Persian Gulf Area Research Articles

Trauma-related symptoms in veterans of Operation Desert Storm: a preliminary report.

This study was designed to examine prospectively the development of trauma-related symptoms over time in two reserve units of Operation Desert Storm veterans. One month and 6 months after returning from the Persian Gulf area, 84 National Guard reservists, from one medical unit and one military police unit, completed questionnaires on their exposure to combat and to specific stressors and rated the severity of their symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on two different scales. Differences in symptom severity at the two time points were analyzed. Scores on the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, but not severity ratings on a symptom scale based on DSM-III-R PTSD criteria, increased significantly from the 1-month to the 6-month rating time. At both time points, symptoms of hyperarousal were more severe than symptoms of reexperiencing or avoiding trauma-related events. Level of exposure to combat, as reflected by the Combat Exposure Scale and a Desert Storm trauma questionnaire, was significantly associated with score on the Mississippi PTSD scale. There were no significant differences in combat exposure and PTSD symptoms between the male and female subjects or between the medical and police units. These preliminary findings suggest that a high percentage of Desert Storm veterans experienced some trauma-related symptoms after returning to the United States. Six months after the war, these symptoms, although relatively mild, had not significantly improved in this study group as a whole. For research on longer-term outcome, follow-up of these 84 reservists continues.

Monitoring the Persian Gulf war with NOAA AVHRR data

Abstract Near to the time of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and continuing past the withdrawal of its forces, the northern Persian Gulf area was monitored continuously using the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the NOAA polar orbiting satellites. The AVHRR was shown to be effective for monitoring fires, oil slicks, airplane contrails, and outbreaks of wind-blown dust, during the course of the war. With their frequent multispectral coverage, the NOAA series satellites can be a valuable strategic tool during war, and may be used to evaluate resulting environmental conditions

GEOLOGY OF THE PERMIAN “SUPER‐GIANT” GAS RESERVOIRS IN THE GREATER PERSIAN GULF AREA

The Permian Dalan and Khuff Formations contain extensive gas reservoirs in the Greater Persian Gulf area. The Permian transgressive sea covered a vast area in the Middle East, and deposited a fairly thick sequence of shallow, epicontinental carbonates. These carbonates were deposited unconformably on Lower Paleozoic rocks in western Iran and on the basement in Central Arabia. The term “Khuff Formation” has been widely used by oil companies in the region, but its equivalent, the Dalan Formation, is a new name currently being used in Iran.The Permian Basin was an elongate trough, trending NW‐SE, parallel to the Cretaceous‐Tertiary Zagros geosyncline. The deepest part of the Permian Basin was in the extreme SE portion of the trough, in the vicinity of the present Oman Mountains, in which nearly 6,000 ft (1,830 m) of Permian sediments were deposited.Porosity and permeability are generally low in these carbonates. However, secondary fracture porosity and dolomitization are commonly developed throughout these rocks. Permian reservoirs are capped by impervious strata, and the gas seems to be sourced from within the Permian section.

Radiative effects of the smoke clouds from the Kuwait oil fires

The radiative effects of the smoke from the Kuwait oil fires were assessed by measuring downwelling and upwelling solar flux, as well as spectral solar extinction beneath, above, and within the smoke plume. Radiative flux divergence measurements were made to determine smoke‐induced heating and cooling rates. Seven radiation flight missions were undertaken between May 16 and June 2, 1991, to characterize the plume between the source region in Kuwait and approximately 200 km south, near Manama, Bahrain. We present results from one flight representative of conditions of the composite plume. On May 18, 1991, in a homogeneous, well‐mixed region of smoke approximately 100 km downstream of the fires, visible optical depths as high as 2 were measured, at which time transmission to the surface was 8%, while 78% of the solar radiation was absorbed by the smoke. The calculated instantaneous heating rate inside the plume reached 24 K/d. While these effects are probably typical of those regions in the Persian Gulf area directly covered by the smoke, there is no evidence to suggest significant climatic effects in other regions.

