Persian Dictionaries Research Articles

Development of Persian Monosyllabic and Disyllabic Words for Auditory Test of Adults and Evaluation of Their Face Validity Using Psychometric Function

Background and Aim: The utilization of speech materials in audiological assessments has faced challenges due to a lack of standardization and insufficient consideration of acoustic factors. This study aimed to develop a set of psychometrically validated monosyllabic and disyllabic words in Persian for use in auditory tests. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved collecting the most frequently used one- and two-syllable words from Persian dictionaries. A panel of experts evaluated the selected words using a 4-point Likert scale. Based on their recommendations, 382 monosyllabic words and 150 disyllabic words met the established criteria. Male and female talkers recorded these words, which were then presented in a random order to 30 young adults with normal hearing (aged 18–30 years). The presentation intensity levels ranged from 0 to 48 dB HL with 8 dB increments. Logistic regression was used to determine the psychometric properties of the words. Results: As the intensity level increased, the percentage of word recognition scores also increased, reaching 100% at an intensity level of 48 dB HL. For Persian monosyllabic words, the mean psychometric slope was 0.29 %/dB for male talkers and 0.25 %/dB for female talkers. The corresponding slopes for Persian disyllabic words were 0.23 %/dB and 0.21 %/dB, respectively. Conclusion: This study successfully developed 382 monosyllabic words and 150 disyllabic words in Persian with comparable psychometric properties. These words can be utilized in auditory tests for Iranian adults. Keywords: Monosyllabic words; disyllabic words; psychometric‏ ‏function; logistic regression; Persian speech materials

Community-based nursing: a concept analysis with Walker and Avant’s approach

BackgroundCommunity-based nursing in recent years has received much attention from nursing schools in different countries as a suitable solution in response to existing and future problems and challenges, but there is yet no comprehensive and correct understanding of this concept and considering its importance, the present study was conducted to the aim of analyzing the concept of community-based nursing.MethodsConcept analysis was done using Walker and Avant's 8-step approach. Nursing dictionary, Persian dictionary, research articles, journals and conferences articles, dissertations, thesis, books, and other sources related to the concept of research were investigated through search engines and available databases using the keywords of nursing, community-based, concept analysis and Walker and Avant from 1990 to 2023. Finally, 54 articles related to the concept were reviewed and analyzed.ResultsThe results showed that community-based nursing has attributes such as individual-oriented/ family-oriented/ community-oriented, social partnership with the communities and stakeholders, social justice, and group and interprofessional cooperation, the community as the main activity setting, providing services based on cultural diversity, providing services according to the context, conditions and community needs, caring for individuals and families with health problems throughout life, responding to the community needs, community-based experiences and facing real-life issues in the context of community, using a problem-based and service-based approach, providing context-based care and considering factors affecting health. In this regard, borderline and related cases (community health nursing, community-oriented nursing, population-based nursing, and public health nursing) were also presented to clarify the concept. Antecedents of community-based nursing included: determining the position of community-based nursing, making infrastructure and structure, the partnership between university, hospital and community, identifying all settings, the presence of educators proficient in education, survey of community needs, having knowledge, communication and community-based skills, expanding the role of the nurse, stakeholders' attitude towards community-oriented nursing and management and financial support. Consequences of community-based nursing included: competence development in nurses, solving community-based nursing challenges, meeting the health needs of individuals, families and communities, social justice, and increasing access to health care services.ConclusionThe results of this study can provide an objective and understandable image of the use of community-based nurses and their education in practice. Conducting more quantitative and qualitative studies about community-based nursing is also recommended.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE SEMANTICS OF RUSSIAN NOMINAL SUBSTANTIVE PHRASES AND THE EXPRESSION OF THEIR CORRELATES IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Phrases consist of various parts in the Persian and Russian languages. The article presents semantics of Russian substantive prepositional phrases with a dependent noun, which are expressed in Persian by Ezāfe phrases, with the “noun + adjective” structure. The empirical and factual basis of the study was the Russian-Persian dictionaries by G. A. Voskanyan, I. K. Ovchinnikova, S. D. Klevtsova and the Persian dictionary “Sokhan”, edited by H. Anvari. The scientific novelty of the work is the fact that for the first time in Russian-Persian comparative linguistics, Russian nominal phrases coinciding with the Ezāfe phrases “noun + adjective” are distinguished. Also novel is the semantic analysis of the identified phrases and their correlates in the Persian language. The results of the study can be used as additional material by teachers and students studying Russian as a foreign language in universities of Iran. In addition, this work can be a useful scientifically grounded source for Persian and Russian translators.

