Farsi Research Articles

Farklı kültürden toplumların etkileşimi ve bunun kişi, hayvan ve yer isimleri üz

This study focuses on how communication and interaction among people of different cultures and languages affect personal, animal and geographic names. For this purpose the town of Savsat in Artvin province was chosen as the region because of its close geographical, cultural and historical ties with Georgian and Persian peoples and cultures. The names in questions mainly belong to Turkmen people who speak a dialect of Turkish and who live in the villages on the slope of Yalnizcam Mountain. These people began migrating from Caucasians in the 18th century. The data was gathered through snowball sampling and document analysis was done on registration books of Births and Deaths. The study demonstrated that male and female personal names in Turkmen villages in Savsat, for the most part were borrowed from Arabic and Persian languages. It is, however, interesting to note that there appears to be no direct relationship between personal names and the ethnicity. This may be due to the fact that the relationship with different nations and cultures dates back to thousands of years ago. Further Turkmens were influenced by Persian language and culture before arriving to the region. As for Arabic names, they began to appear in their life after the introduction of Islam. On the other hand, geographical names are different from personal names. These names were given by local people (Georgians) who had lived in the region before the Turkish settlement. Interestingly, animal names were different from personal and geographical names since most of them are Turkish. In other words the names that were given to farm animals were Turkish.

The seventh century: Iranian action in the late antiquity from the Sasanian to the contemporary era

The past is not dead. In fact, it’s not even past.(William Faulkner)This article investigates ‘transcultural tendencies’ and ‘transmedial transaction’ between the Sasanian, the last dynasty to rule the Persian plateau, and the Muslims who conquered this land. These transactions and exchanges took place during the seventh century in the Ērānshahr distributing lots of different features, cultures, languages, religions, sciences and artistic achievements by the Persian people and sharing them with Muslim territories from the East to the West. The article also investigates the Shu’ubiyya parties, which were a non-Arab Muslim response to the privileged status of Arabs within them that would later become Sufism. The protest approach travelled in its haptic spaces from ancient Iranian times to the present day, carrying the same habits and cultures, and among protesters characterizes contemporary artists in particular. In my study, I have classified them and decoded their artistic practices. Through this article, I investigate them by looking to contemporary art practices, which contain protest language, and identifying common ground with Sufism ideology. I bring them into the light, through a non-Islamic perspective that carries a lot of truth and spirituality, which I found both Iranian people and the global culture at large need to be reacquainted with. People need to understand how and why this perspective matters in the modern world, as well as the ways in which it is relevant. How does or would it affect the world of Internet, new media, the mix of old and new media in today’s and tomorrow’s cultures? The Sasanian Empire fell to Arab Muslims, and consequently the ‘transcultural tendencies’ took place around the beginning of the seventh century (AD 628) with the death of the last great Sassanid kings of Shahanshah Khusroparviz. I wish to take up the challenge of understanding more of Iranian history at the moment of transition that occurred at the end of the Sassanid epoch. This era (historical–cultural period) can be said to have characterized the beginning of the Islamic period. The question is how did this newborn culture, an outgrowth of this ‘transactive’ movement, spread through contemporary Iranian lifestyle?

The Earth Refrigerators as Earth Architecture

This paper is presented an application of earth refrigerator to energy conservation. In this research, Earth refrigerators of Yazd are selected as earth architecture because about 440 BC, Persian peoples had already domination the technique of saving energy in the summer middle in the Iran desert. These structures have a large earth brick dome and height of 65 feet. The earth refrigerators are above of ground because they needs to community to Qanat and wind catcher in desert area. The earth refrigerators area is over of 5750 in Iran desert. Qanat is a water management system used to provide a valid supply of water to human settlements and for irrigation in hot, dry and semi-dry climates. The earth refrigerators of Iran desert are included thick walls. The walls are included special mortar called Sarooj. The Sarooj is involved clay, egg white, goat hair, sand and different special materials in special values. The Sarooj can resist to energy transfer. The Earth refrigerators are a complex technology. The Earth refrigerators would be valuable for energy conservation.

Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with eosinophilic enteritis: a case report

IntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disorder that may present with various symptoms. It may involve the gastrointestinal tract in a variety of ways; some of the most well-known ones are transaminitis, lupus mesenteric vasculitis, lupus enteritis and mesenteric vascular leakage. We describe a case of a patient with SLE who presented with a five-month history of diarrhea caused by eosinophilic enteritis. To the best of our knowledge, there are few cases reported in the literature of patients with SLE who initially present with chronic diarrhea due to eosinophilic enteritis.Case presentationA 38-year-old Persian Iranian woman was admitted with a five-month history of diarrhea and abdominal pain. A physical examination showed nothing abnormal. Initially, she had only lymphopenia and mild eosinophilia. No autoimmune or infectious etiology was detected to justify these abnormalities. A thorough evaluation was not helpful in finding the etiology, until she developed a scalp lesion similar to discoid lupus erythematosus. Computed tomography showed small bowel wall thickening. Briefly, she manifested full-blown SLE, and it was revealed that the diarrhea was caused by eosinophilic enteritis.ConclusionConsidering SLE in a patient who presents with chronic diarrhea and lymphopenia may be helpful in earlier diagnosis and therapy. This is an original case report of interest to physicians who practice internal medicine, family medicine and gastroenterology.

Epic of the Persian kings: the art of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh

Composed more than a millennium ago, the Shahnameh - the great royal book of the Persian court - is a pillar of Persian literature and one of the world's unchallenged masterpieces. Recounting the history of the Persian people from its mythic origins down to the Islamic conquest in the seventh century, the Shahnameh is the stirring and beautifully textured story of a proud civilization. But the Shahnameh (or, literally, the 'Book of Kings') is much more than a literary masterpiece: it is the wellspring of the modern Persian language, a touchstone for Iranian national consciousness and its illustrations, in manuscripts of different eras, are the inspiration for one of the world's greatest artistic traditions. Epic of the Persian Kings combines revealing scholarship with stunning, full-colour illustrations from the rich manuscript tradition of the Shahnameh. International experts including Charles Melville, Barbara Brend, Dick Davis and Firuza Abullaeva shed light on the epic's background, national importance and enduring legacy. This context is accompanied by a wealth of illustrations from Shahnameh manuscripts belonging to the Fitzwilliam Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Bodleian Library, as well as rarely-seen material from the Royal Collection. These illustrations, drawn from a wide range of artists and styles, display the timeless flexibility of the Shahnameh story as well as the marvellous ingenuity of the Persian artistic experience. Epic of the Persian Kings is an essential textual and pictorial guide to one of the world's great cultural achievements.