GEOLOGY OF THE PERMIAN “SUPER‐GIANT” GAS RESERVOIRS IN THE GREATER PERSIAN GULF AREA

The Permian Dalan and Khuff Formations contain extensive gas reservoirs in the Greater Persian Gulf area. The Permian transgressive sea covered a vast area in the Middle East, and deposited a fairly thick sequence of shallow, epicontinental carbonates. These carbonates were deposited a fairly thick sequence of shallow, epicontinental carbonates. These carbonates were deposited unconformably on Lower Paleozoic rocks in western Iran and on the basement in Central Arabia. The term “Khuff Formation” has been widely used by oil companies in the region, but its equivalent, the Dalan Formation, is a new name currently being used in Iran.The Permian Basin was an elongate trough, trending NW‐SE, parallel to the Cretaceous‐Tertiary Zagros geosyncline. The deepest part of the Permian Basin was in the extreme SE portion of the trough, in the vicinity of the present Oman Mountains, in which nearly 6,000 ft (1,830 m) of Permian sediments were deposited.Porosity and permeability are generally low in these carbonates. However, secondary fracture porosity and dolomitization are commonly developed throughout these rocks. Permian reservoirs are capped by impervious strata, and the gas seems to be sourced from within the Permian section.

ペルシャ湾南部地域における石油集積機構に関する考察（その１） 石油地質および関連学説の概要

The Arabian-Zagros sedimentary basin, renowned as a huge oil pool-bearing field, is composed of a large quantity of carbonate strata associated with a considerably limited argillaceous strata.During the past quarter century, various studies on the mechanisms of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in the Persian Gulf area have been carried out. As the result, the following two different opinions concerning the oil generation and migration have been raised: A) catagenetic origin and long distance migration, and B) diagenetic origin and short distance migration. However, at present, the opinions and points of these two groups are independent each other and there are no sufficient discussions between them.The basic conception of the opinion (A) is that a possible source sediment should be placed to a deep burial depth through a sufficient geological time to generate petroleum via so-called “Kerogen”. This is a conception derived mostly from the studies on the argillaceous rocks. On the other hand, if we pay special attention to the organic and inorganic characteristics of carbonate rocks, particularly its efficient capability of hydrocarbon generation and the very likely possibility of generating hydrocarbons which directly generated from the organic matter of carbonate's own without via “Kerogen stage” as pointed out by TAGUCHI (1989), it is possible to accept the conception of (B) rather than (A).Based on the such previous studies and the geological evidences obtained from the actual exploration and exploitation in the studied area, conceivable characteristics for the oil production in this area should be summarized as follows. Namely, (1)extremely high volume of carbonate sediments in comparison with argillaceous sediments, (2)a difficulty of large scale vertical migration due to extensive distribution of dense evaporite (anhydrite, in particular) and (3)the existence of many depletion type oil fields which may have been formed by deterioration of reservoir in the down flank area during the course of the structural growth by high saturation of formation water, etc.Consequently, it is inferred that most of oil in the southern part of the Persian Gulf area might have originated from organic matter of carbonate rocks and accumulated in the favorable structures at the relatively early diagenetic stage through short primary migration pass.In future, more detailed geochemical studies on the carbonate rocks (especially pure carbonates) will be required to solve the diversities among those opinions mentioned above.(This abstract covers the contents of this Part 1 and Part 2 which is to follow. The subtitle of Part 2 is-“Noticeable points on the carbonate source rocks and the specific characters of the accumulation mechanism”-).

ペルシャ湾南部地域における石油集積機構に関する考察 その２ 炭酸塩岩根源岩問題と集積機構の特性

ペルシャ湾南部地域における石油集積機構に関する考察 その２ 炭酸塩岩根源岩問題と集積機構の特性

Proterozoic salt basins of the Persian Gulf area and their role in hydrocarbon generation

Abstract The role of Proterozoic sediments as source rocks for oil in Arabia is more significant than previously realized. This paper shows their importance for the origin of oil in eastern Arabia, especially Oman, and by inference from similar sediments of the Persian Gulf area. Proterozoic sediments, some 4 km thick, yield oil in eastern Arabia (Oman), which emanates from salt-related kerogenous source rocks. Most Paleozoic and Mesozoic reservors in this area contain Proterozoic oil which has migrated both laterally and upwards along fractures. Almost all the Persian Gulf and large areas of southern Iran and northeastern Arabia are underlain by a thick sequence of similar sediments, known as the Hormuz Series, with interbedded salt, anhydrite, dolomite, shale and sandstone. This Lower Mobile Series (O'Brien) is not only the cause of many salt-dome-related oil and gas fields but is also considered to have been a major source rock for hydrocarbons accumulated in Ordovician, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian and probably younger reservoirs. The Late Proterozoic crude oils of eastern Arabia are chemically distinct, with low C28/C29 sterane ratios, low pristane/ phytane ratios, strong negative carbon isotope ratios, and presence of x-branched hydrocarbons. The wide extent of Proterozoic crudes, in oil reservoirs ranging in age from Upper Proterozoic to lower Cenozoic in Oman, suggests that these Upper Proterozoic sediments have been very significant source rocks for the accumulation of the prolific oil and gas fields of the entire Persian Gulf area.