Analysis of the Equivalence of Russian Business Terms in the Persian Language

One of the difficulties faced by Iranian translators is the translation of sales contracts from Russian into Persian. Despite the fact that Russian-Persian dictionaries largely contain suitable equivalents, there are also not only different equivalents for the same term in Russian, but even the absence of such equivalents. Therefore, in many cases, the meaning of these terms cannot be translated into Persian through a literal translation. In this article, in addition to the definition of each term taken from particularized interpretative dictionaries of the Russian language (legal, economic, commerce, accounting, etc.), and equivalent terms in Persian dictionaries. The results show that most terms need to be translated with additional words (25 terms), about 10 terms have the same meaning in both languages, and 5 terms contain Arabic language. The paper provides examples illustrating each group.

The Dasātīr and the “Āẕar Kaivān school” in Historical Context: Origin and Later Development


 The present paper aims to offer a new understanding of the so-called “Zoroastrian Illuminative philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,” namely the Āẕar Kaivān school. In the twentieth century, this school was understood to be a Zoroastrian phenomenon originating from Āẕar Kaivān (1533–1618), who is believed to have been born at Estakhr (Iran) and later to have immigrated to Patna (India). One way to sketch their texts is to notice their contents as the Zoroastrian Illuminative school, as H. Corbin did. But it may be more likely that the first principle for this school is a matter of ancient Persian culture, especially the Āsmānī language. Until recently, we knew little for certain about the origin of this Āsmānī vocabulary, except the inference that it might be the product of Āẕar Kaivān himself. But Sadeghi (2020) shows that the earliest mention of what would become the Āsmānī vocabulary can be confirmed in the Persian dictionary Farhang-e Mo’aiyid al-Fożalāʾ, compiled in India in 1519. The origin of the essential points of the Āẕar Kaivān school is not Āẕar Kaivān himself, but there were probably some pioneers in the Delhi Sultanate in India before him. Adding to this, a closer look at their writings shows that this school is not a monolith, but a complex of various preceding elements. The Illuminative Philosophy is just one of them. As such, it becomes possible to arrive at the conclusion that the Āẕar Kaivān school is not Āẕar Kaivān’s school. He simply put together the various elements that preceded him.

Tendencies of Change of Socio-Political Lexicon in Persian and Azerbaijani Languages

Socio-political terms exist in all world languages and are directly related to the socio-political structure of each country. The words related to statehood, religion and political system were mentioned in sources associated with the ancient period of Persian and Azerbaijani languages. In the article, among such sources, "The Book of Dede-Gorgud", Orkhon-Yenisei" on Turkic languages, and the samples selected from the work "Shahnameh" on Persian are analyzed by the historical-comparative method. When studying terms related to religion, it should be investigated in more detail whether these terms correctly reflect events in the socio-political life of the country they belong to, as they are subject to purposeful interventions in several cases. Considering Manichaean, Islam, Sufism and other religious directions, which are thought to be related to Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrianism in Iran, this picture is further complicated. In the article, medieval Persian dictionaries were also reviewed among the sources related to the Middle Ages. It was noted that words related to almost all areas of social life are included in them. The social and political situation after the Iranian Islamic Revolution and the terms that were created in connection with this situation is considered in the history of Iran. The article also contains information about using borrowed words in both languages' social and political fields. Then the place of the terms in the form of abbreviations in the speech was analyzed. In the article, the data gives grounds to say that as a result of any historical event, the most profitable sphere is linguistics. So, although the changes in other areas cause stagnation and decline in some instances, linguistics is enriched with new words. Political linguistics is also included, and the rising line of political discourse during World War I can serve as an example.

