Persian Words Research Articles

Salman Aliyari Babolghani. “Achaemenid Elamite dayāuš (~ Old Persian dahyāṷ-š)”

The exact meaning of the Old Persian word dahyu- and its Old and Young Avestan equivalents daxiiu- and daŋhu- has been disputed at length by scholars, oscillating between a ‘territorial’ and an ‘ethnic connotation’, i.e. respectively ‘land’ or ‘people’. The same word, in the form dayāus, is attested in the Achaemenid Elamite texts. In the first section, the author reviews all the spellings and occurrences of Elamite dayāus and discusses whether it is an Iranian loanword or a transcription, ...

Processing backward translation at intermediate L2 proficiency

Abstract This study opens a window into the mapping of the lexical structure of bilinguals as they reach intermediate-level L2 proficiency. A group of 32 Persian-speaking English learners participated in a translation recognition task, where they had to decide whether the sequentially presented English-Persian word pairs were translation equivalents. The Persian words in the experimental trials were not translation equivalents, but they either shared lexical or semantic features with the correct translations or shared phonological features with the preceding English words. For example, the Persian word /bɒːzuː/ in the word pair arm – /bɒːzuː/ was manipulated to create three categories of ‘no’ trials: (a) orthographically related to the translation equivalent (arm – /bɒːziː/ ‘game’), (b) semantically related to the translation equivalent (arm – /ʃɒːne/ ‘shoulder’), (c) phonologically related to the English word (arm – /ɒːrmɒːn/ ‘goal’). A significant interference effect was observed in response to the items in the first two categories, which indicates extensive utilization of both lexical and conceptual links in backward translation. However, the observed interference effect in the third category did not reach statistical significance, which calls into question the integrated activation of L1 and L2 prior to high level L2 proficiency. These results are discussed within the context of the Revised Hierarchical Model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994) and the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus model (Dijkstra & Van Heuven, 2002).

Post-focal and factive deaccentuation in Persian

Two experiments were carried out to examine whether the Persian word accent is deleted in two putative deaccenting contexts, post-focal regions and presupposed embedded clauses, to the extent that accentual minimal pairs become homophonous. A production experiment showed low F0 plateaus on the post-focal and presupposed words, while a perception experiment showed that such words are not recognized above a just-noticeable-difference baseline. The results confirm that accents are deleted in the contexts concerned and that accent location contrasts are neutralized.

Social Determinants of Health and Home Safety for Under-five Children in a Neighbor's Tehran, Iran.

Background:Social determinants of health (SDH) provide a platform in improving health society such as safety. Safety is essential for children because it is directly related to the health and development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the current home safety in the capital city of Iran for children below five years by community-based initiative and its association with common SDH variables.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study, considering community- and family-based initiative. According this five domains checklist which was including physical, kitchen, bath, toys, and first-aid kit, 200 family home safety were evaluated. Moreover, the relation between children safety and social determinants of health was assessed. Furthermore, the research team designed an attractive record card for each child that was distributed among families by community volunteers.Results:The result was extracted into two age groups: less and more than 6 months. We designed an attractive card for each child and distributed among families by volunteers. It showed that children of age above 6 months had higher home safety score. We found a positive association between mother's education and total safety score.Conclusions:This study was a part of MAZDAK project which means friendly environment for children in Persian word. It showed that an effective way for promoting children safety in the community would be community engagement and family cooperation. As the family education can help reduce children injuries, MAZDAK as a model can been run in the other places to check the effects of SDH on home safety for children. This was an experience of improving community knowledge and behavior about home safety by the parents themselves to improve their children safety environment, and it is going to continue the efficacy of Intervention.

Следы древней иранской культуры в средневековых тюркских классических произведениях

AncientIranian civilization has a significant place in the Old Turkic culture. The Turkic language has many Persian word collocations. Even after the adoption of Islam, Arabic words were also translated into Persian and used in everyday life. For instance, the words «Fasting, the Prophet, Prayer, Angels, Souls ...» are associated with the convictions of the Turkic language. An important role in the formation of Turkic poetry, literature and Sufism [tasawwuf] played an ancient Iranian art, mythology and poetry. Of course, it is worth mentioning that, the Turks used Persian language widely in everyday life, except in political and military spheres. The Persian language, known as the «dari» in the middleages in the modern Central Asia and Maveranaghra [interfluve], was the language of writing and speaking. So, that is why, we can affirmly speak about the meaning of the Persianlanguage in the Turkic culture. In addition, traces of the Persian culture are still visible in Central Asia. In this article, we made a comparison between the content of the ancient Iranian work [pahlavides] Minouye Kherad, which belongs to the first millennium and the Kutadgu-Bilig, the literary heritage of the medieval Turkic-Islamic writing

Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review Study

Background:Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiple organ involvement and periods of relapse and remission that mainly affects young women of childbearing age. In this regard the reproductive health is an important issue. Although diagnosis, treatment and management of pregnancy in SLE women have been improved recently, but the main concern is effects of SLE on fetal and neonatal outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the fetal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with SLE. Materials and Methods: The databases of PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science well domestic database (Persian) such SID, Magiran, Irandoc, and Google Scholar were searched with using keywords such as Systemic lupus erythematosus; Pregnancy; Neonatal lupus; maternal, fetus or neonatal outcome; and equivalent Persian words. Included were all Persian and English articles, published between 2000 and May 2017. Finally, a total of 77 studies were included. Results: Adverse perinatal outcomes increase in pregnancies with lupus. Outcomes include respiratory, cardiovascular, blood and skin disorders in mothers; stillbirth, spontaneous, and recurrent abortion in fetuses and neonatal lupus, prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and small for gestational age (SGA) in neonates, respectively. Conclusion: Pregnant women with SLE are at high risk due to increased complications for both mother and fetus. It seems broad control of the women before fertilization, so that they be at full remission in the beginning of pregnancy and the disease activity be in complete control, it can help to improve outcomes of pregnancy and so better results can be expected.

Identification of a small fragment of Mani's Living Gospel (Turfan Collection, Berlin, M5439)

AbstractHeretofore three fragments of Maniʼs Living Gospel – the most important work of Mani – have been recognized in Middle Persian and in Manichaean script: M17, M172/I/ and M644. This article, with a codicological and textological approach, shows that M17 and the new fragment M5439 are two separate pieces of a single manuscript page. The verso-side of M5439 has a new text. Now, after the identification and reading of this damaged fragment, we are able to correct the previous reconstructions and comment on a few Middle Persian words. The text contains a part of the exordium and of the chapter Aleph of the Living Gospel.

Persian Words of Wisdom Travel to the West

This essay considers the seventeenth-century translations of the celebrated Persian poet Saʿdi’s Gulistan (1258 ad) into European languages: André du Ryer’s French version (1634), the Latin translation of Georgius Gentius (1651) and the German editions of Friedrich Ochsenbach (1636) and Adam Olearius (1654). The Gulistan – which consists of short, moralistic tales, aphorisms, proverbs, and Sufic lore – helped introduce Persian thought to the early modern European public (and later influenced Goethe’s West-östlicher Diwan as well as Montesquieu’s Lettres persanes).

Does the Syntax of Modern Persian Allow the locative Verbs to Participate in Alternation?

Some locative verbs enjoy the possibility of appearing in more than one syntactic pattern. There is, however, controversy on whether locative verbs in modern Persian can participate in alternation or not. The aim of the present paper is to investigate the issue, analyzing basic syntactic word order of double object constructions in Persian, syntactic and semantic features of specific and nonspecific objects in Persian and syntactic word formation process. The point that the basic word order in Persian allows only one thematic object (either specific or non-specific object) and the fact that the non-specific objects in double object constructions can join the verb and create one syntactic and semantic unit that saturates one argument position, all indicate that locative verbs cannot alternate in this language. The main argument here is that when the non-specific object joins the verb, it becomes a part of the verb and is not anymore a participant in the action of the verb. All the evidence provided are in favor of the absence of alternating locative verbs in Persian.

Note about the Persian Word Ḫargāh (Trellis Tent) in a Turko-Sogdian Context

Abstract This article discusses the origin of the Persian word ḫargāh, which is used by medieval authors to speak of the trellis tent (yurt). It argues that the word xrγ’xh found in the Sogdian text P.3 written in pre-Samanid Central Asia refer to the same object. It also builds a case for a local origin of the word, and a probable link with kërëkü, the Turkic word referring to the same type of tent.