Desert Storm: Wounded Iraqi War Prisoners Keep US Physicians Busy

MORE THAN 2000 wounded Iraqi prisoners of war have been treated by US military physicians since the cease fire order in Operation Desert Storm. Many of the more than 3100 physicians of the US Air Force, Army, and Navy full-time and reserve military medical corps and the US Department of Transportation's Coast Guard, of course, now have returned from the Persian Gulf area. But some physicians still are in the Gulf region in support of the remaining US forces. A number of these US military physicians have been caring for the wounded Iraqi prisoners, according to Enrique Mendez, Jr, MD, assistant secretary of defense for health affairs. These patients are among the last of thousands of Iraqi prisoners of war who are being repatriated. The US physicians treating them of course are gaining additional experience in caring for war wounds. And the Iraqis, some of them veterans of the 8-year

Clay-mineral accumulation rates in the Arabian Sea during the late Quaternary

The regional variations in clay-mineral concentrations in 39 turbidite-free and undisturbed deep-sea sediment cores from the Arabian Sea are compared with distribution patterns of clay-mineral accumulation rates during the Holocene and the last glaciation. Dust plumes from the Red Sea area, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Iran and Pakistan can be traced by accumulation rates of mineral-specific dust loads. During the late Quaternary, the major proportions of aeolo-marine sediments in the western Arabian Sea were derived from Arabia during the summer season. The clay-mineral assemblage in these dust plumes consists of illite, smectite, kaolinite, chlorite and palygorskite, in decreasing order of abundance. The distribution pattern of palygorskite in particular reveals that dust transport from southern Arabia occurs mainly with northwesterly to westerly winds in the mid-troposphere. Dust plumes from Iran and Pakistan, which are characterized by high chlorite content, are dispersed by northwesterly winds over the northwestern Arabian Sea. Dust contributions from the Red Sea area, which are rich in smectite and characterized by the occurrence of amphiboles, are transported to the Gulf of Aden. The amount of dust related to northeast monsoon winds during the winter season appears to be negligible when compared to the proportions borne on other dust-bearing winds. In addition to aeolian contributions we distinguish two fluvial contributions: a chlorite-, illite-, kaolinite- and quartz-rich assemblage from Oman and Pakistan into the Gulf of Oman, and a smectite-rich assemblage which is dominant off southern India, originating from rivers that drain the Indian subcontinent. The significant difference between the Holocene and glacial accumulation rates of wind-transported clay minerals consist in the higher abundance of quartz, illite and chlorite in the northwestern Arabian Sea during the last glaciation. This pattern indicates intensified dust contributions by northwesterly winds from the Persian Gulf area, which was dry during glacial times.

Physicians Provide Continuum of Care for Desert Storm Fighting Forces

DESERT STORM combat medical plans call for a continuum of care from the Middle East's frontlines to US hospitals. Wounds to the extremities have been the most common for US soldiers in wars of the latter half of this century and that is projected to be true again for US forces in the current coalition effort to oust the Iraqi invaders from Kuwait. In the recent past, wounded who have lived to reach a military hospital usually have survived and this also is expected to continue to be the case now for US forces in the Persian Gulf area. <h3>Desert Shield/Storm</h3> Still, unofficial casualty projections— as the 5-month Operation Desert Shield buildup of forces moved into the post-United Nations deadline Operation Desert Storm combat phase (January 16)—vary from 1800 (300 dead) to well over 45 000 (10 000 or more dead) among the 28 allied nations and up to 60

Hydrocarbon Habitat in Main Producing Areas, Saudi Arabia: DISCUSSION

Most petroleum geologists have wondered why the Persian (Arabian) Gulf area contained such enormous volumes of petroleum. Saudi Arabia alone has produced 44.1 billion barrels of oil, and remaining reserves are estimated at 177.2 billion bbl. Previous studies concluded the Jurassic Callovian to Oxforidan organic-rich carbonates were the only rocks considered rich enough to be the likely source for Saudi Arabia's vast reserves. These authors believed the unique size of the accumulations reflected the scale of the system, with large volumes of petroleum-generating rocks coupled efficiently to large traps. It was argued that the type of organic matter generally associated with carbonates was algal-rich, oil prone, and a more efficient generator compared with the organic matter in clastics. It was concluded that the previously identified source rocks only partly answer the question of the unique size of oil accumulations in the part of the Middle East.

