Persian Articles Research Articles

Investigating the Problems and Needs of Infertile Patients Referring to Assisted Reproduction Centers: A Review Study

Background: The provision of optimal care is the most important goal in nursing, the fulfillment of which requires the identification of clients’ problems and needs. However, based on the review of the literature, no review study has investigated the problems and needs of the infertile patients in Iran. Aim: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the problems and needs of the infertile patients referring to the assisted reproduction centers. Method: This review study was based on the traditional review procedure developed by Cronin et al., which entails five steps including: 1) choosing the topic of the review, 2) searching the manuscripts, 3) collecting, reading, and analyzing the texts, 4) writing the review, and 5) providing references. The articles published within 2003-2017 were searched in such valid databases as Google Scholar, Pub Med, Science Direct, Ovid, and Cochran. The inclusion criteria in this study were articles in Persian and English with the keywords referring to problems and needs of clients. Out of the 350 original articles, 31 cases were finally selected for this review study. Results: In general, the infertile patients’ problems were placed under four domains of mental-psychological, social, marital, and financial factors. The needs of the infertile individuals were grouped into six domains of physical, care, informational, financial, mental-psychological, and spiritual factors. Implications for Practice: The identification of the patients’ problems and needs can lead to the conceptualization of strategic points targeted toward the delivery of effective interventions facilitating the provision of patient-centered infertility care. This can enhance the quality of life and lower the levels of stress during the course of treatment.

Critical Review of Scales of Incivility Behaviors in Nursing Education

Background and Aim: Incivility behavior is a multidimensional and growing behavior and effects of it are considered to be lasting and important. These behaviors not only crash the learning environment but also question the ethical values of the nursing profession. The American National Association of Nurses has considered the necessity of creation of an ethical environment and promotion of civic culture which is the same respect for human dignity in 2015 in its ethical codes and has considered behaviors such as humiliation, harassment and threats to be morally unacceptable. Hence, the measurement of incivility in nursing education will identify these behaviors and adopt appropriate strategies and interventions to reform nursing education. The have so far been a limited number of studies and scales in the field of incivility behavior in nursing education. It is necessary to evaluate the quality of methodological studies which explain the characteristics of such scales. This study has been carried out with the objective of having a critical review about psychometry of scales for evaluation of incivility behavior in nursing due to the importance of incivility behaviors in nursing education and its destructive effect on learning environment. Materials and Methods: systematic search was used to conduct the study. For this purpose, related English and Persian articles were first searched for in Google Scholar without a time limit and then, specified search was done in Science Direct, ProQuest, Wiely Inter Science, PubMed databases using the keywords of incivility or nursing education or Nursing Educators or Nursing Students and Scale. The screening result of these articles was identification of 15 scales in the field of incivility behavior. The results were organized in two sections of introduction and critique of scales after studying and analyzing these scales. Scales were initially described based on the time of design and creation and the same scales were then criticized. Ethical considerations: Integrity and trustworthiness were observed in analyzing, reporting and publishing the results. Findings: From 80 received articles, 15 articles which were devoted to nursing were studied and analyzed. All the studied scales were designed in accordance with the culture of the target society and had satisfactory validity and reliability and could be used in different studies. Most studies showed a Cronbach’s Alpha between 0.80 - 0.90. Internal consistency, content validity and methodology have been referred from all necessary criteria raised for verifying the validity and reliability of all the examined scales. INE, OCS, NIS, and UBCNE scales demonstrate a good content validity in aspect of being related and comprehensive and are quite consistent with the target population. Most scales evaluated the incivility behavior of instructors or students alone. The only tool which evaluates the incivility behavior of instructors or students with each other is incivility behavior measurement tool in nursing education by Clark et al. in which the validity and reliability of tool has been accurately mentioned while Casmin indexes are not met in other scales. The list of these scales is as follows: “Incivility in Nursing Education Scale (INES) “ “Work place Incivility Scale (WIS) “Workplace Aggression Tolerance Questionnaire (WATQ)” “Uncivil Work place Behavior Questionnaire (UWBC)” “Incivility in Nursing Education Scale (INES)” “Bullying in nursing education Questionnaire (BNEQ) ” “Negative Acts Questionnaire –Revised (NAQ-R)” “Nursing Education Environment Survey (NEES)” “Nursing Incivility Scale (NIS)” “Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education (UBCNE)” “Incivility in Online Learning Environments (IOLE)” “Nurses Intervention for civility Education Questionnaire (NICE-Q)” “Faculty –to-faculty Incivility Survey (F-FI)” “Incivility in Nursing Education Scale- Revised (INES)-R” Conclusion: Most studies showed Cronbach Alpha between 0.80 and 0.90. Burns & Groove (2005) write that high levels of internal correlation show high level of correlation between phrases that measures the concept of study. On the other hand, compatibility of an external instrument with the culture of the target society is essential for using this type of tool which will make comparison of scientific findings with other countries possible by creating a common language. Hence, proper translation and adaptation of the foreign scales with the culture of the research society is extremely important. In each society, there is the need to design and use scales appropriate to its social and cultural conditions. Since incivility behavior is a two-way interaction and on the other hand, some of the studied scales did not meet the social and cultural conditions of the society, these scales of behavior in two interacting groups should be designed in accordance with conditions of the society. Please cite this article as: Masoumpoor A, Abbaszadeh A, Rassouli M, Alavimajd H. Critical Review of Scales of Incivility Behaviors in Nursing Education. Med Ethics J 2017; 11(40): 93-102.