Some important herbs of India Iranian origin in mother and child health care

Even in the 21st century when the modern medicine has made tremendous progress in development of promptly acting medicines and precise diagnostic equipments the total health is still a challenge to medical science. Since many decades the utility of the Traditional Medicines/Wholistic medicine throughout the world has been felt immensely and the World Health Organization have also accepted the viable use of various traditional medicinal like Chinese System of Medicine, Ayurveda, Unani System of medicine in health care. The Unani System of medicine which is a synthesis of Egyptian, Middle East, Iranian and Indian Medicines is providing the safe and effective treatment in the various common and complex diseases in this sub-continent since hundred of years. Among the hundred of plants which are used in Unani System of Medicine number of them are commonly grow in Iran and are useful in the Health care of the mother and child e.g. Banafsha: Viola odorata. It is a perennial herb, grows commonly in Iran and India. Its flowers are effective in coryza, cough, reduce the congestion and inflammation of the respiratory tract and it is safe in children and even in pregnant mother. Kasni or Cichory Cichoruim Intybus: It is a perennial herb. It is a good diuretic, antipyretic, and analgesic and protects the liver from various indoginous and exoginous toxins. Aslussos or Liquorice or Sheren Byan (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn): It is a perennial herb. Its rhizome is expectorant, demulcent, anti-inflammatory and is commonly used for cough and catarrhal infections. In recent studies, it has also found useful in peptic ulcers. Kaknaj or winter cherries (Physalis al kekengi linn): It is a perennial herb with creeping roots. Its fruits are good diuretic and useful in urinary tract infections in females and children. Carvy or Zera (Carum carvi Linn): A biennial herb of high altitude growth in Iran and India. It is aromatic, Carminative, good glactagogue and emmenagogue and is also useful in intermittent fevers and intestinal worms. Sad Kafi or Motha ! (Cyperus rotundus Linn): It is a perennial herb. Tuber roots are used. It is a good diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue and glactogogue. It is also useful in anorexia and diarrhea in children. Satar Farsi (Zataria multiflore Boiss): It is also a perennial herb, best quality is from Iran, its leaves are aromatic. This is a good carminative, anti-tussive, anti-flatulence and is also useful in hiccup and early stages of asthma. Fennel or Razyana (Foeiculum vulgare): It is also a perennial herb. Its fruits are carminative, anti-flatulence, and safe in children and pregnant mothers and may protect them from Iodine Deficiency as it contains iodine. Rehan or Shahasfarm (Ocimium sanctum Linn): It is an aromatic perennial herb. Its leaves and seeds are used as antipyretic, anti-bacterial, carminative, cardio-tonic and expectorant. It is also good in cold and coryza. Ode Saleeb (Paeonia officinalis Linn or Paeonia femina Linn): It is a perennial herb. Its roots/Tuber is used. It is a good diuretic, emmenagogue, antispasmodic and sedative and nervine tonic. It is useful in Epilepsy, Hysteria and Paralysis etc. Injeer or Teen (Ficus carica Linn): This is commonly grown in Turkey, Middle East, Iran and Afghanistan etc. Its fruits are used which are tasty. This is good laxative, diuretic. Due to its good nutrient property it is useful for general debility of both women and children. Toodri (Lepidium iperis Linn): This is a perennial herb commonly grown in Iran and India. It is a good glactogogue and improves the general health during lactation. Satawar (Asparagus racemosus wild): The root/Tuber of the plant is used. It is a carminative and a good appetizer, useful in diarrhea and dysentery. It is a general tonic and acts as glactogogue. The information on the above and other common plants will be discussed in detail at the time of presentation.

A Survey on the Attitudes & Anxiety of the Participants at Morning Report (MR) Sessions Held in English at SBMU Hospitals in Tehran

Background an purpose: English as the lingua franca of the third millennium has well opened its way through all aspects of life including medicine. In line with this trend, some hospital wards at Shahid Beheshti Medical University (SBMU) have started to hold their usual morning report(MR) sessions in English. Usually everyday there is an MR session in Farsi, and one day per week it is held in English. Among other factors, participants’ attitudes and the stress/or anxiety felt by the participants in these aural/oral sessions may become important and have impacts on patients’ future treatment plans decided at the MR sessions. The present study seeks to determine the participants’ attitudes and probable anxiety experienced by them. Methods: A total number of 110 participants (61 male, 45 female) attendants at the MR Sessions from three of the SBMU affiliated hospitals in Tehran attended this study. The participants included 13 at tending physicians (all SBMU academics), 56 residents (from orthopedics, urology, internal medicine, nephrology, neurology, obstetrics & GYN wards), 24 interns and 12 stager students from the above wards also attended the study. 4 validated questionnaires were filled out by the participants at the MR Sessions along with a form to show their attention to the cases presented and a form on how they had answered the questions. The data collected were analysed by the SPSS16.

The sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant

Nader Shah, ruler of from 1736 to 1747, embodied ruthless ambition, energy, military brilliance, cynicism and cruelty. His reign was filled with bloodshed, betrayal and horror. Yet, Nader Shah is central to Iran's early modern history. From a shepherd boy, he rose to liberate his country from foreign occupation, and make himself Shah. He took eighteenth century Iran in a trajectory from political collapse and partition to become the dominant power in the region, briefly opening the prospect of a modernising state that could have resisted colonial intervention in Asia. He recovered all the territory lost by his predecessors, including Herat and Kandahar, and went on to conquer Moghul Delhi, plundering the enormous treasures of India. Nader commanded the most powerful military force in Asia, if not the world. He repeatedly defeated the armies of Ottoman Turkey, the preeminent State of Islam, overran most of what is now Iraq and threatened to take Baghdad on several occasions. But from the zenith of his success he declined into illness, insane avarice and horrific savagery, committing terrible atrocities against the Persian people, his friends, and even his family, until he finally died as violently as he had lived. The Sword of Persia recreates the story of a remarkable, ruthless man, capable of both charm and brutality. It is a rich narrative, full of dramatic incident, including much new research into original Iranian and other material, which will prove indispensable to historians and students. The book includes many contemporary illustrations, and maps.