Satellite study of western disturbances

Study of western disturbances approaching NW India and neighbourhood during winter period (November-March) has been made with the help of satellite cloud imageries of 10 years. It has been shown that three distinct types of cloud masses could be detected, of which the most common ones are the overcast shapeless cloud masses forming in the belt 25 deg.-35 deg. N, 40 deg.- 50 deg. E and approaching NW India moving eastward. They are associated with the secondaries of the extra-tropical depressions moving NE'ward from the Mediterranean. These secondary systems generally form in the Persian Gulf-Black Sea region and move ENE/E'wards over an area (Middle East) of generally sparse data, thus making it difficult sometimes to follow them on synoptic charts properly. These are mostly shallow systems not extending above 700 mb. The study of cloud masses associated with them shows that they remain well organised and could be followed systematically. They reach the country in about 2 days' time from the Persian Gulf area and sometimes strengthen when over NW India. For the prediction of such systems, therefore, satellite cloud photographs seem to be of great help.

Role of U.S. Geological Survey in Assessment of Conventional Energy Resources in Countries Other than USA: ABSTRACT

The U.S. Geological Survey has had a program of energy-resource studies in cooperation with counterpart agencies of other countries for many years. The products of the earlier cooperative activities were mainly reports of geologic research conducted to aid exploration and development of energy resources in specific areas such as coalfields or potentially petroliferous basins. In contrast, many of the more recent studies have been wide-ranging evaluations of conventional energy source materials and conditions in the developing countries. These recent studies are largely based on existing information, and attempt to assess the quantity and quality of known energy resources, to evaluate the potential for development of both known and hypothetical resources, and to act as gui es for future research and development activities. The studies are made in collaboration with the appropriate agency of the foreign government and are funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, the U.S. Department of Energy, or, in some cases, by the participating country itself. The reports that have been produced range from administrative project reports of varying format to U. S. Geological Survey Professional Papers. Comprehensive reports End_Page 958------------------------------ have been published on recent energy studies in Peru, Egypt, and Portugal; and similar reports will be available in the near future for Argentina and South Korea. Other countries for which preliminary reports have been prepared recently include: Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Turkey, Costa Rica, Morocco, Mexico, Trinidad, Venezuela, USSR, the members of ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), and nations in the Persian Gulf area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 959------------

Iran and Afghanistan in Japanese Perspective

Research Article| May 01 1981 Iran and Afghanistan in Japanese Perspective Michael M. Yoshitsu Michael M. Yoshitsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Far Eastern Survey (1952) 21 (5): 501–514. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643830 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Michael M. Yoshitsu; Iran and Afghanistan in Japanese Perspective. Far Eastern Survey 2 April 1952; 21 (5): 501–514. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2643830 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAsian Survey Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1981 The Regents of the University of California Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

A key to marine species of Vannella (Sarcodina: Gymnamoebia), with descriptions of new species

A key to all nine described marine species of naked lobose amoebae classified in the genus Vannella Bovee, 1965, is presented. All six species studied with the electron microscope have the characteristic surface structure found also in freshwater members of the genus. The key includes five species isolated from British waters, including three new species; a fourth new species is from the Persian Gulf area. Generic identification of Vannella, even in mixed material, can be made readily with the electron microscope, which is sometimes necessary for positive distinction from Platyamoeba. Further identification to species is a light-microscopical procedure. Members of this genus are cultured on bacteria, which are probably their main food in nature.

The politics of Soviet oil

Recent reports confirm that Soviet oil production continues to fall well below official target levels. There is a real possibility that during the 1980s the Soviet bloc may shift from being a leading oil exporter to a net oil importer. Such a shift is likely to focus Soviet interest on the Persian Gulf area, which is the only source of oil likely to meet its needs. In this article it is argued that current Soviet energy production problems could be solved by the import of US technology. It is not therefore in the USA's best longterm interests to embargo sales of oil and gas extraction technology to the USSR. Rather, the author suggests, such exports should be encouraged so that Soviet domestic energy production can be expanded and the political repercussions of an energy shortfall in the USSR avoided.