A Framework for Quality Management of University Educational Information: A Review Study

Background: By addressing the challenges of managing academic information, especially in the field of education, designing a framework as an organized structure for managing the quality of academic educational is necessary. The framework for quality management of university educational has received little attention so far and all of its aspects have not been elaborated comprehensively. This study has reviewed related literature. Methods: In this review paper, the databases such as Web of Science, Scopus and Irandoc were searched for valid English and Persian articles from 1995 to 2017 using keywords or a combination of keywords such as information quality After reviewing the printed references, 48 relevant cases were selected. No limitations were applied in the selection of articles and sources in terms of their types. There are no in-press or personal communication sources. The review was conducted at all of the three steps of management. Results: Four aspects of data quality (DQ) were identified: intrinsic, contextual, representational and accessibility. Information quality is the main process of management. The framework for quality management of university educational was recognized in five main categories: the quality and its necessity, the features of quality, comparative study on the models of data quality management (DQM), improving quality and university policies about DQ. Conclusion: Quality management of university educational is an effective step toward continuous improvement of DQ and can pave the way for and academic managers while facing the current changing environment in the future issues.

Various Aspects of Abortion and Related Policies in the World

Various Aspects of Abortion and Related Policies in the World

Prevalence of Birth Defects in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Birth defects are a series of disorders that occur during embryonic life. In Iran, no national situation analysis is available to show the rate of congenital disorders. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of structural birth defects in Iran. We searched for English studies on PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar from January 1990 to July 2016. The search for Persian articles was performed in Scientific Information Database and Magiran. Two reviewers assessed the identified articles independently. The relevant studies were selected based on predefined criteria. Data were analyzed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Random effect method was used for meta-analysis. In total, 42 studies were included. The prevalence of congenital anomalies was as follows: orofacial clefts, 1.4 per 1,000 births (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-1.6); neural tube defects, 3.2 per 1,000 births (95% CI: 2.5-4.3); urogenital anomalies, 3.9 per 1,000 births (95% CI: 1.2-12.9); musculoskeletal malformations, 3.3 per 1,000 births (95% CI: 2.3-4.9); cardiovascular anomalies, 3.3 per 1,000 births (95% CI: 2.2-5.1); Down syndrome, 0.9 per 1,000 births (95% CI: 0.7-1.2); gastrointestinal disorders, 1.4 per 1,000 births (95% CI: 0.9-2.1). Our results show that urogenital disorders are the most prevalent births defects in Iran, followed by musculoskeletal and cardiovascular malformations.

