (T1/2) value of total imidacloprid was observed to be highest (43 days) in clay loam soil, followed by loamy sand (38 days) and sandy loam (32 days).

Metabolic degradation of imidacloprid in paddy field soil.

The metabolic degradation and persistence of imidacloprid in paddy field soil were investigated following two applications of imidacloprid at 20 and 80 g a.i. ha(-1) at an interval of 10 days. The soil samples were collected at various time intervals. The limit of quantification for the analysis of imidacloprid and its metabolites was obtained at the concentration of 0.01 mg kg(-1). The initial deposits of total imidacloprid were found to be 0.44 and 1.61 mg kg(-1) following second applications. These residues could not be detected after 60 and 90 days following second applications of imidacloprid at lower and higher dosages, respectively. In soil, urea metabolite was found to be the maximum, followed by olefine, nitrosimine, 6-chloronicotinic acid, 5-hydroxy and nitroguanidine. The half-life values (t₁/₂) of imidacloprid were worked out to be 12.04 and 11.14 days, respectively, when applied at lower and higher doses, respectively.

Persistence of imidacloprid and its major metabolites in sugarcane leaves and juice following its soil application

The persistence and metabolism of imidacloprid in sugarcane leaves and juice were studied following application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha−1. Samples of sugarcane leaves were collected at various time intervals (7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after treatment), whereas those of juice were collected at the time of harvest. The residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites (6-chloronicotinic acid, nitrosimine, imidacloprid-NTG, olefin, urea and 5-hydroxy) were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatograph. In leaves, the total imidacloprid residues were mainly constituted by the parent compound followed by 6-chloronicotinic acid metabolite. Total residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites were found to be 4.97 and 12.99 mg kg−1 in sugarcane leaves collected 7 days after the application of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha−1 respectively. At both the doses, these residues declined to below the detectable limit in the leaves after 90 days of application with the half-life values of 9.68 and 8.14 days of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha−1 respectively. The total toxic residues of imidacloprid in sugarcane leaves were 0.90 and 6.29 mg kg−1 at 7 days after treatment of imidacloprid @ 20 and 80 g a.i. ha−1 respectively. The bioconcentration factor in sugarcane leaves was 0.35 and 1.03 in the lower and higher dose respectively at 7 days after treatment. The total residues followed the pseudo first order kinetics with R2 of 0.9243 and 0.944 for recommended dose and four times the recommended dose, respectively. The residues of imidacloprid and its metabolites were not detected in samples of sugarcane juice.

Mathematical prediction of imidacloprid persistence in two Croatian soils with different texture, organic matter content and acidity under laboratory conditions

In the present laboratory study, persistence of imidacloprid (IMI) as a function of initial insecticide concentration and soil properties in two Croatian soils (Krk sandy clay and Istria clay soils) was studied and described mathematically. Upon fitting the obtained experimental data for the higher concentration level (5 mg/kg) to mathematical models, statistical parameters (R 2, scaled root mean squared error and χ 2 error) indicated that the single first-order kinetics model provided the best prediction of IMI degradation in the Krk sandy clay soil, while in the Istria clay soil biphasic degradation was observed. At the lower concentration level (0.5 mg/kg), the biphasic models Gustafson and Holden models as well as the first-order double exponential model fitted the best experimental data in both soils. The disappearance time (DT50) values estimated by the single first-order double exponential model (from 50 to 132 days) proved that IMI can be categorized as a moderately persistent pesticide. In the Krk sandy clay soil, resulting DT50 values tended to increase with an increase of initial IMI concentration, while in the Istria clay soil, IMI persistence did not depend on the concentration. Organic matter of both experimental soils provided an accelerating effect on the degradation rate. The logistic model demonstrated that the effect of microbial activity was not the most important parameter for the biodegradation of IMI in the Istria clay soil, where IMI degradation could be dominated by chemical processes, such as chemical hydrolysis. The results pointed that mathematical modeling could be considered as the most convenient tool for predicting IMI persistence and contributes to the establishment of adequate monitoring of IMI residues in contaminated soil. Furthermore, IMI usage should be strictly controlled, especially in soils with low organic matter content where the risk of soil and groundwater contamination is much higher due to its longer persistence and consequent leaching and/or moving from soil surface prior to its degradation.

