Persian Cat Research Articles

Pathogenesis of Pyometra: Treatment and Diagnosis

Pyometra refers to an acute or persistent suppurative inflammation of the uterine wall. A six-year-old Persian cat was admitted to Pet Hospital, with history of anorexia and chronic emaciation. During abdominal examination, the uterus felt larger and firmer than usual. Then ultrasonography examination was done and it revealed anechoic multiple pus pockets. Blood analysis showed that the level of AST, ALT, urea, creatinine increased, and PCV and Hb% decreased. All the findings confirmed that cat had suffering from pyometra. After confirmation, it was decided to do ovariohysterectomy under general anaesthesia. The suture was removed after fourteen days. The cat had a complete recovery without any complication.

Evaluation of Radiological and Anatomical Features of Cervical Vertebrae in Adult Persian Cat

ABSTRACTBackgroundRadiographic studies of Persian cat's cervical vertebrae can provide us with valuable information used in identifying its anatomical features, investigating various species of Persian cats and evaluating their cervical pathologies.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to investigate the anatomical and radiological features of cervical vertebrae in Persian cats to create a comprehensive and accurate reference for the normal range of cervical bones and joints that can be used for clinical decision‐making and interpretation of radiographic findings in these cats.MethodsThe present descriptive‐cross‐sectional study included 10 adult Persian cats, including 5 males and 5 females. All cats underwent radiography in the dorsoventral, ventrodorsal, left lateral and right lateral recumbency. Then, anatomical investigations were performed.ResultsAccording to our findings, Persian cats were different from other cat species in some cervical vertebral characteristics, which can be suggested as comparative anatomy in these species. The most important differences were as follows: the C3 and C7 had the lowest and highest spinous process height (SPH), respectively. The atlas had the highest transverse process width (TPW), which was significantly different with other cervical vertebrae (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the cervical vertebrae were not significantly different in vertical diameter of cranial vertebral foramen (VDCrVF) and transverse diameter of cranial vertebral foramen (TDCrVF) (p ≤ 0.05). The caudal surface of the atlantic vertebral arch had two dorsal and ventral tubercles. Also, the ventral crest of the axis was quite indistinct in the cranial part while becoming prominent in the caudal part. The C3 spinous process was a wide, small tubercle, while the C7 spinous process was extended vertically. Finally, the C6 transverse processes had a large ventrocranial tubercle forming a sagittal plate with cranial and caudal parts separated by a notch.ConclusionThe accurate and comprehensive standard ranges obtained from the present study can be used for the interpretation of imaging results, clinical decision‐making, and finding the normal and abnormal sizes of the cervical vertebrae and their processes in Persian cats.

Elucidating genetic variability between randomly bred domestic cats and Persian domestic cats from different geographical locations using microsatellite markers.

The domestic cat (Felis catus) is a newly evolved species in the family Felidae that has developed some great features among mammals. It is critical to conserve these species and prevent inbreeding from reducing their genetic diversity by understanding their genetic relationships and applying the information to breeding management. The diverse population was an excellent choice for studying genetic diversity and inbreeding phenomena. To conduct this research, 128 individuals from 8 populations, including Azerbaijan, Persian, Ahar, Uermia, Tehran, Karaj, Turkish and Shop cat (both genders), were randomly selected from different geographical regions. We selected eight STR markers with different chromosomal locations based on polymorphism and observed allele numbers in the next step. DNA extraction was performed using tail hair root, PCR and electrophoresis, and gel staining was performed according to routine laboratory protocol. For statistical analysis, CONVERT versions POPGENE, ARLEQUIN GenAlEx and R script analysis. Remarkably, our results showed that 23 alleles were identified in 128 samples. The highest number of alleles belonged to the FCa096 locus (eight alleles) in the Persian population, followed by FCa045 (seven alleles) in the Persian and Ahar populations. Another new finding is that the lowest number of alleles belonged to the 35 and FCa77 locus (two alleles). In addition, pairwise differentiation between and within populations was examined using the genetic distance index. Overall, the results showed that the degree of differentiation within the population is high in the Turkish population compared to other population groups and lower in the Azerbaijan population. In addition, principal component discriminant analysis-based analysis based on the ADAGENET package shows the distribution of samples by geographical location. The results show that genetic mixing between populations is high. On this basis, we conclude that randomly bred domestic cats have a higher level of diversity than Persian domestic cats. This is an interesting topic for future work.

