Persian Poet Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE AND ANAIYTIC COMPARISON OF THE VARIOUS IMAGES OF MOON AND THE SUN BASED ON ANCIENT ASTRONOMY IN NASER KHOSRO, ANVARI AND NEZAMI'S POEMS

Sky and celestial phenomena has long been caused men's surprise, and has couraged humans to unravel the mysteries and secrets of the beauties hidden in it. The vast expanse of sky, incredible beauty of the stars, the glow of the moon, sunrise and sunset, all these things gradually increased the sense of interest and curiosity in mankind so that its manifestation can be seen in many artistic works. Among numerous astronomical elements, the sun moon is one of the planets which have had a beautiful reflection in poetry. Among the poets who had a special look at the moon, we can name three great Persian poets: Naser Khosro Ghobadiani, Anvari and Nezami. And also because of the fact that fifth and sixth century were two of the most productive periods in Persian literature, and Isfahan, Khorasan, Aran and Azarbayejan were regarded as the main centers of poetry and literature of these periods, that’s why in this article moon's manifestation has been studied in the poems of these three poets who lived in fifth and sixth centuries. This paper aims to detect, analyze, and compare various aspects of moon based on ancient astronomy in Naser Khosro, Anvari and Nezami's poems. To achieve this purpose, first the word astronomy science, astrology, and its manifestation in Persian poetry has been studied in brief. Then moon, locations of the moon and its different manifestation in the poems of these three poets have been shown, analyzed and compared. The results of this study shows that moon had been shown in the poets of all these three poets in different forms such as showing moon in its twelve towers, cancer, Taurus, and folk beliefs about moon, eclipses.

Hope and mood improvement in women with breast cancer using group poetry therapy: a questionnaire-based before-after study

ABSTRACTCancer is one of the most challenging diseases and patients are rarely able to maintain their mental health when dealing with it. This study seeks to use the great works of group poetry therapy as a supportive device for improving mental health and increasing hope in patients with breast cancer. This before-after study was conducted in 2016 on women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy at a referral center at the north of Iran. The study protocol included eight weekly sessions of group poetry therapy using poems from great Persian poets. Two questionnaires, including Miller’s Hope Scale (MHS) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) were completed by the patients before beginning group poetry therapy and again one week and two months after the sessions had ended. Items of each questionnaire were manually scored and then analyzed using IBM SPSS-21. A total of 29 patients participated in all the group poetry therapy sessions and all 29 completed the DASS-21 and 28 completed the MHS. Increase in the hope score and reduction in the stress score were observed in the two-month follow-up and both were statistically significant (p = 0.01 and 0.02 respectively).This study suggests that group poetry therapy can improve moods and hopefulness in women with breast cancer. Also the formation of a small group of patients who use the mystical themes of Persian poetry to connect to each other can have lasting positive effects in the long term.

The Spiritual States (Ahwal) in the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam

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A study on feasibility of super adobe technology –an energy efficient building system using natural resources in Bangladesh

The inspiration and concept for the Superadobe system originates not from the modern architecture design experience, but from the influence of traditional rural buildings and landscape, together with a 13th century Persian poet named Jala Ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi, Rumi. The poetry sprit of Rumi, connects and enlightens the architectural theme of Nader Khalili with natural resources that anybody in the world should be able to build a home for his or her family with the simplest of elements: Earth, Water, Air and Fire. Therefore, to build a human shelter that will give maximum safety with low financial budget and minimum environmental impact with natural disaster resilient a Superadobe Technology has been adopted. The Superadobe, a form of earth bag construction using sandbag and barbed wire technology, is an economical, time efficient, energy efficient and ecologically friendly system developed by Iranian-born architect “Nader Khalili”. The system connects the natural materials and rural traditions to create a new way to use natural materials such as mud, water, air and fire which can be finished in a short time without any large construction equipment. The goal of this study is to introduce the building system, analyse the ventilation, lighting and insulation of the prototype of Superadobe system replacing the contextual earth house in Bangladesh.

