Perpetrators Of Corruption Research Articles

Law Enforcement Against Corruption Crimes in Indonesia

Corruption is a criminal act of abuse of power against the public for the sake of enriching themselves. This act of lawlessness is a frequent occurrence in the country of Indonesia, whose existence continues to exist and increase every year. The Indonesian government has tried various ways to stop the occurrence of corruption. The government established the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) as a party that has the role of an anti-corruption commission. The existence of the KPK has not greatly reduced the number of corruption cases in Indonesia. In fact, even the existence of binding laws does not limit the movement of corruptors to satisfy their greedy desires. This certainly states that all the efforts of the government and the applicable laws are still unable to work effectively in preventing corruption. The eradication of corruption has become the main focus of the Indonesian government, looking for new efforts that can be made to be able to further narrow the space for perpetrators of corruption. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the background and factors of corruption, and understand the pattern of corruption. In this article, the efforts of the Indonesian government are explained as a sustainable effort, which can support their efforts in the process of eradicating corruption. This article is structured using a descriptive normative method, in order to make it clear to understand the contents of the article with a comprehensive and clear presentation of laws and legal theories.

The Application Of Money Laundering Law Value-Based Justice To Wealth Obtained Offenders From The Proceeds Of Corruption

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>The act of money laundering is very dangerous both at the national and international levels because money laundering is a means for criminals to legalize the money from their crimes to eliminate traces. In addition, the nominal money laundered is usually extraordinary in amount, so it can affect national and even global financial balances. This research method is normative legal research, namely research that refers to legal norms contained in laws and regulations, libraries, legal norms that exist in society, and the data obtained, the type of research used qualitative research is carried out by examining literature materials in the field of law and legislation related to the problem The application of money laundering law based on the value of justice to the wealth of perpetrators of crimes obtained from the proceeds of corruption. The results of this study show that the scope of the law on money laundering towards the eradication of corruption aims to find out how to put the results of evidence on the case being examined, by how the evidence is used, and by how the judge must form his conviction before the court session. The application of money laundering law based on the value of justice to the proceeds of crime from corruption </em><em>needs to be imposed on severe crimes to perpetrators of corruption crimes as a legal policy in accordance with the provisions of the applicable law. So that the community understands and considers the verdict to be as fair as it is. The law is expressly separated from morals and justice is not based on good or bad.</em><em></em></p>

Formulasi Penanganan Sanksi Pidana Kerja Sosial terhadap Pelaku Korupsi Berbasis Keadilan

Law enforcement agrees that if crimes are categorized as serious or light, the perpetrators will be sentenced to prison sentences. There is no exception for perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption. In fact, Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code regulates social work crimes for perpetrators of corruption crimes. It is a question of what the ideal formulation of punishment should be for perpetrators of corruption crimes. The purpose of this writing is to obtain information related to the imposition of social work sanctions on perpetrators of corruption. The method used in this research is normative juridical. This research found that the application of social work criminal sanctions for perpetrators of crimes, especially corruption crimes, is part of fulfilling a sense of justice and respect for human rights. It also has an impact on reducing the number of convicts in correctional institutions. The government and DPR need to amend the Corruption Crime law so that it is in accordance with what is regulated in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code, especially on article number 85