Developmental Strategies for Nursing Ethics Education

Developmental Strategies for Nursing Ethics Education

PROJECTING GENDER IDENTITY THROUGH METADISCOURSE MARKING: INVESTIGATING WRITERS’ STANCE TAKING IN WRITTEN DISCOURSE

The present study aimed at investigating gender identity through the expression of interpersonal metadiscourse stance marking. The current study investigated male and female authors' pattern of stance markers utilization, focusing on totally 60 English and Persian articles, and English articles written by Persian speakers. Based on Xu and Longs'(2008) classification, five categories of stance markers (textual, epistemic, attitudinal, deontic and causation) were identified and the frequencies of their occurrences were computed. The differences in each group were investigated separately through running chi-square tests. Regarding English articles, it was found that both male and female writers used the same pattern of stance taking except the epistemic markers. Another finding of this study was that both male and female writers followed the same pattern of stance taking in Persian articles except the deontic ones. In English articles written by Persian speakers, female writers used the same pattern as their native counterparts, while male ones were affected mostly by their native language. Attending to stance taking patterns, this article provides an informative picture which illustrates the common preferences of disciplinary community especially between male and female writers. Hence, the implications of this study can be helpful in academic writing, in assessment, and textbooks.

Human cryptosporidiosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium spp. is an important parasitic disease that can be life-threatening for children and immunocompromised patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection and related risk factors among the Iranian general population. We searched electronic databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Proquest for articles in English and SID, Magiran, IranMedex, and IranDoc for articles in Persian. Out of 4816 studies identified in the electronic search, 94 articles were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence rate of cryptosporidiosis by using the random effect model among children, healthy people, and gastroenteritis and immunocompromised patients in Iran was estimated as 3.65, 2.94, 1.29, and 4.54%, respectively. Findings of a phylogenetic analysis inferred by gp60 and 18S ribosomal RNA markers indicated that most of the infection rate belonged to C. parvum (particularly subtype IIaA15G2R1) and C. hominis among understudied groups. The present study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis providing a comprehensive view of the prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis and its related risk factors in Iran. It seems that the awareness of Cryptosporidium prevalence, risk factors, and disease complications may be required for developing effective strategies to prevent infection.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of Early and Delayed-onset Ocular Injuries Due to Mustard Gas Exposure.

Purpose:To develop clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for prevention, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of ocular injuries caused by exposure to mustard gas.Methods:The clinical questions were designed by the guideline team. Websites and databases including National Guidelines Clearinghouse, National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Cochrane, and PubMed were searched to find related CPGs and explore possible answers to the clinical questions. Since there were no relevant CPGs in the literature, related articles in Persian and English languages were extracted. Each article along with its level of evidence was summarized. Additionally, hand search was performed by looking the reference list of each article. Consequently, recommendations were developed considering the clinical benefits and side effects of each therapeutic modality. The recommendations were re-evaluated in terms of customization criteria. All recommendations along with the related evidence were scored from 1 to 9 by experts from all medical universities of Iran. The level of agreement among the experts was evaluated by analyzing the given scores.Results:The agreement was achieved for all recommendations. The experts suggested a number of minor modifications which were applied to the recommendations. Finally, CPGs were developed with 98 recommendations under three major domains including prevention of injury, diagnosis and management of the acute and delayed-onset mustard gas ocular injuries.Conclusion:Considering the lack of CPGs for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of mustard gas-induced keratitis, these recommendations would be useful to prevent the serious ocular complications of mustard gas and standardize eye care services to the affected individuals.

A comparative study of the origin, structure, and indexing language of the Persian and English keywords of articles indexed in the IranMedex database and their compliance with the Persian medical thesaurus and Medical Subject Headings.

Introduction:In the present era, thesauri as tools in indexing play an effective role in integrating retrieval preventing fragmentation as well as a multiplicity of terminologies and also in providing information content of documents.Goals:This study aimed to investigate the keywords of articles indexed in IranMedex in terms of origin, structure and indexing situation and their Compliance with the Persian Medical Thesaurus and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH).Materials and Methods:This study is an applied research, and a survey has been conducted. Statistical population includes 32,850 Persian articles which are indexed in the IranMedex during the years 1385–1391. 379 cases were selected as sample of the study. Data collection was done using a checklist. In analyzing the findings, the SPSS Software were used.Findings:Although there was no significant difference in terms of indexing origin between the proportion of different types of the Persian and English keywords of articles indexed in the IranMedex, the compliance rates of the Persian and English keywords with the Persian medical thesaurus and MeSH were different in different years. In the meantime, the structure of keywords is leaning more towards phrase structure, and a single word structure and the majority of keywords are selected from the titles and abstracts.Conclusion:The authors’ familiarity with the thesauri and controlled tools causes homogeneity in assigning keywords and also provides more precise, faster, and easier retrieval of the keywords. It's suggested that a mixture of natural and control languages to be used in this database in order to reach more comprehensive results.