Search Space Reduction in Printed Persian Sub Word Recognition by a Heretical Method

Objective: In this paper, the search domain of Farsi printed subwords is intensively reduced by a simple and effective method. Methods: At first, the search space has limited to some selective clusters by using simple extraction feature of horizontal and vertical profiles. Results: The proposed method determined the ratio of the sub word width to the sub word height and confines the search range to this ratio. Finally, the subwords symbol positions are as the same as the input subwords. It is explored according to the symbol position. Conclusion: Applying the proposed model, the search space is effectively reduced.

Meaningful Words and Non-Words Repetitive Articulatory Rate (Oral Diadochokinesis) in Persian Speaking Children

Repetitive articulatory rate or Oral Diadochokinesis (oral-DDK) shows a guideline for appraisal and diagnosis of subjects with oral-motor disorder. Traditionally, meaningless words repetition has been utilized in this task and preschool children have challenges with them. Therefore, we aimed to determine some meaningful words in order to test oral-DDK in Persian speaking preschool children. Participants were 142 normally developing children, (age range 4–6 years), who were asked to produce /motæka, golabi/ as two meaningful Persian words and /pa-ta-ka/ as non-word in conventional oral-DDK task. We compared the time taken for 10-times fast repetitions of two meaningful Persian words and the tri-syllabic nonsense word /pa-ta-ka/. Praat software was used to calculate the average time that subjects took to produce the target items. In 4–5 year old children, hbox {mean}pm hbox {SD} of time taken for 10-times repetitions of /pa-ta-ka, motæka, golabi/ were 7.72pm 1.02, 6.58pm 1.68, and 6.65pm 1.13 seconds respectively, and in 5–6 year old children were 7.57pm 0.95, 6.35pm 1.38, and 6.30pm 1.01 seconds respectively. Findings showed that the main effect of type of words on oral diadochokinesis was significant ({p},{<},0.001). Children repeated meaningful words /motæka, golabi/ faster than the non-word /pa-ta-ka/. Sex and age factors had no effect on time taken for repetition of oral-DDK test. It is suggested that Speech Therapists can use meaningful words to facilitate oral-DDK test for children.

Probing the Reflection of Arab Literature on the Sonnets of Sa’adi Shirazi

The literature of each country is rooted in thoughts and ideas of its intellectuals and poets. Throughout history in Iran, we can see the appearance and development of outstanding poets who have examined their senses and talents in many different styles and have been successful. The intellectual and religious movements have always been influential in appearance of different literary styles or literary themes and their strengths or weaknesses. The appearance of new Arabic combination of words and phrases in romantic and lyric Persian poetry has been influential in creation of new concepts and has led to new style in Persian literature. With appearance of the greatest Persian poet and prose writer, Sa’adi Shirazi in seventh century, the Iraqi style which is characterized with applications of the words are less original Persian and Arabic words instead of them are replaced, reached the peaks and climax of sonnet style. This analytical-descriptive present paper examines the reflection and interactions of Persian and Arabic literature in sonnet of Sa’adi of Shiraz with Iraqi style. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n5p310

Persian in Use: An Elementary Textbook of Language and Culture

Persian in Use: An Elementary Textbook of Language and Culture

FarsiTag: A Part-of-Speech Tagging System for Persian

FarsiTag is a tagging system capable of assigning the most probable part-of-speech (POS) tags to Persian words in a text. In this system, some linguistic rules have been used to select the best POS tag for every Persian word. The present study aims to report the processes during which a robust tagging system—FarsiTag—was designed and implemented on Persian texts. A POS-tagged parallel corpus of English–Persian containing about 5,000,000 words has also been developed as a side-product of the mentioned tagger. An experiment has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the system while tagging unrestricted Persian texts. The highest rate of error traces back to medical and religious genres, while the lowest system error type is related to the scientific texts. The total error rate considering all domains is as low as 1.4%, with the overall system accuracy of 98.6% which is very promising for a language like Persian.

Turkic Loanwords in Nor-Nakhichevan Armenian

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate and assess Turkic loanwords in the vocabulary of Nor-Nakhichevan dialect of Armenian. Turkic loanwords include borrowings of ultimate Turkic origin, as well as Persian, Arabic, Greek, and Italian words that were borrowed through Turkish.