Soil microbial degradation of neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiacloprid and imidaclothiz and its effect on the persistence of bioefficacy against horsebean aphid Aphis craccivora Koch after soil application

The neonicotinoids imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid and thiacloprid consist of similar structural substituents but differ considerably with respect to soil use. Therefore, the effects of soil microbial activity on the degradation and bioefficacy persistence of the four neonicotinoids were evaluated. In unsterilised soils, 94.0% of acetamiprid and 98.8% of thiacloprid were degraded within 15 days, while only 22.5% of imidacloprid and 25.1% of imidaclothiz were degraded over a longer period of 25 days. In contrast, in sterilised soils, the degradation rates of acetamiprid and thiacloprid were respectively only 21.4% and 27.6%, whereas the degradation rates of imidaclothiz and imidacloprid were respectively 9.0% and almost 0% within 25 days. The degradation products of imidacloprid and imidaclothiz were identified as olefin, nitroso or guanidine metabolites, the degradation product of thiacloprid was identified as an amide metabolite and no degradation product of acetamiprid was detected. A bioefficacy assay revealed that the bioefficacy and persistence of imidacloprid, imidaclothiz, acetamiprid and thiacloprid against horsebean aphid A. craccivora were related to their degradation rate and the bioefficacy of their degradation products in soil. Soil microbial activity played a key role in the bioefficacy persistence of neonicotinoid insecticides and therefore significantly affected their technical profile after soil application.

Persistence of Imidacloprid on Grape Leaves, Grape Berries and Soil

Residues of imidacloprid were estimated in grape leaves, grape berries and soil following four applications of Confidor 200SL at 400 and 800 mL ha(-1) using 1,000 L water. The average initial deposits of imidacloprid on grape leaves were found to be 10.01 and 16.97 mg kg(-1) at single and double dosages, respectively. These residues of imidacloprid dissipated to be the extract of 98.8% and 97.0%, respectively, at single and double dosages in 15 days, with half-life period of 2.35 and 2.97 days. Residues of imidacloprid in grape berries at harvest time were observed to below determination limit of 0.05 mg kg(-1) at single dose and 0.06 mg kg(-1) at double dose. However, acceptable daily intake (ADI) of imidacloprid is 0.06 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), which means an adult of 60 kg and a child of 10 kg can safely tolerate intake of 3,600 and 600 microg imidacloprid, respectively, without any appreciable risk to their life. Assuming consumption of 200 g grape berries contaminated at 0.06 mg kg(-1), it will lead to an intake of only 12 microg of imidacloprid, which is quite safe for a child as well as for an adult. Hence, the use of imidacloprid on grape crop seems to be toxicologically acceptable.

Degradation Dynamics and Persistence of Imidacloprid in a Rice Ecosystem Under West Bengal Climatic Conditions

Degradation Dynamics and Persistence of Imidacloprid in a Rice Ecosystem Under West Bengal Climatic Conditions

Uptake and persistence of imidacloprid in grapevines treated by chemigation

The uptake and persistence of a systemic formulation (240 g l −1 SC) of imidacloprid was studied in grapevines treated by chemigation, with the objective of defining suitable application rates for control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata Say. The sharpshooter is an important vector of Pierce's Disease in southern California, and insecticide treatments are necessary for effective management of insect populations and disease transmission. Uptake of imidacloprid was most rapid at the highest rates of application (281 and 562 g ha −1), reaching target threshold levels within the xylem fluid of 10 μg l −1 within 2 days in younger vines (4 years old). At 141 g ha −1, however, uptake was slow and threshold levels were not achieved in every vine. In older vines (20 years old), 6–8 days elapsed before threshold levels were detected in vines treated with 281 and 562 g ha −1. Despite the initial delay in uptake, once the target threshold was reached, it was maintained throughout the season. It is clear from available information on the population dynamics of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, particularly relating to its seasonal movement from citrus orchards to neighboring vineyards, that appropriate timing of insecticide treatments can play a crucial role in the management of this pest.