The Khorasan Stroke Registry: Results of a Five-Year Hospital-Based Study

The hospital-based stroke registry is useful for understanding the diverse clinical characteristics of stroke related to geographical, racial or environmental differences. The Khorasan Stroke Registry (KSR) was established for the evaluation of incidence, clinical manifestations, risk factors, topography and etiology of ischemic stroke in Southern Khorasan, Iran, during 2001–2005. Consecutive stroke patients underwent a standard battery of diagnostic investigations by a stroke neurologist. The topography and etiology of brain infarction were determined by the Practical Iranian Criteria classification. The incidence of ischemic stroke in the Persian population is 43.17 cases per 100,000 people per year. A total of 1,392 ischemic stroke patients (738 females, 654 males) were evaluated in the KSR. The etiologies included atherosclerosis (53.6%), followed by uncertain causes (19.9%), cardioembolism (11.8%) and miscellaneous etiologies (2.9%). Of our patients, 11.7% had both atherosclerosis and cardioembolic mechanisms. Rheumatic valvular disease was present in 44.8% of cardioembolic stroke patients and caused 4.31 preventable stroke cases per 100,000 Persian people per year. Hypertension and history of ischemic cerebrovascular events were the most frequent risk factors, 53.1 and 22.3%, respectively. The in-hospital mortality of our ischemic stroke patients was 7.3%. A total of 336 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (189 females, 147 males) were evaluated in the KSR. The incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage in the Persian population is 10.43 cases per 100,000 people per year. The high frequency of atherosclerotic etiology in the KSR is due to its classification criteria, which do not separate small vessel territory infarcts as a different etiologic subtype. Rheumatic valvular disease is an important cause of stroke in the Persian population.

The Languages of the Former Soviet Republics: Their History and Development

Chapter 1 On Language Chapter 2 Ukraine: The Little Russians Chapter 3 Belarus: The White Russians Chapter 4 Moldova: The Soviet Union's Romance Language Chapter 5 Estonia: A Touch of Scandinavia Chapter 6 Latvia: Between Germany and Russia Chapter 7 Lithuania: The Spinning Wheel Chapter 8 Azerbaijan: Between Turkey and Iran Chapter 9 Armenia: Ancient People, Ancient Language Chapter 10 Georgia: The Birthplace of Rustaveli and Stalin Chapter 11 Uzbekistan: The Cultural Leaders of Central Asia? Chapter 12 Kazakhstan: The Nomadic Herders Chapter 13 Kyrgyzstan: The Forty Tribes Chapter 14 Turkmenistan: I am Turk Chapter 15 Tajikistan: The Persian-Speaking People of Central Asia Chapter 16 The Crimean Tatars: A People Charged with Collective Treason Chapter 17 The Volga Tatars: The Cultural Leaders of Russia's Moslems Chapter 18 The Jews: Nationality without a Republic Chapter 19 Reflections

The Queen and the Chorus in Aeschylus' Persae

THE QUEEN THINKS THAT even if Xerxes leads the Persians to defeat, he will suffer no adverse political consequences. The Persian Elders, on the other hand, think that such a defeat would undermine the entire Persian monarchy. I will argue here that this difference of opinion, made so obvious and explicit by my juxtaposition of these two passages, runs pervasively throughout Aeschylus' Persae.1 Both the Chorus and the Queen come to realize that Xerxes, by destroying his people rather than protecting and nurturing them, has jeopardized the bond between the king and his nation. The Elders respond to this situation by emphasizing the effects of Xerxes' behavior on Persia, in the broadest sense. Their interest is in the suffering of all the Persian peoples, both true Persians and the disparate multitude of Asiatics, both those who fought at Salamis and those left behind.2 It