A case of feline extramedullary plasma cell tumor with T cell infiltration

A 7-year-old castrated male Persian cat presented with a cutaneous mass and an increase in serum amyloid A concentration. Fine needle aspirates of the mass indicated lymphoma, which was also the top differential diagnosis on histopathologic examinations. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells tested negative for anti-CD3, PAX5, CD20, and c-Kit, but positive for MUM1, CD79α, and CD138, suggesting extramedullary plasmacytoma. There were tumor-infiltrating non-neoplastic CD3+ T and CD20+ B cells. Practitioners should be aware of feline plasmacytoma characterized by lymphoma-like cytologic and histologic features. The present study is valuable in providing the first clinical evidence that proves the immunogenicity of feline plasmacytoma.

Open-mouth jaw locking in a 5-year-old Persian cat: a case report.

Open-mouth jaw locking is an uncommon condition in feline patients. A 5-year-old neutered male Persian cat was evaluated for an acute inability to close its mouth and ptyalism. The general physical examination was unremarkable. A complete oral examination revealed a reduced vertical range of motion, as well as an asymmetric malocclusion with severe displacement of the mandibles to the left. Advanced diagnostic imaging included computed tomography (CT), which revealed a typical brachycephalic conformation, skeletal malocclusion and a bilateral temporomandibular joint (TMJ) subluxation, with the left coronoid process of the mandible abnormally positioned ventrolateral to the zygomatic arch. The open-mouth jaw locking was manually reduced and resolved. Once the coronoid process was repositioned, a second CT scan was performed and confirmed complete reduction of the TMJ subluxation. Supportive treatment with meloxicam was administered and a loose-fitting tape muzzle and Elizabethan collar were applied for two weeks. There was no recurrence of open-mouth jaw locking at long-term follow-up. This case report highlights the relevance of CT imaging and 3-dimensional reconstruction in the diagnosis of this unusual condition.

Diagnosis and treatment of Malassezia dermatitis in a Persian cat

The presence of Malassezia fungus on the skin, in both normal and excessive amounts, can activate the skin's immune system in cats. This paper reports a case of a seven-year-old Persian cat named Imo, who presented with eye pain and symptoms of dermatitis during a physical examination. A supporting examination, including a combo test kit and cytology, led to a diagnosis of Malassezia dermatitis. The therapy provided involved cleaning and compressing the wound with a saline solution containing NaCl, administering itraconazole and an oxyfresh water additive, injecting marbofloxacin subcutaneously, and applying vaseline topically. The patient showed noticeable improvement in wound healing within 24 days of hospitalization

Hérnia diafragmática peritônio-pericárdica em gato

Peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPHD) is a rare condition in dogs and cats, being more prevalent in felines. Studies show that the Persian breed is particularly predisposed to this condition, suggesting a genetic predisposition. HDPP is generally a congenital anomaly and is not associated with trauma in small animals. The most commonly herniated organs include the liver and loops of intestine, due to their proximity to the diaphragm. Diagnosis of HDPP usually involves a combination of imaging methods such as radiography, echocardiography, and abdominal ultrasound. Surgical correction is recommended in cases of evident clinical manifestations, as well as in herniations of vital organs, such as intestinal loops or stomach. However, in cases where the hernia is an incidental finding and the patient is clinically stable, surgery may be avoided due to the risks associated with the procedure. The objective of this work is to report the case of a five-year-old Persian cat, which had no clinical manifestations and was diagnosed with peritoneal-cardiac diaphragmatic hernia. During the treatment, the animal presented dyspnea, which was an episode that had previously occurred according to the owner. An x-ray, Doppler echocardiogram and abdominal ultrasound were requested. A significant increase in the cardiac silhouette and the presence of liver tissue within the pericardial sac were noted, confirming the diagnosis of HDPP. Due to the animal's age, the herniated organ and the presence of only one sporadic clinical sign, surgical treatment was not initially recommended. The owner chose not to perform the surgery and was prescribed a specific diet to assist in the weight loss process and avoid episodes of dyspnea. The animal lived until it was nine years old, when it died due to chronic kidney disease unrelated to HDPP.