Festivals, Rituals, and Urban Landscape in Eighteenth-Century Maharashtra

Urban landscapes are formed and reformed through the interactions of people, place, and time. These processes are most of the time slow-paced (except in the event of disasters, wars, or deliberate interventions) and their effect is apparent over a span of decades, if not centuries. However, urban landscapes can transform in a matter of days, although temporarily, through various rituals and festivals celebrated at the level of a neighbourhood or a city. Such rituals and festivals played an important role in giving meaning to the urban landscape of eighteenth-century Maharashtra. The meaning-making operated at the level of regions, settlements, and neighbourhoods. In settlements, these rituals and festivals gave sanctity to the town, protected it from supernatural forces, and symbolically connected it to the cosmic whole. The paper discusses such meaning-making through the instrument of rituals and festivities as observed in eighteenth-century Maharashtra (in India) under the Peśvā rulers (a Persian word meaning ‘leader’).The first part of the paper examines urban festivals and rituals in pre-colonial India as studied by various scholars. In the second part, the emergent themes are studied in the context of Maharashtra, both as observed through historic contemporary literary sources and through field study in Wai (in Satara district, Maharashtra). The latter part focuses in particular on the festival of the river goddess Kṛṣṇā celebrated at Wai as an example of a living tradition of urban festivals. It is argued that the study of ephemeral urban landscapes reveals continued associations and meanings that a culture group attaches to them. This understanding is important for managing historic urban landscapes, not just for their physical fabric, but also for the values and continuities embedded in them.

Arménienkarmir, sogdienkrmʾyret hébreukarmīl« rouge »

AbstractArmeniankarmir“red” has often been considered as deriving from East Iranian, thus speaking in favour of relations between Armenian and Sogdian, a Middle Iranian language spoken at considerable distance from Armenia. For the origin of Hebrewkarmīl, on the other hand, a Middle Persian “karmīr” has been suggested. In either case, the etymology would be Proto-Indo-European*ku̯ṛ́mi-“worm” (be it directly or as a borrowing from Sanskritkṛ́mi-) from which the colour term would be derived in a way parallel to Frenchvermeil“scarlet” fromver“worm”, thus a term referring to a red dye obtained from scale insects (cochineals). I argue thatkarmīris not a Middle Persian word for “red”, that Sogdian is unlikely to be the source of the Armenian and Hebrew words, and that an Indian origin is not probable either because of the specific features of the Indian scale insect dye. Conversely, Armenian scarlet was widely known and appreciated already in antiquity, so that, for historical as well as linguistic reasons, the origin of the word is likely to be an Iranian language within the region where Armenian was spoken.

Zero Semantic Extension of the Persian Origin Words in the Contemporary Bosnian Language

The Bosnian language lexis is characterised by a number of words of eastern origin, i.e. the words from Turkish, Arabic or Persian have a prominent place. The Bosnian language vocabulary contains a number of the Persian origin words that were introduced to the Bosnian language mainly through Turkish language as an intermediary language during the Ottoman rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Comparison of the Persian words meaning in Bosnian language resulted in a conclusion that a number of Persian words experienced zero semantic extension. The Persian Origin Words that experienced zero semantic extension in Bosnian language are mostly related to expressions limited to narrow specialized areas that we thematically grouped in: flowers, fruits, vegetables, herbs; dishes, furniture and different objects; buildings, rooms, different places; apparel, cloths, and jewelry; colors, metals, minerals and chemical elements; food, drinks and spices; religious and sufi expressions; occupations; music instruments and animals. Keywords: Persian origin words, zero semantic extension, thematic areas

A new model for persian multi-part words edition based on statistical machine translation

Multi-part words in English language are hyphenated and hyphen is used to separate different parts. Persian language consists of multi-part words as well. Based on Persian morphology, half-space character is needed to separate parts of multi-part words where in many cases people incorrectly use space character instead of half-space character. This common incorrectly use of space leads to some serious issues in Persian text processing and text readability. In order to cope with the issues, this work proposes a new model to correct spacing in multi-part words. The proposed method is based on statistical machine translation paradigm. In machine translation paradigm, text in source language is translated into a text in destination language on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The proposed method uses statistical machine translation techniques considering unedited multi-part words as a source language and the space-edited multi-part words as a destination language. The results show that the proposed method can edit and improve spacing correction process of Persian multi-part words with a statistically significant accuracy rate.