Pregnancy Outcome of Abnormal Nuchal Translucency: A Systematic Review.

Nuchal Translucency (NT) is the sonographic form of subcutaneous gathering of liquid behind the foetal neck in the first trimester of pregnancy. There is association of increased NT with chromosomal and non-chromosomal abnormalities. The purpose of this systemic review was to review the pregnancy outcome of abnormal nuchal translucency. The present systematic review was conducted by searching English language articles from sources such as International Medical Sciences, Medline, Web of science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Index Copernicus, DOAJ, EBSCO-CINAHL. Persian articles were searched from Iranmedex and SID sources. Related key words were "outcome", "pregnancy", "abnormal", and "Nuchal Translucency" (NT). All, randomized, descriptive, analytic-descriptive, case control study conducted during 1997-2015 were included. Including duplicate articles, 95 related articles were found. After reviewing article titles, 30 unrelated article and abstracts were removed, and 65 articles were evaluated of which 30 articles were duplicate. Finally 22 articles were selected for final analysis. Exclusion criteria were, case studies and reports and quasi experimental designs. This evaluation has optioned negative relationship between nuchal translucency and pregnancy result. Rate of cardiac, chromosomal and other defects are correlated with increased NT≥2.5mm. Cardiac disease which were associated to the increased NT are heart murmur, systolic organic murmur, Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), tricuspid valve insufficiency and pulmonary valve insufficiency, Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). The most common problems that related with increased NT were allergic symptoms. According to this systematic review, increased NT is associated with various foetal defects. To verify the presence of malformations, birth defect consultations with a perinatologist and additional tests are required.

The Incidence of Breast Cancer in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer among women globally. Its incidence greatly varies around the world the globe. There are several estimates of breast cancer incidence from different geographical areas in Iran. In addition, no systematic reviews are available pertaining to the incidence rate of breast cancer in Iran. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to address this epidemiological gap. Method: This systematic review was carried out based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in January 2016. In doing so, the researchers searched Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, and Google scholar for international papers and four Iranian databases (Scientific Information Database, MagIran, Iran Medex, and Iran Doc) for Persian articles. Result: A total of 427 titles were retrieved in the initial search of the databases. Further refinement and screening of the retrieved studies produced a total of 18 researches. Based on the random effect model, the Age-Standardized Rate (ASR) of breast cancer was 26.4, 95% CI (20.1 to 31.7). However, the results of Cochran's test showed the heterogeneity of the studies (Q=1788.2, df=17, I2=99%, p<0.001). Conclusion: The incidence of breast cancer was lower in Iran compared to other parts of the world. However, establishing cancer registries covering a broader perspective of the population and carrying out further studies are needed to map out the exact incidence rate and trend of breast cancer in Iran.

Caustic Ingestion in Children: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction:Caustic ingestion that occurs accidently is one of the most common problems in children. Methods: This systematic review has been performed by searching the databases including Science Direct, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and PubMed. A strategic search was performed with keywords including caustic, corrosive, ingestion, and children, and was limited to articles in English and Persian. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis2 and PASW Statistics 18. Results: We selected 64 articles regarding caustic ingestion with a total sample of 11,345 cases. The data analysis indicated a higher consumption in young boys (age range 2.78 (2.02) years (OR=0.53 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.49-0.57 (P=0.08)). The most common caustic substances were household cleaning agents, particularly bleaches and cleaners. Esophageal cancer and death were reported as well as digestive and respiratory complications. Invasive and expensive techniques are frequently used for diagnosis, treatment and follow up. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that although caustic ingestion is a serious problem among children, it is a preventable and manageable issue. Therefore, appropriate efforts by families, government, factories, health team and media should be made to handle adequately this matter.