Rabia Khuzdari is the first female Poet of Balochistan

Rabia Khuzdari was the first Baloch poetess of Persian language. She belonged to Makran, Balochistan. There were many persian poets who were contemporary to Rabia Khuzdari. These included: Rodki Samargandi, Shaheed Balkhi, Dageagi and Abu Shakoor. However, it is unfortunate that there is a derth of research material on Rabia Khuzdari. It is due to which many people are unaware of her name. One reason of this unavalability of material is the conservative nature of Baloch society in which it was uncommon to mention women names in history writing. Despite this, her name has been mentioned in few ancient Persian books. One of the most ancient books on Persian language and rules in which her name is mentioned is "Al-Mauajam", written by Shams Qais bin Razi. Similarly, there is another authentic book, "Lubab al Lubab", authored by Mohammad Aufi, in which Rabia Khuzdari's name has been mentioned

The Promised and Awaited Imam Mahdi (may God Almighty hasten his reappearance) from the point of view of modern Persian poets

Waiting for the promised deliverer is one of the doctrinal beliefs of the Imami Shiites, and this belief sows hope and happiness in the hearts of Muslims as it revives hope in their souls to reach happiness in the near future, and since literature, especially poetry, is one of the arenas that can pave the way for humanity to know the promised one, and waiting for the deliverer who fills the earth with justice as it was filled with injustice and oppression, was the praise of the Prophet (7). ) and his family (F) are among the common content in the collections of Persian poets most of the time, but we rarely find a poet who directly and in a separate poem praised the Promised Imam Mahdi; Rather, those praises came through other contents, so the Mahdist poetry and the talk about the Awaited Imam is a topic that poets rarely touched in their poems independently, and as for the ancient poets, we find

Embodying the beloved: embodiment, (homo)eroticism, and the straightening of desire in the hagiographic tradition of Fakhr al-Dīn ʿIrāqī

ABSTRACTModern treatments of Sufi love theory have had a pronounced tendency to disembody and “straighten” Sufi eroticism in various ways. Focusing primarily on a series of anecdotes from the hagiography of the thirteenth-century Persian poet and profligate Sufi lover, Fakhr al-Dīn ʿIrāqī, the author argues that the centrality of bodies and embodied textual performances of Sufi love theory in Sufi hagiographic works not only militates against efforts to reduce this form of desire to a disembodied or philosophical love of “beautiful forms,” but it also helps us to re-embody a particular type of beloved: a same-sex beloved who often gets obscured and metaphorized out of corporeal existence in much modern scholarship. Medieval Sufi eroticism, the author concludes, should not be viewed as a rejection of the body and sexuality, but rather an effort to harness the considerable affective potency inherent in these phenomena for spiritual ends.

THE CONCEPT OF “TIFL-E MAKTAB” IN CLASSICAL TURKISH AND PERSIAN LITERATURE

<p class="ql-align-justify">This study looks at the phrase “tifl-e maktab” (school boy, school kid), used by Turkish and Persian poets, and the different imaginations of the poets that evolve around this phrase. It also addresses the subjects of truancy, hatred of school and joy of school holidays reflected in the phrase “tifl-e maktab” and discusses related concepts. Tracing the hints of “mazmun” (poetic themes) and “tarkib” (phrases) will not only enable a better understanding of diwan poetry, but also reveal more substantially the relationship between the poetic universes of various poets. It will not be possible to reach a definitive and ultimate conclusion on the subject through a single concept, but this type of study should be viewed as an initial step to more comprehensive analyses. The methods used in this study were document browsing and analysis. The collected data from document browsing was analyzed, and the background of the aforementioned concepts and their place within the semantic context of classical literature was attempted.&nbsp;

Persian Words of Wisdom Travel to the West

This essay considers the seventeenth-century translations of the celebrated Persian poet Saʿdi’s Gulistan (1258 ad) into European languages: André du Ryer’s French version (1634), the Latin translation of Georgius Gentius (1651) and the German editions of Friedrich Ochsenbach (1636) and Adam Olearius (1654). The Gulistan – which consists of short, moralistic tales, aphorisms, proverbs, and Sufic lore – helped introduce Persian thought to the early modern European public (and later influenced Goethe’s West-östlicher Diwan as well as Montesquieu’s Lettres persanes).

اقبال اور اجماع

Ijma’ means consensus in Islamic law, the universal and infallible agreement of either the Muslim community as a whole or Muslim scholars in particular. Iqbal—a great Urdu and Persian poet and Muslim scholar—urges the need of Ijma’ in Islamic jurisprudence, uṣūl al-fiqh. In this research paper, the scholar has given a detailed illustration on the importance of Ijma’, its usefulness, technical problems and definition in the light of the thoughts of Allama Iqbal.

A Theory of Reduplication: Eightfold Meters in Classical Persian Poetry

It is a known fact that classical Persian poets were partial to poetic meters composed of eight feet, known as muthamman. On this topic, however, two issues remain unsolved: How did the Persian poets devise these meters in the first place? Despite their flagrant predilection for eightfold meters, why did the Persians never use such meters as sarīʿ and qarīb in this form? This paper argues that the Persians, influenced by the structure of the Arabic eightfold base meters, crafted their muthamman meters after a specific process of reduplication. This theory also accounts for the lack of eightfold sarīʿ and qarīb meters, their structure being incompatible with the reduplication process.