Evidence in the Corruption Case of Road Reconstruction

The state civil apparatus has an important role for the state, which is given the mandate and responsibility by the state and people in managing government affairs which become their respective functions and duties. The government apparatus in carrying out their duties must be good and full of integrity, because they are given trust by the government and society in carrying out their duties. People put their hopes on them to realize good governance in the future. However, the reality in the field is inversely proportional to what should be. In practice, the problem that often arises in the misuse of the duties of government officials is the practice of corruption. One of the cases of corruption that occurred in the field of procurement of goods or services was a case that occurred in North Lampung with the defendant named Yasril as the Commitment Making Officer at the PUPR Office of North Lampung Regency and the defendant Abdul Azim as his project partner. Yasril is considered to have neglected his duties as a Commitment Making Officer in the Kalibalangan Brach Four Road Widening Project, South Abung District, North Lampung Regency, in the 2019 fiscal year. The problem discussed in this study is how criminal liability for perpetrators of corruption crimes as in Decision Number: 3/Pid.Sus-TPK/2022/PN.Tjk and Decision Number: 4/Pid.Sus-TPK/2022/PN.Tjk? This research uses normative juridical research methods, namely research conducted based on primary legal materials by examining theories, concepts, legal principles and laws and regulations related to this research. It can be concluded that the prosecutor's method of proof was inaccurate and lacked caution in conducting the investigation, resulting in their imperfect indictment. So that the panel of judges did not believe in the results of the calculation of state financial losses submitted by the prosecutor's expert from the Public Accounting Firm Mahlizar, Jailani & Partners. This is because the calculation of state losses is based on procedures and procedures that do not contain certainty and are only based on assumptions. Thus, the panel of judges finally decided to acquit the two defendants from all charges.

Content analysis of legal protection regulations for money laundering victims in Indonesia

The offense of money laundering is included within the context of corruption. Money laundering persists in evolving via many techniques, often facilitated by advancements in information technology. Consequently, a notable number of persons use these technological advancements to engage in illicit activities, including the washing of illicitly obtained funds. This research aims to analyze the development of regulations regarding the laundering crime and legal protection for victims. This research uses regulatory and statutory documents as the main data. Documents collected include laws and government regulations regarding money laundering crimes and legal protection for victims. This research uses Nvivo 12 Plus software to code documents for presentation to produce numbers in the form of images. This research found that the development of regulations relating to the crime of money laundering continues to develop so that it is no longer possible for there to be a legal vacuum. Furthermore, Indonesia has not only created legal instruments to deal with perpetrators of corruption but also provides legal protection for victims of money laundering crimes. This research only discusses the aspect of statutory documents. Future research needs a more in-depth analysis by comparing regulations and cases of money laundering crimes.

Relevansi Penerapan Konsep Keadilan Restoratif Dalam Penanganan Perkara Korupsi Dengan Kerugian Keuangan Negara Yang Relatif Kecil (The Relevance of Applying Restorative Justice Concept in Corruption Cases With Relatively Small State Financial Losses)

This study aims to analyze the problem of corruption with relatively small financial and economic losses to the country, namely Rp. 50 million with a sentencing model that normatively relies on physical punishment, with the presence of Prosecutor's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice, the concept emerges only the return of state financial losses by the perpetrators of corruption by stopping the prosecution. As a normative legal research, this research uses a statute approach and a conceptual approach. Therefore, in carrying out the study it is only limited to laws and regulations related to the object to be studied and legal literature. The collected legal materials were then arranged descriptively to be analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study concluded that in the presence of the Attorney General's Regulation Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice, it was explained that the prosecutor could terminate the prosecution of corruption cases if the perpetrators of corruption returned all financial losses and the country's economy. Convicting perpetrators of corruption with a total loss of under Rp. 50 million can be carried out by returning all financial and economic losses to the state arising from the actions of the perpetrators of corruption, so that this can make the punishment of perpetrators of corruption effective and efficient because if it still refers to physically punishing the state will actually lose more due to the costs of handling cases that are greater.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Justice Collaborator di Indonesia (Analisa Putusan Nomor : 48/Pid.Sus/TPK/2016/PN.Jkt Pst)

Introduction: Corruption harms the country's finances and the socio-economy of society. Corruption tends to be committed by more than one person. Corruption crimes that have been caught by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) have obstacles to revealing and detaining parties who have committed corruption crimes due to a lack of information or data. Then came the idea of the Justice Collaborator (JC), which was first known in America in the 1970s, namely cooperation to reveal the main mastermind of the corruption crime with the convict of corruption. The key role of a justice collaborator is to uncover a crime or the occurrence of a crime, so that the return of assets from the results of a crime can be achieved to the state.
 Purposes of the Research: Analyzing the urgency of Justice Collaborator corruption in Indonesia.
 Methods of the Research: The research method used is juridical-normative research. Data sources include primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques through the study of documentation and data analysis used Qualitative Analysis. The problem approaches used in this research are statute, conceptual, and case approaches.
 Results of the Research: The results research the urgency or existence of a Justice Collaborator at the stage of Investigation in corruption in Indonesia is essentially to assist law enforcement officers in finding and finding facts related to crimes including corruption, which is difficult to disclose because the perpetrators of corruption more than one. The issue of legal protection for Justice Collaborator, LPSK law regulates the protection of witnesses including Justice Collaborator. Although in reality the process of determining the status of Justice Collaborator must be based on the submission of which institution handles the case. This is because the position of LPSK is only a sub-supporter in the criminal justice system so the recommendations of the Justice Collaborator LPSK can be obeyed or not obeyed.