Attitudes Towards Menopause Among Iranian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context: Women’s attitudes towards menopause have an important impact on menopausal experiences, including the perceived severity of symptoms and women’s general lifestyles during menopause. Therefore, such attitudes should be considered when developing management and counseling programs for women in menopausal transition. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine Iranian women’s attitudes towards menopause. Evidence Acquisition: In this study, searches for English articles were conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, and searches for Persian articles were conducted using Magiran, SID, and Google Scholar. All articles published until April 30, 2015 were considered, using the keywords “Menopause,” “Attitude,” “Iran,” and “Iranian women.” Out of 1160 potentially relevant publications, 21 documents met the inclusion criteria. Then, the quality of the studies was examined by two reviewers independently using additional pre-specified criteria. Measures of the effects were pooled, and random effect meta-analysis was conducted using Stata software version 11. Results: Out of the 21 selected documents, 11 studies were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis on 3453 participants showed that 25% of Iranian women had positive attitudes, 58% had neutral attitudes, and 17% had negative attitudes towards menopause. Conclusions: The majority of Iranian women had neutral attitudes towards menopause, which may be evidence of poor knowledge about menopause. Therefore, it is suggested that appropriate educational programs be developed and implemented by policymakers in order to increase knowledge and raise awareness among women about menopause.

Determinants and barriers of helmet use in Iranian motorcyclists: a systematic review.

:Background:Helmet use by motorcyclists decreases the incidence and severity of an injury and its related death. Unfortunately, the helmet use rate is not in an acceptable level in Iran. This study aimed to systematically identify the determinants and barriers of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists. Methods:A systematic search of literature was done using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of knowledge databases for English literature and SID for Persian articles by specified keywords. Manual searching and reference of references were used to improve the articles identification. Articles published before 1995 and those which did not report the barriers and determinants of helmet use were excluded. Data were extracted using an extraction table. Results:Out of 49 retrieved articles, 13 articles were included in the study. Most of them (70%) had a cross-sectional design. Personal factors (such as older age, marital status and education) and motorcyclist's attitude and beliefs about the helmet effectiveness were reported as important determinants of helmet use. Helmet weight and its visual and audial limitation for motorcyclists were known as the main reported barriers to use a helmet. Conclusions:Interventions affecting the motorcyclists' attitude must be employed along with the legal interventions. Moreover, cost-effective engineering improvements in helmet production remain an important policy to improve the compliance of helmet use.

THE ACQUISITION OF SECOND LANGUAGE GRAMMAR: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF PERSIAN AND ENGLISH ARTICLES

INTRODUCTION:When it comes to language with different patterns of definiteness and indefiniteness making, EFL learners would have hard time to make distinction between them. The present research tries to depict these variations in article systems of both English and Persian languages; then by comparing and marking these differences, it will be demonstrated whether Persian students can make correct choice between English definite and indefinite articles regarding fact that they have already acquired their native language article marking system.Learning L2 article system, EFL learners would most probably benefit from their mother tongue article system; that is to say L1 features could be transferred to context of L2. Having encountered these intricacies among Persian learners encouraged me to dig out and scrutinize potential problems of Persian learners of English in using English article system.In terms of English articles, large number of L2 learners normally come across rather difficult barriers and it takes them quite while to be proficient at making correct choice between articles. What is more, no matter learners' L1 lacks or includes using articles, it would be equally intricate for them to specify definite article (Won Ho Yoo, 2009).As whole, with respect to concept of definiteness, several definitions and tenets have been proposed (Hawkins, 1978). As Halliday and Hasan (1976: 71) put: not only does definite article lack content, but it also accounts for particular as well as determinable entity about which there is usually available information so as to identify it.In addition, Geranpayeh asserts that Persian EFL learners usually fail to determine English definite article since Persian and English are of two diverse and separate definiteness mechanisms (2000: 47).Ionin (2003) states that L2 learners are not able to decide on accurate English articles due to their permanent entanglement with two language article systems which implies that English learners cannot help making errors about articles because of either overuse of a or overuse of the with specific indefinite nouns.According to (Dabaghi & Tavakoli, 2009), among 20 million English words, most frequent word is definite article the, while indefinite articles are in fifth place. Definite and indefinite articles (the, a, an) in English have different applications. While former takes into account previous knowledge and familiarity of word by reader or hearer, latter shows unfamiliarity of reader or hearer with given word or topic (Power & Martello, 1986). For instance, Power and Martello (2008) explain that when speaker or writer talks about referent such as rabbit, he/she has to take into consideration whether to use definite or indefinite articles, therefore if listener or reader is confronted with this word for first time, they use indefinite articles, and when listeners or readers are familiar with this word, definite article the is used in text.Having realized that Persian and English possess rather exclusive article systems, we come up with notion that it is substantial to know how Persian EFL learners utilize and translate articles mutually across two languages. Moreover, Faghih (1997) investigated 105 Persian substantives with their English equivalents. Besides, he stated that definiteness in Persian is not as transparent and tangible as it is in English; consequently, Persian learners of English encounter some difficulties with regard to learning and application of English definite article. However, main problem in distinguishing and applying definite and indefinite articles in Persian and English seems to be focused on lack of appropriate equivalences for definite and indefinite articles in Persian (Ansarin, 2004). Recognition of definite article the is problematic for Iranian EFL learners (Mobini & Tahririan, 2007), although they may learn it before indefinite articles. …