Badiiy Andijoniy va uning “Tajnis ul-lug‘ot” asarlari haqida

It is wel-known that during the reign of the Temurids many works on the theory of classical literature were written in the Persian and Turkic languages. Originally from Andijan, Yusuf Badii Andizhani’s “Tajnis ul-lug’at” is one of the scientific-theoretical books. This book devoted to the art of anthethesis is not yet fully known in science. The article provides the first information about the Persian dictionary of anthethesis, compiled by Badii in the fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhan Beruni of the Republic of Uzbekistan of Academy of Sciences. It is called by different names because of the author does not indicate his name in the pages of the work. For this reason, the manuscripts of the dictionary include “Tajnisul-lug’at”, “Se lug’oti Badiiy”, “Qasida dar halli lug’ot”, “Salasa se lug’at”, “Manzum dar bayoni lug’ot”, “Nazmul-salosa fil-lug’ata”, ‘Nazmul - salasot”, and “Lug’ot”. And the more article provides information about manuscripts of this source. There are also translations of the work from Persian into Uzbek.

Observing Iran from Baku: Iranian Studies in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani national identity emerged in post-Persian Russian-ruled East Caucasia at the end of the nineteenth century, and was finally forged during the early Soviet period. After the fiasco of the short-lived independence period of 1918–20, Azerbaijan became Soviet. Soviet power then instrumentalized Azerbaijan for political and ideological penetration into Iran by galvanizing local separatist movements. Azerbaijani Iranology was shaped within Soviet oriental studies and put into service of Azerbaijani nation-building. Exiled Iranian communists found asylum in Baku, joined local research institutions, wrote the first Persian academic and school textbooks, and contributed to the translation of classic Persian poetry into Azerbaijani. Soviet Azerbaijani Iranologists were sent as translators to the Soviet missions to Iran and Afghanistan. After Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991, its Iranological infrastructure was represented by several departments at the National Academy of Sciences and the Iranian Studies Program at Baku State University. While the number of Persian classes at schools during the last three decades diminished, a new generation of post-Soviet Iranologists—those who studied in Iran—emerged. While Soviet Azerbaijani Iranologists never created a solid bilingual dictionary of Persian, several Persian–Azerbaijani and Azerbaijani–Persian dictionaries were published in the 2010s. Post-Soviet Azerbaijani Iranology is still trying to find its place within humanities in the transitional nation.

The implication of the lexicon contrastive analysis of colors in Persian & English in perception and translation of colors

Color is all around but it is not everywhere treated in the same way. The terms people use to describe colors give another means of exploring the relationship between different languages and cultures. One field we can see the manifestation of this relationship is translation because we sometimes cannot directly translate color words from one language to another without introducing subtle changes in meaning, or the perception of the same colors in different languages may be different due to different cultures (Wardhaugh, 2006). This study aims at investigating the contrastive comparison of color lexicons- in terms of number and variety as well as their perception- in Persian and English and its effect on translation; moreover, by utilizing this cross-cultural study of color perception, want to investigate whether or not this research is in harmony with previous research –specifically the Weak Version of Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis advocating that language influences perception. The findings of this study are the result of a long process of investigating many English and Persian dictionaries, art and graphic books, personal interviews with artists, and some tasks for translators and even native speakers of both languages. After finding the specific types and lexicons of colors, we found some colors with no equivalent in the other language. Therefore, those color terms were the stimulus for our tasks. We provided some tasks and asked 50 English-Persian translators who were Persian native speakers and 50 English native speakers (Because of the limitation of access to English-Persian translators who are also English native speakers) for their perception of those colors in order to find out how perception of the colors with no equivalent in the native language would affect the translation. Results revealed that 98% of translators had difficulty perceiving and translating the two different color lexicons for which Persian had no equivalent, and 99% of translators had difficulty translating 15 different color lexicons, which were chosen among 32 color lexicons of Persian with no English equivalent. Similarly, 97% of English native speakers had difficulty perceiving the translated Persian color lexicons to English, for which they had no certain equivalent. Having compared the results of data collection in Persian and English, the researchers found that there are statistically significant similarities and differences between Persian and English color terms. Comparing the results revealed that the two languages are similar in the number of basic colors; however, color types are more various in Persian while there are more terms for one single color in English; therefore, the marked similarity of color grouping in Persian and English suggests some evidence that color grouping is universal and is inconsistent with the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. However, part of the results, which shows differences in the perception of colors in two languages, is consistent with the Weak Version of Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis. Consequently, as an implication of the study in EFL/ESL and translation, the study provides some evidence which could be a source in translation of color terms in Persian and English.