A Desire for the Marsupial Space: A Lacanian Reading of Lacan

Jacques Lacan is regarded as an influential French psychoanalyst in the 20th century. In the present article, first, a brief biography of this interpreter of Sigmund Freud is presented and then his key psychoanalytic theories, largely about the infant-mother-father relationship, are summarized. These data are finally analyzed mainly according to Lacan’s own ideas. In other words, this article is aimed at providing a Lacanian reading of Lacan. It reveals that his family in particular had a huge impact on his theories, which strongly reflect Lacan’s desire for his mother, specifically her marsupial space. The article is concluded by exploring a quatrain by the famous Persian poet Jalal ad-Din Mohammad Rumi in order to further substantiate the claim about Lacan’s desire for the space through theorization.

Poetry as a Deep Emotional Experience of a Different World: The Example of Goethe’s West-Eastern Divan

Poetry which comes from other religions and cultures can become an emotionally based bodily experience of a different world. This way of accessing the Other breaks down the biogenetic fixation on one’s own pack, family and land, and the concomitant hatred of strangers - other people, tribes and nations. This happens within an aesthetic context where we do not feel threatened and engage in the transition playfully and imaginatively. Currently, questions about the possibility of shared spaces enabling inter-cultural and inter-religious co-existence are of great importance. How does Goethe deal with what he finds in that alien world of poems by the Persian poet Hafiz? Goethe’s West-Eastern Divan may be considered an excellent role model of intercultural learning, centred on a training in aesthetically based empathy.

The social criticism in the work of Saadi Shirazi

A symbolic expression has been an important method of expressing opinion, criticism or indignation in the history of philosophy. This kind of literary expression implicitly points to, among other, educational, pedagogical, moral, political, and conceptual problems and disadvantages in a society. There are several reasons why one thinker decides to express his or her opinion in a symbolical manner. Sometimes it is a fear of social repression that might ensue in reaction to a direct criticism of authorities or other important societal functions; at other times, the reason is of an ethical nature, which means that the writer does not want to criticize his interlocutor directly, but nevertheless wishes to point out his error; and at still other times the reason lies in the writer's proclivity toward symbolic expression, as well as in his belief that this method leaves more powerful and longer-lasting impressions on the readers of his works. The great Persian poet Saadi Shirazi (1208-1295) is one of the clever thinkers who in most cases symbolically - but sometimes also directly - criticized various aspects of the dynastically structured society in which he lived, believing that it had departed significantly from the relevant ontological and ethical principles original Islam. In this paper we will present some of the most important segments of Saadi's social thought.

STORIES ABOUT SUFI DEVOTEES IN THE CONTEXT OF PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF FARID AL-DIN ‘ATTAR

The article deals with investigation of a number of stories about the conversations between Rabi‘ a al-‘Adawiya and Hasan al-Basri, representatives of the early mystical and ascetic trend in Islam. These stories are gathered in poems of the major Persian poet and Sufi thinker of XII — XIII centuries Farid ad-Din ‘Attar (“The Language of the Birds”, “The Divine Book”) and anthology “Memorial of God’s Friends”). The article shows, that Rabi‘a was consistently developing the idea, that it is impossible to the Sufi to attain higher moral qualities or true knowledge, if he tries to build a relationship with God striving for his own posthumous felicity and award. That is why in his poems and anthology, ‘Attar affi rms that Rabi‘a’s highest spiritual qualities and divine knowledge are fruit of her pure love to God, and not of her desire for the happy afterlife. The conversations between Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiya and Hasan al-Basri represent a very rare occurrence in Islamic culture, when a woman, (because of her righteousness and full concentration on love to God), could become a spiritual guide for great Sufi men at that time. Later her life was considered by the Sufi traditionas an example to be followed for those who had chosen the Sufi path of God’s knowledge. The article examines the most important aspects of Rabi‘ a’s teachings in the context of the philosophical views of ‘Attar. The certain aspects of Rabi‘a’s Sufi conversation are discussion of Sufi virtues, of intuitive knowledge and human love for God. In Rabi‘a’s teachings the love of God and recognition of His unity and uniqueness (tawhid) appears as the unique way to the reaching the inner spiritual integrity.