Lead in ancient human bones and its relevance to historical developments of social problems with lead

Concentrations of metabolic lead in buried ancient bones are obscured by replacement of calcium in apatite by excessive amounts of soil moisture Pb. Concentrations of metabolic barium in bones are affected in a similar way. Added soil Pb and Ba, expressed as log( Pb Ca ) versus log( Ba Ca ) among various bones at a given burial site, are positively covariant, with about 5-fold more soil Pb added for each unit of added soil Ba. The typical natural metabolic Ba Ca ratio in contemporary people can be measured unambiguously because it as unaffected by industrial pollution. It applies to ancient people because it has not changed historically. The intercept of the covariance curve for buried bones of a given ancient population at the known metabolic Ba Ca ratio indexes the corresponding metabolic Pb Ca ratio in bones of that population. Lead levels which prevailed in Romans appear to have been similar to those in contemporary people, which are ∼ 1000-fold above natural levels in humans determined by this method in ancient Peruvians. This indicates that studies of natural biochemical reactions in cells free of industrial Pb should be made, because most present biochemical knowledge is founded on data obtained from systems polluted with Ph 1000 to 100000-fold above natural levels. The 5000 year history of smelting Pb by humans indicates that a system of education fostered by genetically common lower brain center functions operated on hundreds of successive generations in a context of cultural changes invoked by feedback from developments in engineering technologies to give rise to the difference between present typical and prehistoric natural levels of Pb in humans. Archaeological and anthropological studies of early developments in writing, music and metallurgy by ancient Peruvians and Persian peoples should be combined with PET-scan studies of their descendants to discover if, as preliminary archaeological data suggest, the two ancient populations differed on a genetic basis in higher brain functions, yet are indistinguishable as metallurgical engineers. This would demonstrate that higher centers of the human brain did not exercise guiding control, through hundreds of generations, over those developments of engineering technologies which resulted in the extreme pollution of the earth's biosphere with poisonous Pb.

Alexander and the Iranians

The last two decades have seen a welcome erosion of traditional dogmas of Alexander scholarship, and a number of hallowed theories, raised on a cushion of metaphysical speculation above the mundane historical evidence, have succumbed to attacks based on rigorous logic and source analysis. The brotherhood of man as a vision of Alexander is dead, as is (one hopes) the idea that all Alexander sources can be divided into sheep and goats, the one based on extracts from the archives and the other mere rhetorical fantasy. One notable theory, however, still flourishes and has indeed been described as one of the few certainties among Alexander's aims. This is the so-called policy of fusion. As so often, the idea and terminology go back to J. G. Droysen, who hailed Alexander's marriage to Rhoxane as a symbol of the fusion (Verschmelzung) of Europe and Asia, which (he claimed) the king recognised as the consequence of his victory. At Susa the fusion of east and west was complete and Alexander, as interpreted by Droysen, saw in that fusion the guarantee of the strength and stability of his empire. Once enunciated, Droysen's formulation passed down the mainstream of German historiography, to Kaerst, Wilcken, Berve and Schachermeyr, and has penetrated to almost all arteries of Alexander scholarship. Like the figure of Alexander himself the theory is flexible and capable of strange metamorphoses. In the hands of Tarn it developed into the idea of all subjects, Greek and barbarian, living together in unity and concord in a universal empire of peace. The polar opposite is an essay of Helmut Berve, written in the heady days before the Second World War, in which he claimed that Alexander, with commendable respect for Aryan supremacy, planned a blending of the Macedonian and Persian peoples, so that the two racially related (!)Herrenvölkerwould lord it over the rest of the world empire. On Berve's interpretation the policy had two stages. Alexander first recognised the merits of the Iranian peoples and placed them alongside the Macedonians in his court and army hierarchy. Next came the ‘Blutvermischung’, the integration of the two peoples by marriage.