Detecting Polymorphism of Myosin-binding Protein C3 Gene in Persian Breed Cat With and Without Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Background: In cats, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) stands out as a prevailing heart disease. The mutations in the gene that encodes cardiac myosin-binding protein C (MYBPC3) have been detected in the Ragdoll and Maine Coon breeds. Objectives: HCM is believed to be hereditary in other breeds, too. Methods: Blood samples were collected for DNA extraction from 2 unaffected and 7 affected Persian breed cats with HCM. Besides accomplishing conventional polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing was performed. The sequence changes were utilized to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms in the MYBPC3 gene and predict amino acid substitutions based on the Acc. No. XM_019812396.1 and comparisons with the literature on identified breed variants and control samples. Results: Although many single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in the affected and unaffected Persian cats, no causative mutation for HCM was observed. Conclusion: In this breed, HCM does not seem to be caused solely by mutations in this cardiac gene. Potential cardiac genes should be investigated to uncover other genetic reasons for this cardiac disease in the Persian cat breed.

Characterization of feline-originated probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus CACC612 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CACC789 and evaluation of their host response

BackgroundProbiotics are beneficial for animal health and new potential probiotics need to be characterized for their prospective use in improving animal health. In this study, 32 bacterial strains were isolated from a Norwegian forest cat (castrated, 12 years old) and a Persian cat (castrated, 10 years old), which were privately owned and had indoor access.ResultsLactobacillus rhamnosus CACC612 (CACC612) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis CACC789 (CACC789) were selected as potential probiotics; characterization of the two strains showed equivalent acid tolerance, similar cell adhesion rates on the HT-29 monolayer cell line, and superior bile tolerance compared to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Subsequently, they exhibited inhibitory effects against a broad spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli (KCTC 2617), Salmonella Derby (NCCP 12,238), Salmonella Enteritidis (NCCP 14,546), Salmonella Typhimurium (NCCP 10,328), Clostridium difficile JCM 1296T. From evaluating host effects, the viability of the feline macrophage cell line (Fcwf-4) increased with the treatment of CACC612 or CACC789 (P < 0.05). The induced expression of immune-related genes such as IFN-γ, IL1β, IL2, IL4, and TNF-α by immune stimulation was significantly attenuated by the treatment of CACC612 or CACC789 (P < 0.05). When 52 clinical factors of sera from 21 healthy cats were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the animals were obviously clustered before and after feeding with CACC612 or CACC789. In addition, hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) significantly increased after CACC612 feeding (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, feline-originated probiotics were newly characterized and their potentially probiotic effects were evaluated. These results contribute to our understanding of the functional effects of feline-derived probiotics and support their industrial applications.

PERSIAN CAT WITH STAPHYLOCOCCUS SP. CYSTITIS

The vesica urinaria is inflamed in cystitis. The pH of the urine, the amount of food consumed, and bacterial infection are all factors that can contribute to infection and the production of uroliths. This article seeks to learn more about the procedures for diagnosing, managing, and treating feline cystitis problems. A male, black Persian cat with a body weight of 4.9 kg, two years old. With complaints of hematuria throughout the previous two days and complains of incontinence and inability to urinate with much volume. Urinary vesica wall thickening was discovered during ultrasound examination, along with urinary vesica crystals. Urinalysis, hematology testing, and urine culture were done. As a crystal breaker in the urinary vesica, ciprofloxacin dexamethasone and Batugin herbal medication were administered to the case animal. Change the cat diet and feed used for urinary care. One week after starting the therapy, the cat appeared in good health, peeing normally and without any signs of pain or blood. Based on macroscopic examination, the cat's urine was yellow and free of blood. The cat's urine was examined under a microscope, and no crystals were found. After seven days of medication, the case cat had positive effects. Smooth urination started, and there was no sign of stranguria, oliguria, or hematuria.