A Comparative Study in the Poetry of Lorca and Forough Farrokhzad

If we study the shared themes of these two poets, it will be observed that although they are distant culturally and geographically but a similarity and a mental resemblance between their works can be identified. Forough Farrokhzad, the Persian poet, in whose last works experiences an evolutionary trend and actually achieves a thematic revolution, shares common themes with the Spanish poet which indicates that this Persian contemporary poet has been impressed by Lorca. “The star”, the compound of “star”, “love”, “mermaid” and “bird” are among themes that are shared by both poets which shows the impressibility and connotation of Forough from lorca. On the other hand Intertextuality spread from culture to culture is influenced by various factors. It can demonstrate to the international literature. Keywords : Persian poetry, impressibility, shared themes, Lorca, Forough Farrokhzad

Obligation Versus Free Will in Khayyam’s Poetry: A Linguistic and Verbal Art Theoretic Account

Although Khayyam is one of the Persian poets whose school of thought and poems are studied the most, there is hardly a research in which his intellectual system is explained and made clear via a linguistic framework. In this paper one of the most debatable matters which is “Obligation” versus “Free Will” is dealt with by using Hasan’s (1989) linguistics and verbal art model. This model provides touchstones for clarifying the concepts which are foregrounded by the poet. In this study other than qualitative analysis of 33 Khayyam’s quatrains which are selected based on their contents they convey, quantitative analysis method of frequency calculation is used as well. The results approve this hypothesis that the notion of “obligation” is foregrounded by linguistic tools against “Free will” as background. Keywords : functional linguistics; free will; obligation; Khayyam’s poetry

Probing the Reflection of Arab Literature on the Sonnets of Sa’adi Shirazi

The literature of each country is rooted in thoughts and ideas of its intellectuals and poets. Throughout history in Iran, we can see the appearance and development of outstanding poets who have examined their senses and talents in many different styles and have been successful. The intellectual and religious movements have always been influential in appearance of different literary styles or literary themes and their strengths or weaknesses. The appearance of new Arabic combination of words and phrases in romantic and lyric Persian poetry has been influential in creation of new concepts and has led to new style in Persian literature. With appearance of the greatest Persian poet and prose writer, Sa’adi Shirazi in seventh century, the Iraqi style which is characterized with applications of the words are less original Persian and Arabic words instead of them are replaced, reached the peaks and climax of sonnet style. This analytical-descriptive present paper examines the reflection and interactions of Persian and Arabic literature in sonnet of Sa’adi of Shiraz with Iraqi style. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n5p310

The Influence of Ḥāfiẓ on Muḥammad Taqī Bahār

Looking through the eyes of Persian culture, we see that man is not all noetic; he is not driven by intellect or consistent in his use of reason. On the contrary, he is most moved by emotion. A perfect example: Persian philosophy is most commonly uttered in both poetry and prose. This is, I believe, where the brilliance of Persians rests, in the beauty of its language and the expression of its culture. The endurance of Iranian literature and language over two and a half millennia is remarkable and thus deserving of both thorough research and an in-depth study. Here, I attempt to demonstrate the influence of Ḥāfiẓ, one of the greatest classical poets of Persia who ever lived, on the thoughts, poetic language, and philosophy of the gifted nineteenth-century Persian poet Muḥammad Taqī Bahār, otherwise known as Malik al-Shu‘arā . I will accomplish this feat through close readings of the parts of Ḥāfiẓ’s poems and juxtapose them with Bahār’s poems. My contention here, is to demonstrate any direct or indirect influence Ḥāfiẓ had on Bahār, and to also measure the extent of Ḥāfiẓ’s reception during Bahār’s period. With some modifications, the translations of Ḥāfiẓ’s ghazal s used herein follow those of Peter Avery, while other translations throughout the book are my own, unless otherwise stated. Keywords: Persian literature, languages, Persian contemporary and classical poetry, Hafiz, Styles and manners

Fateful Women in Ferdowsi Shahnameh

&lt;p&gt;Shahnameh as one of the most important literary works that reflects the pure thoughts of the past Iranians, plays a key role in preserving the Iranian cultural heritage and national identity. Mythology helps us to understand the civilizations included the cultures. For example, the image of the women in the literary works is different from their modern popular image that ignores the real position of the women. Abu l-Qasim Ferdowsi, the highly revered Persian poet, is one of the literary figures who considered the role of women in his literary masterpiece in spite of the prevailing attitudes towards the women in his era. Some studies, due to the lack of understanding the Ferdowsi’s poems, have claimed that he is a misogynist poet. However, Ferdowsi has equally ranked men and women in his long epic. For example, there are a number of chaste and compassionate mothers in Shahnameh, who play a vital role in shaping the epic character of the heroes. Or, the women who fall in love and relinquish all her possessions for the sake of fruition, such as Manijeh and Katayun who leave the king’s court for the sake of love. Ferdowsi’s imagery of women is not a descriptive account of their charming superficial beauties, but it reflects the wisdom, bravery, and belligerency of these women.&lt;/p&gt;