The U.S.S.R. and the Persian Gulf area

The U.S.S.R. and the Persian Gulf area

Hydrocarbons and porphyrins in rock extracts

Specimens of rock extracts from the vicinity of oil deposits in the Persian Gulf area were analysed. Chromatographic methods were used to separate the individual (structurally or chemically related) groups. The most substantial difference between the rock extracts and high-boiling petroleum fractions is in the relatively high content of porphyrins and high-molecular polar substances. All groups of compounds (saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions, polar substances, porphyrins) were characterized in detail, using suitable methods of instrumental analysis.

THE MESOZOIC SEQUENCE IN SOUTH‐WEST IRAN AND ADJACENT AREAS

New outcrop and subsurface data from SW Iran have permitted a review of the stratigraphy of the area to the SW of the Zagros Crush Zone and a comparison with neighbouing areas. The Triassic sequence consists mainly of an evaporite and dolomite sequence in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf which is the extension of the evaporite basin of Saudi Arabia and Iraq. Towards the high Zagros in the northeast, the evaporites are replaced by dolomites. Two unconformities are found at the base and top of the Triassic.The Jurassic in Fars and eastern Khuzestan consists of an argillaceous interval representing early Liassic time, overlain by a thick development of neritic carbonates of early to late Jurassic age. An evaporite unit developed in the upper Jurassic is present in coastal/subcoastal areas of Fars and eastern Khuzestan and is the north‐eastwards extension of Hith Anhydrite of Saudi Arabia. The end of the Jurassic was marked by uplift and erosion, giving rise to an unconformity over a large area. In western Khuzestan and Lurestan, the Lower Jurassic is a sequence of alternating evaporites and dolomites. The Middle Jurassic is represented by deeper water bituminous shales and argillaceous limestones of the Sargelu Formation, which is cut by a regional unconformity in this area. The Upper Jurassic is represented by the evaporites of the Gotnia Formation which is terminated by the possible Upper Jurassic unconformity. The Jurassic sequence of this area can be correlated well with that of eastern Iraq. In the high Zagros area to the south of the Crush Zone, the Jurassic consists of a thick development of shelf carbonates with no evaporites. The Cretaceous System in SW Iran is divided into Lower (Neocomian‐Aptian), Middle (Albian‐Turonian) and Upper (Coniacian‐Maastrichtian). The Lower Cretaceous is mainly made up of two shelf carbonate unit separated by shales in Fars and eastern Khuzestan. Towards Lurestan, the carbonates pass into deeper water black shales and limestones with radiolaria. The top of the Lower Cretaceous is marked by a regional unconformity in Fars and the Persian Gulf area. The Middle Cretaceous began with a transgression forming the shales and limestones of the Kazhdumi Formation which was followed by a shallowing of the sea and the deposition of Cenomanian and Turonian shelf carbonates over the entire area of Fars and Khuzestan. The Lurestan basin retreated northwards and northwestwards and covered only central Lurestan during Albian‐ Turonian time, with the deposition of dark grey to black shales and pelagic limestones of the Garau and the Oligostegina bearing limestones of the Sarvak Formation. At least two pronounced regional unconformities have been recognized, between the Cenomanian and Turonian and between the Turonian and Coniacian. The Upper Cretaceous is represented by limestones at the base and a transgressive shale unit at the top, which is terminated by a regional unconformity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Isopach and lithofacies maps of various units and correlations of outcrop and subsurface sections indicate several important unconformities and facies changes in SW Iran during the course of the Mesozoic. The general stratigraphy of the region shows similarities to the Mesozoic sequence of Iraq and Saudi Arabia, with a gradual facies change from carbonates to sandstone towards Saudi Arabia. This change is most evident in the Upper Triassic and in the Barremian‐Cenomanian. The Upper Cretaceous sequence of SW Iran changes from mainly argillaceous sediments of deeper marine environment into carbonates of shallow water origin towards Saudi Arabia. The correlation of the Mesozoic sequence of SW Iran with those to the northeast of the Zagros Crush Zone indicates a rather abrupt change from the Upper Triassic onwards.