METAPHOR IN PERSIAN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT DICTIONARYFROM COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS VIEW

Metaphor was only considered in literary language in the past, but nowadays it is considered to have vast usage in every day discourse such as: conversation, fiction, news texts and so on. In this research it is regarded from Lakoff and Johnson's cognitive view. This research was done because of the importance of metaphor in better understanding of language and thought in( business) texts and speeches. Metaphors can motivate and inhibit people as well. For this reason Persian Business Management Dictionary was chosen as a corpus. All the terms were inspected one by one (without any Sampling) for the presence of metaphors. In research method ,first, metaphors in the corpus were discovered by MIP and MIPVU which is a more comprehensive and revised version. Also the Contemporary General Persian Dictionary was used for the basic meaning. Next, the founded metaphors were compared to Lakoff and Johnson,s schemata and finally, their frequency was investigated by simple statistical method. Research findings showed that metaphors were found in this dictionary. These metaphors are based on Lakoff and Johnson's Schemata. Schemata are path/ movement , nature, bodily and medicine, size and weight, letters, relational / marriage, war and games, containment, up and down,force, religion, metals, numbers and colors. There are metaphors that are not included in any schemata. The most frequent of schemata belongs to war and game, nature and path / movement respectively. The least frequent of schemata belongs to religion, numbers and metals respectively. From the universal or cultural point of view: most of the metaphors are universal like war and Some of them are cultural such as Machiavelli's management.

Conceptualisations of xoshbaxti (‘happiness / prosperity’) and baxt (‘fate / luck’) in Persian

Abstract This paper explores conceptualisations of xoshbaxti (‘happiness / prosperity’) and baxt (‘fate / luck’) in Persian, adopting a combined historical and contemporary analysis. The expression xoshbaxti consists of the free morphemes xosh (‘pleasant’) and baxt (‘fate’). The root of baxt originates from the Proto-Indo-European language (bʰeh₂g). An historical analysis returning all the way to the Proto-Indo-Iranian religion shows that the concept of baxt captured the idea of a pre-determined destiny by conceptualising Bhaga as a god who dispenses fortune. Data from a number of Persian encyclopaedias, dictionaries and weblogs, as well as a word association task carried out by a group of speakers of Persian, revealed that xoshbaxti in contemporary Persian is largely associated with what is considered to be a “good” married life. Overall, the findings of this study illustrate the usefulness of combining diachronic and synchronic approaches when analysing cultural conceptualisations. The study also shows that attempts to trace the historical roots of cultural conceptualisations may benefit from insights gained in other fields, such as the history of religions. In this context, the multidisciplinary nature of the newly developed field of Cultural Linguistics provides an effective basis for cross-disciplinary openness, which has the potential to deepen the scope of analyses undertaken.

Гибридные формообразования в средневековых персоязычных словарях

Гибридные формообразования в средневековых персоязычных словарях

The Persian Dictionary Sorme-ye Soleymani (Early 11th/17th Century) and Its Manuscript in the Library of the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University (MS.O 174)

The Persian Dictionary Sorme-ye Soleymani (Early 11th/17th Century) and Its Manuscript in the Library of the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University (MS.O 174)

Cumhuriyet dönemi ilk Türkçe-Farsça sözlüğü Ferheng-İ Murtaza üzerine bir değerlendirme

Dictionaries are generally dened as the reference sources to describe all the words in a language or the meanings of terms, words or phrases used in specic elds such as science, sports, art, medicine. Dictionaries, which can be monolingual or multilingual, give the vocabulary of a language in both spoken and written forms. Taking the root of a word as a foundation, dictionaries, show the associated words and meanings of different uses of a word in alphabetical order. In this context, this study evaluates Ferheng-i Murtaza compiled by Murtaza Elker, a work that gains its importance from being the rst Turkish - Persian dictionary to be compiled in the Republican period. This article contains an introduction and two main chapters: in the introduction part the denition of a dictionary is discussed, and information is given on early Persian and early Turkish dictionary manuscripts, and Turkish–Persian dictionaries. The rst chapter is about Murtaza Elker's life and literature. The second chapter is about the compiling process employed by Ferheng-i Murtaza, covering the method of compiling, linguistic structure and the aim of compiling such a dictionary. The concluding section aims to offer an analysis in the light of research undertaken for this article.