Kewenangan Jaksa dalam Melakukan Perampasan Aset Terdakwa Korupsi

Research on the authority of prosecutors in confiscating assets of corruption defendants, because returning state assets to Corruption Eradication is difficult. In fact, corruption causes a lot of losses to the country. Even though criminal procedures have been made to save state assets, but it hasn't worked yet. Therefore, returning the assets of Corruption perpetrators can save state assets. The authority of the Prosecutor's Office plays a very important role in this effort. Research problems regarding the authority of prosecutors in confiscating assets of corruption defendants, the authority of the Prosecutor's Office to address the issue of returning state assets. Legal research method with a statutory approach. The result is that after the Corruption Eradication results there is a return of state assets, namely, there is a court decision. The legal basis for return is stated in Article 18 UU.31/1999 jo UU. 20/2001 Corruption Crimes, by summoning the convict, family and legal advisors by the Prosecutor regarding the stages, implementation of the return.

Application of Criminal Procedures to Perpetrators of Corruption Crimes Based on Perma No. 1 of 2020 concerning Sentencing Guidelines Article 2 Article 3 of the Corruption Eradication Law

The Jambi Corruption Crime Court (Tipikor) in handing down crimes is more dominant in applying Article 3 compared to Article 2 against perpetrators who cause harm to state finances and handing down decisions in the light category, namely an average of 1 year and 11 months. Regarding this issue, the aim of the research is to carry out an analysis of the judge's decision in relation to the implementation of Perma No. 1 of 2020 concerning Sentencing Guidelines for Article 2 and Article 3 of the Corruption Law. By conducting a study of the Jambi Corruption Court's decision, the judge's decision will be evaluated in the light, medium and heavy categories, so that a clear picture of the judge's rationale in implementing PERMA No.1 of 2020 is obtained. The type of research is normative juridical, namely examining materials law, both primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The approach is to use a statutory approach and a case approach by analyzing cases related to the legal issues discussed. From the results of the research on the Jambi District Court's decision 1) The decision handed down by the Judge regarding the implementation of PERMA Number 1 of 2020 has not been used as a guideline in handing down the decision. This can be assessed from the verdict handed down by the judge. The length of the prison sentence imposed is not in accordance with the categories as formulated, namely the categories of state losses are the most severe, heavy, medium, light and lightest, where in each category there is a classification, namely the range of prison sentences imposed is adjusted to that category. 2) The aim of punishment in corruption cases is to recover state losses, but in the imposition of a substitute sentence imposed by the judge the aim of the sentence has not been realized, because in PERMA there is no regulation regarding guidelines for imposing additional punishment as replacement money.

INTERPRETASI PUTUSAN HAKIM MAHKAMAH AGUNG TERHADAP PERKARA KORUPSI BERBASIS HUKUM PROGRESIF

This is the main issue in a study of what interpretation is as part of a legal discovery method based on progressive law in corruption cases. This study aims to study and explain the importance of legal interpretation regarding the formulation of legal texts (laws) that have legal certainty for a law enforcer to maintain the value of justice and the benefits of law, especially in corruption cases. The type of research study used is a normative juridical research study, namely a type of research study that uses legal research analysis methods through a statutory approach. The research results concluded that Supreme Court Judge Artidjo Alkostar, in applying the article at the cassation level, interpreted it progressively by first looking at the elements of the criminal act that the Defendant had committed. The elements of legal violations that have been fulfilled are then adjusted to the articles that have been alleged. In the adjustments made, Supreme Court Justice Artidjo Alkostar used language interpretation techniques. In addition, Supreme Court Justice Artidjo Alkostar considers the Defendant taking advantage of his public position (political corruption) to commit corruption crimes as a factor that complicates sanctions for perpetrators of corruption.

LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST CORRUPTION ERADICATION COMMISSION BASED ON LAW NO 19/2019

Efforts to eradicate corruption have been carried out for a long time using various methods, sanctions against perpetrators of corruption have been intensified, but almost every day we still read or hear news about corruption. The dangers of corruption in Indonesia are equated with other extraordinary crimes, namely terrorism, drug abuse, or serious environmental damage. In fact, corruption with this status is on a par with extraordinary crimes based on the Rome Statute, namely crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression. This study aims to analyze the role of the Corruption Eradication Commission in law enforcement against Corruption Crimes in Indonesia Based on Law no. 19 of 2019 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission and efforts to overcome the occurrence of corruption in Indonesia. This study uses a normative juridical method, namely by referring to legal norms contained in laws and regulations and court decisions as well as legal norms that exist in society. The results of the study show that in seeking to eradicate corruption, there are several aspects that need to be addressed, namely the mentality and character of civil servants, policy makers, law enforcers and members of the public. In addition, law enforcers are required to implement a good control system and management system.

Sosialisasi Pendidikan Anti Korupsi Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Perilaku Korupsi Pada Siswa Kelas 5 Di SDN 8 Teluk Pandan Kabupaten Pesawaran

Corruption can be defined as bad habitual behavior and is a common phenomenon in society. This concern arises because the perpetrators of corruption exist in both government and private organizations and may also involve leaders of organizations who are role models for the younger generation. One of the efforts to reduce the increase in corruption cases is to focus on the legal aspect. However, there have not been many preventive efforts through education that have the potential to eradicate the "culture of corruption". Anti-corruption education is a preventive effort to increase self-awareness and integrity in the face of corrupt practices. The purpose of this study is to determine whether anti-corruption education can develop students' sensitivity and awareness of corruption issues. The research method is to combine collective self-reflective action research with student-centered learning, conducted in small groups, and realized through critical reflective actions of group members as individuals, and measure the learning outcomes. The participants in this study amounted to 25 students in one class. The results obtained show that students are able to identify corrupt practices based on individual and collective experiences. Documented student corruption includes cheating, tardiness and fraud. Participants were also able to identify the impact of corrupt practices on individuals and (groups). Participants realized that corruption can create a "domino effect" of corrupt behavior over time. At the reflection stage, participants revealed the existence of integrity values in the form of honesty, responsibility, consistency of attitudes and behavior, and religious values that are believed to prevent corrupt practices. Activities carried out in the form of socialization as a form of change in the management of student organizations that are clean and anti-corruption.

Looking Back on Corruption: Representations of Corruption and Anti-corruption in Czech Party Manifestos between 1990–2017

This study follows the constructivist tradition of corruption research. Specifically, we analyze representations of corruption and anti-corruption in the electoral manifestos of Czech political parties and movements between 1990 and 2017. In these documents, corruption is primarily construed as a security issue and is framed within the context of economic and organized crime. The causes of corruption, the main actors behind it, and the proposed countermeasures draw on three dominant discourses: neoliberal, centrist, and populist. Neoliberal discourse attributes corruption to the overextended nature of the state, with public officials as the primary perpetrators of corruption. Countermeasures are based on streamlined public administration and personal accountability of government employees in this discourse. Centrist discourse sees the interweaving of economic and political power as the cause of corruption perpetrated by the mafia or lobbyists. Countermeasures are rooted in legal regulation and cooperation with anti-corruption forces in this discourse. Populist discourse provides an updated interpretation of the former two discourses. It borrows the metaphoric labeling of perpetrators from the centrist repertoire and the logic behind the proposed countermeasures from neoliberal discourse. In the conclusion, we compare our findings with the political constructions of corruption in other cultural contexts. We also shed light on some of the circumstances that may have contributed to framing corruption as a security issue in Czechia.