The Arabic Origins of English and Indo-European “Definite Articles”: A Radical Linguistic Theory Approach

This paper traces the Arabic origins or cognates of the “definite articles” in English and Indo-European languages from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises the definite articles in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, Latin, Greek, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Persian, and Arabic. The results clearly indicate that five different types of such articles emerged in the data, all of which have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change, especially lexical, semantic, or morphological shift. Therefore, the results support the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which, unlike the Family Tree Model or Comparative Method, Arabic, English, German, French, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit not only belong to the same language family, renamed Eurabian or Urban family, but also are dialects of the same language, with Arabic being their origin all because only it shares the whole cognates with them all and because it has a huge phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and lexical variety. They also manifest fundamental flaws and grave drawbacks which plague English and Indo-European lexicography for ignoring Arabic as an ultimate ancestor and progenitor not only in the treatment of the topic at hand but in all others in general. On a more general level, they also show that there is a radical language from which all human languages stemmed and which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic, thus being the most conservative and productive language

Ethical Issues of Embryo Genetic Manipulation

Ethical Issues of Embryo Genetic Manipulation

Move Analysis of Conclusions as Components of Research Articles in Persian and English

The structure of the conclusion sections in Research Articles (RAs) is of significance in academic writing. The conclusion section does not only provide an outline of the study, but also other important elements, such as recommendations, implications and statements of possible lines of future research. This paper reports on an analysis of the conclusion sections of Persian and English Research Articles (RAs) published in international journals. To meet this end 20 RAs were selected from the fields of Civil Engineering and Applied Linguistics. The Conclusion sections of the papers were examined for their moves based on Yang and Allison’s (2003) move model. The frequency analysis of the moves showed slight differences among the moves employed and the Chi-Square analysis did not show significant differences between the moves used in Conclusion sections of RAs in Civil Engineering and Applied Linguistics as well as between Persian and English RAs. The study contributes to a richer understanding of the conclusion structure of research articles and offers ESP/EFL instructors and researchers, insights which can be used in the instruction of the conventions or expectations of academic writing. Novice writers and non-native students can benefit from it, mainly because it helps them eliminate their writing dilemmas and assists them to take part in international discourse communities. Key Words: Conclusion section; Contrastive move analysis; Genre analysis; Research articles

Prevalence of celiac disease among the Iranian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

The current systematic review and meta-analysis study assessed the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) in Iran. Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane library Collaboration, and Iranian scientific databases, were searched from 1993 to 2013 for English and Persian articles. The following terms were used, alone or combined, "celiac (MeSH)," "ceoliac," "prevalence (MeSH)," and "Iran*." Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic with a cut-off value of 50%, and the Chi-square test was used to define a statically significant degree of heterogeneity with a p value of <0.10. The publication bias of literatures was assessed by visual examination of the funnel plot and Begger's funnel plot. Meta-analysis was conducted on seven publications with 9,720 subjects. Overall, the pooled prevalence of CD among the Iranian population was 0.72% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62%-0.98%]. There was no significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2=4%, p=0.396). The pooled prevalence of CD on the basis of IgA-anti tissue transglutaminase (tTGA) and tTGA and duodenal biopsy positivity was 0.83% (95% CI: 0.69%-1.14%) and 0.79% (95% CI: 0.66%-1.09%), respectively. No significant publication bias was observed using the funnel plot and Begger's funnel plot. CD prevalence among the Iranian population was approximately similar to that of the American and European populations.