Türk mutfak kültüründen bir sözcük: güllaç

Gullac which is an important representative of Turkish culinary culture, draws attention linguistically as much as it does from the point of cultural history. In many Turkish grammar books, one of the phonetic changes studied under phonetics is contraction. Some examples for this phonetic change include words such as “nicin”, “ayol”, “cumartesi”, “sutlac”. Besides these words, one of the examples given for contraction is the word “gullac”. In the aforementioned sources it is undestood that the word “gullac” has been used among the examples as an analogy for “sutlac” and it is disassembled incorrectly as “gul+lu as”. However, rstly in Turkish dictionaries, and also in Ottoman Turkish dictionaries, Persian dictionaries as well as in etyimology dictionaries it is indicated that the origin of this word is Persian and it is “gulāc”. In this study, the origin and morphology of the word gullac are discussed and it is argued that the word can not be related with the root word “gul”, and this word is not a suitable example for this phonetic change, contraction. With the obtained results, it has been proved that the word “gullac” should not be given as an example for contraction in grammar books and scientic publications..

Taxonomy and structure of Persian personality-descriptive trait terms.

We described the development of a taxonomy of Persian personality-descriptive terms in two studies. In Study 1, judges scanned Persian dictionaries and several Persian novels for person-descriptive terms. The resulting set of person-descriptive terms was classified into different categories of description, including the category of dispositional trait-descriptive adjectives. Of the 544 most familiar traits, 126 traits were selected to collect self-ratings. In Study 2, self-ratings were provided by 2400 students. Ratings were factor analysed (Principal Components Analysis) followed by Varimax rotation. Factor structures with two to six factors were discussed. The two-factor structure and the three-factor structure confirm the Big Two and the Big Three, respectively. Of the structures with five and six factors, the five-factor structure appears to be the more appropriate choice, with the factors labelled Morality, Positive versus Negative Emotionality, Achievement, Thoughtfulness and Affection. Gender differences were measured on both the five-factor structure and the six-factor structure. The discussion section emphasised both cross-cultural commonalities and cultural deviations in reference to the Big Five.

Colours in Everyday Metaphoric Language of Persian Speakers

Metaphors are ubiquitous in language and integrated in different aspects of human life, involving thought, language and action (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). Accordingly, metaphorical expressions have a key role in people's daily thinking and language use. Having interaction with things and people surrounding us, we have encyclopaedic knowledge embedded in our conceptual system (Kovecses, 2002). Metaphor and metonymy, two fundamental strategies of conceptualization, affect the way we perceive reality. In this respect, colour words strengthen language influence and have a significant role in convention of metaphorical and, particularly, metonymic expressions in our lives and everyday communications. Considering a cognitive approach and Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson 1980, Lakoff 2006, Kovecses 2010) into account, this paper aims to investigate the underlying conceptual meaning involved in the construction of Persian colour-based metaphors of emotion and body parts on one hand; and to survey the interplay of linguistic expressions and cultural knowledge on the other. To do so, we collected Persian instances from some Persian dictionaries. The working hypothesis is that although THE BODY IS A CONTAINER conceptual metaphor exists in all languages, the metaphoric expressions that fill the conceptual metaphor may be understood culturally.

Selection of Entries in Monolingual General Persian Dictionaries

Entry is the most important component of any lexicon for which all other elements are used to explain and clarify its meaning. What draws the user to the lexicon is the entry. Entry is the way to enter and access information inside the lexicon. Frequency of usage is a very important factor in selecting monolingual entry. More frequent usage of the word makes its registry in lexicon necessary. In this article, the public methods of selecting entries in public, monolingual Persian lexicons and the measures to recognize the word units which from lexicographers’ viewpoint can be considered as entry heads will be studied. There after we will be discuss how entry can be registered. Different kinds of entries in monolingual Persian lexicon will be studied too.

Принципи укладання персько-українського словника емотивної фразеології

Принципи укладання персько-українського словника емотивної фразеології

Notes on the Transcription of Persian Dictionaries

Notes on the Transcription of Persian Dictionaries