STRUVITE CRYSTAL IN A MALE PERSIAN CAT SUFFERED FROM UROLITHIASIS

The presence of stones in the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra is the definition of urolithiasis. This article aims to explain a case report of a Persian cat suffering from urolithiasis with symptoms of anorexia, dysuria, polyuria and hematuria for two weeks. On inspection the cat shows difficulty when urinating. Supporting examination on urinalysis showed that the urine contained leukocytes, pH 8.5, and urine sedimentation examination showed the presence of struvite crystals. The results of the ultrasound examination showed a luminescent hiperekhoik mass in the bladder. Urine culture showed the growth of Staphylococcus sp. bacteria. Radiography and hematology did not show any abnormalities. Treatment with ciprofloxacin, kejibeling (Strobilanthes crispus extract) accompanied by a urinary diet showed an improvement in the animal's condition as indicated by the cat being able to urinate normally and without blood. Treatment with ciprofloxacin and kejibeling for 14 days accompanied by a urinary diet improved the animal's condition as indicated by the cat being able to urinate normally without blood. It is recommended for identification of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus sp. which hydrolyzes urea to confirm.

Radiographic and computed tomographic characteristics of intraluminal tracheal adenoma in a cat.

A 13-year-old spayed female Persian cat presented with dyspnea and nasal discharge. Thoracic radiography revealed a dome-shaped soft-tissue opacity in the carina. Computed tomography confirmed a soft tissue-attenuating mass in the carina and the left and right proximal main bronchi that appeared to arise from the tracheal wall. Tracheoscopy revealed an intraluminal broad-based mass with multilobulated borders at the same location. Histopathological evaluation revealed a benign neoplastic process of the glandular epithelial lineage, which was considered an adenoma. Tracheal adenomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of tracheal masses.

Endoscopic retrieval of sewing needle from oesophagus in a cat

Endoscopy is a commonly performed non-invasive procedure in companion animals to remove any foreign objects struck at the upper gastrointestinal tract. The present report documents one such case and its successful management. A year-old Persian short-haired female cat was presented with a history of dyspepsia, vomiting, retching and gasping for the past 4 days. The detailed history revealed that the cat had consumed fish a week ago and three days later the symptoms were noticed. Thoracic radiography confirmed the presence of a fine radioactive structure that has perforated the cranial esophagus and trachea. The endoscopic evaluation revealed the tip of a sewing needle with thread in the esophageal lumen which was retrieved successfully. The cat showed an uneventful recovery with styptics, antibiotics and other supportive drugs for 3 days.

Osteomyelitis by Microsporum canis and Staphylococcus spp. in cat (Felis catus) – case report

BackgroundStaphylococcus spp and Microsporum canis are zoonotic microorganisms which can cause infections and systemic diseases. The bone infection is usually caused by invasion of pathogen through the hematologic route. Mixed osteomyelitis caused by bacteria and fungi is rare, and to date, there have been no reports of mixed osteomyelitis with Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis.Case presentationThis essay reports an atypical presentation of mixed osteomyelitis (Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis) in a domestic cat. A 15-month-old female Persian cat was presented to a veterinary service; the main complaint was the appearance of a nodule in the mandibular ventral rostral region. A radiographic exam performed on the animal showed proliferative and osteolytic bone lesions. The patient was submitted to a biopsy for histopathological evaluation, along with bacterial and fungal cultures. Results showed mixed osteomyelitis by Staphylococcus spp. and Microsporum canis. Microbial Sensitivity Test was performed to choose a more suitable treatment. Two surgical procedures were executed to resect and curette the lesion, and treatments with anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, and antifungal drugs were established, showing a positive clinical evolution. After 8 months of treatment, the patient’s owner moved to a different city, and the animal was seen by other veterinarians, who followed along with the same treatment. However, due to complications and a diminishing quality of life over 4 years of diagnosis, the patient was euthanized.ConclusionGiven the above, mixed osteomyelitis is difficult to treat and can cause losses of life quality resulting death, especially in infections where M. canis is the agent causing the disease. Bacterial osteomyelitis is more frequently reported. But the lack of investigation of microorganisms other than bacteria, such as fungal cases, may imply in underdiagnosed cases. Treatment of osteomyelitis can be difficult considering the difficulties in isolating the pathological agent, resistance to the drug used, prolonged treatment time, and cost.

Feline lower urinary tract disease diagnosis in an obese sterile male Persian mixed-breed cat

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) occurs because of dysfunction of the urinary bladder and urethra in cats. This study reported that FLUTD occurs in a castrated and obese male cat. The supporting diagnostics used to confirm the diagnosis are the dipstick test, urine microscopic observation, and ultrasound. The examination results showed pyuria, proteinuria, haematuria, struvite crystals, and cystitis. The pathophysiology of FLUTD in this case begins with the condition of castrated males, who tend to have little activity and become obese. Obesity increases the risk of ascending infections, which is one of the causes of crystal formation in the urinary tract.