Lead and man

Concentrations of metabolic lead in buried ancient bones are obscured by replacement of calcium in apatite by excessive amounts of soil moisture Pb. Concentrations of metabolic barium in bones are affected in a similar way. Added soil Pb and Ba, expressed as log(PbCa) versus log(BaCa) among various bones at a given burial site, are positively covariant, with about 5-fold more soil Pb added for each unit of added soil Ba. The typical natural metabolic BaCa ratio in contemporary people can be measured unambiguously because it as unaffected by industrial pollution. It applies to ancient people because it has not changed historically. The intercept of the covariance curve for buried bones of a given ancient population at the known metabolic BaCa ratio indexes the corresponding metabolic PbCa ratio in bones of that population. Lead levels which prevailed in Romans appear to have been similar to those in contemporary people, which are ∼ 1000-fold above natural levels in humans determined by this method in ancient Peruvians. This indicates that studies of natural biochemical reactions in cells free of industrial Pb should be made, because most present biochemical knowledge is founded on data obtained from systems polluted with Ph 1000 to 100000-fold above natural levels. The 5000 year history of smelting Pb by humans indicates that a system of education fostered by genetically common lower brain center functions operated on hundreds of successive generations in a context of cultural changes invoked by feedback from developments in engineering technologies to give rise to the difference between present typical and prehistoric natural levels of Pb in humans. Archaeological and anthropological studies of early developments in writing, music and metallurgy by ancient Peruvians and Persian peoples should be combined with PET-scan studies of their descendants to discover if, as preliminary archaeological data suggest, the two ancient populations differed on a genetic basis in higher brain functions, yet are indistinguishable as metallurgical engineers. This would demonstrate that higher centers of the human brain did not exercise guiding control, through hundreds of generations, over those developments of engineering technologies which resulted in the extreme pollution of the earth's biosphere with poisonous Pb.

Islamic Literature in Translation

This course of one semester for undergraduates samples the literature—broadly defined—of the Arab, Persian and Turkish peoples and a time span of from just before the rise of Muhammad to modern times. It is literature-centered, i.e., the attention is on the reading and discussion of certain works or selections from works, rather than on literary history. Conceived more on the style of a Great Books course, its aim is to give the student as much direct acquaintance as possible in a few weeks with the thought, and the literary sensibilities of a great civilization. An alternative title would be Islamic Humanities, taking a cue from the more inclusive Oriental Humanities courses and the successful Western Humanities courses which led the way for them.

Economic Change and Economic Resiliency in 19th Century Persia

The history of Iran, in the years just before World War I is dominated by a general institutional crisis called the Persian Constitutional Revolution. Although the narrative line most often followed through those years is a sequence of political and military encounters, the revolution was in fact a systemic crisis which affected nearly all of the institutions that contained the Persian people. Like all revolutions, however, it had its own idea of what it was up to; in fact, it had several. In common with other modern revolutions, it held the principle to be self-evident that through the revolution a new freedom was being created and a corrupt tyranny destroyed. Such views were, of course,rationales not interpretations of history, but like the latter they extended backward in time to describe the period before the revolution. In short, they explained not only what the revolutionaries themselves were doing, but what much of the history of Qajar Persia amounted to.

The Wild Asses

HERE Mr. Emanuel records a journey through Persia of a mixed party, described on one occasion by Reuter as of “undergraduates”. Though the author repudiates this designation, it does in some degree characterize them and their spirit of adventure. They belonged to the National Union of Students. Their route lay across Europe to Russia, and through the Caucasus into Persia, which they traversed to Meshed; and there they crossed the Afghan frontier for a brief stay at Herat. On their return they crossed the great Salt Desert of Persia, to their edification, if discomfort. Although this record is not intended to be in any sense a scientific study-anything in that nature is precluded by the rapidity with which the party travelled—the author has a keen eye for the distinctive characters of both peoples and places; and the freshness of his point of view and the acuteness of his observation give his book something more than a passing interest. It may be noted that the points which impressed him most in Persia were the sophistication of Persian people and society and the penetration of the Germans everywhere, especially in business, education and military matters.