Co-Occurrence of Pseudopregnancy, Pyometra, and Bacterial Parasitic Anaplasmosis in a Persian Cat

An intact female tabby Persian cat, 26-month-old, was brought to IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital on the 21st of February, 2023, due to vaginal discharge, inappetence, and lethargy. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen, mammary gland enlargement, and fever (40.1 °C). The heart and respiratory rates were 128 beats per minute and 32 times per minute, respectively. The patient body weight was 3.87 kg. The veterinarian palpated masses inside the abdominal cavity and observed obvious purulent and haemorrhagic vaginal discharge. Haematology showed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and the eosinophil percentage of white blood cells was increased (eosinophilia). Blood chemistry analysis showed hyperglycaemia. Ultrasonography showed two hyperechoic masses inside two hypoechoic pouches in the queen’s uterus, suspected as two dead foetuses (no heartbeat). Roentgen revealed abnormalities in the vena cava caudalis, bronchial pattern in the lung, radioopaque masses in the ventral abdomen, radio-opacity changes in the small and large intestines, and abnormalities in the spleen. The patient’s diagnosis was pyometra, and ovariohysterectomy surgery was performed on the patient. The patient was treated with additional medicines (antibiotics and others) according to the symptoms. The patient’s symptoms disappeared, except for the fluctuating febrile and pale mucous membrane. A blood smear performed on the 1st of March 2023 revealed Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) in the white blood cells, and immediately doxycycline treatment (10 mg/kg body weight, twice daily) was given. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 14th of March, 2023, with no febrile or other symptoms reported. This case is the first report of open cervix-type pyometra and anaplasmosis co-occurrence in a Persian cat from IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Indonesia.

Case Report of Polycystic Kidney Disease in a Persian Cat in IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital

A 7-year-old male Persian cat was referred to IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with clinical signs of lethargy, weight loss, and loss of appetite and was diagnosed with nephrolithiasis before being referred to IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Physical examination revealed tachycardia, tachypnoea, pale mucous membrane, 5–6% dehydration rate, cachexia, and palpated masses on the left and right side of the abdominal region. The abdominal cavity was seen as more radiopaque, which resulted in some organs being invisible in the radiographic view. Abdominal ultrasonography showed abnormalities in the liver, gall bladder, and kidneys. The patient was diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease (PKD) with the prognosis of infausta, as the patient was already in a sternal recumbency and could not stand by himself. During hospitalization, the patient was force-fed with a commercial renal diet, and the medical treatments given were intravenous ceftriaxone, vitamins, furosemide, Azodyl®, and intravenous infusion. The patient regained standing ability and survived until the seventh day of hospitalization. However, the owner persisted in bringing the patient home on the seventh day of hospitalization, and the patient died the next day after being brought home.

Polycystic kidney disease with concurrent uroabdomen in a persian cat: A case study

Polycystic kidney disease with concurrent uroabdomen in a persian cat: A case study

Surgical management of Nictitans membrane prolapse in a Persian cat: A case report

Surgical management of Nictitans membrane prolapse in a Persian cat: A case report

Management of polycystic kidney disease by ultrasound-guided percutaneous aspiration in a cat

A 5-year-old female Persian cat was presented with the owner?s complaint about lethargy, anorexia, and no defecation. Physical examination revealed relatively poor general health status. Also, marked azotemia was one of the prominent findings of clinical pathology. Abdominal ultrasound revealed smooth-walled anechoic cysts in both kidneys, characteristic of feline polycystic kidney disease. Three weeks after the initiation of supportive therapy, percutaneous aspiration of large cysts was performed under the guidance of ultrasonography. The contents of the cysts were hypocellular and did not contain infectious or neoplastic cells. Following the re-examination of the patient after 30 days, the clinical and hematological parameters were notably improved. Therefore, aspiration of cysts guided by ultrasonography can be beneficial in alleviating some of the complications of polycystic kidney disease and improving the life quality of affected cats. However, it may be temporary, and this method needs to be repeated periodically.