ASSET RECOVERY DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI SEBAGAI UPAYA PENGEMBALIAN KERUGIAN KEUANGAN NEGARA

The positive law in force in Indonesia that regulates corruption is the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption. In overcoming the problem of corruption, in fact there are many difficulties faced by law enforcers which have become a routine part of law enforcement constraints in Indonesia. In addition, the problem is even more difficult if when the perpetrators of corruption are not in Indonesia, where trials are conducted in absentia, then the assets resulting from corruption have been hidden abroad, so this creates serious problems for prosecutors in carrying out executions. However, today the functionalization of criminal law in the context of enforcing the law on corruption, both from the point of view of material criminal law, formal criminal law (criminal procedure law), as well as criminal implementation, still faces obstacles, especially regarding the policy of recovering assets of perpetrators of corruption has implications for the implementation of the execution of replacement money payments in order to optimize the recovery of state financial losses. Thus, obstacles in eradicating criminal acts of corruption must be addressed immediately, so that they do not become an inhibiting factor in efforts to restore state financial losses, so that the national development program can run optimally. The current policy of recovering assets of perpetrators of corruption in an effort to recover state financial losses cannot be implemented optimally, because it must be recognized that current national law still has many weaknesses that create difficulties for law enforcers in recovering assets of perpetrators of corruption, especially in terms of confiscating the assets of the perpetrators of corruption, so that the return on state financial losses resulting from corruption is currently not optimal.

PAI and Anti-Corruption Issues: Analysis of Strategy for Development of PAI Materials Based on Ahlussunnah Wal Jama'ah

There are still many problems in Indonesia, ranging from poverty rates, lack of equal distribution of education to corrupt behavior. The existence of perpetrators of corruption because of the encouragement that someone has in the inability to control himself. Thus there is a corruption deviation that leads to the decline of human dignity. So it is necessary to have an anti-corruption attitude based on Aswaja which is instilled in students from an early age. This is expected that students are not only intelligent in cognitive terms but affective intelligence is also formed so that students are able to become insan kamil This research method uses descriptive qualitative using Thomas Lickona's character education theory. The design of PAI (Islamic Education) and the issue of anti-corruption in this paper is by inserting anti-corruption material into existing material in KI (Core Competence) and KD (Basic Competence). Thus students are able to analyze the problems that exist in reality using Islamic religious teachings contained in the Koran. There are two models to participate in the corruption eradication and prevention movement, namely,First, the educational process must foster socio-normative awareness, build objective reasoning and develop a universal perspective on the individual.Second, education must lead to strategic seeding, namely the personal qualities of individuals who are consistent and solid in their social role engagement.

Problematika Kepastian Hukum Terhadap Penerapan Restorative Justice Dalam Penanganan Perkara Tindak Korupsi Dana Desa

The implementation of regional authorities and the allocation of village funds that should be used for welfare and development at the village level have instead become new grounds for corruption for some elements. Law enforcement that is able to provide a deterrent effect on perpetrators is very important so that the idea and application of restorative justice to perpetrators of corruption in village funds needs to be studied further in terms of how the limitations of the application of restorative justice by law enforcement officials in a crime and whether the application of restorative justice against acts of corruption in village funds to fulfill the principle of legal certainty. This research is a normative research with a statutory approach (the statute approach) and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The results of the study show that law enforcement officials in implementing restorative justice for a crime must pay attention to the specified conditions, for corruption crimes cannot be applied to restorative justice based on the Head of Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021 concerning Handling of Crimes Based on Restorative Justice and the Prosecutor's Office Regulations of the Republic of Indonesia Number 15 of 2020 concerning Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice; Next, the application of law must not ignore the principle of legal certainty. Legal certainty also means the clarity of norms that become a reference for behavior, these norms contain consistency, both internally in the law and horizontal consistency with others or vertical consistency with higher laws and regulations. The application of restorative justice to criminal acts of corruption (including corruption in village funds) has violated the principle of legal certainty as well as ignoring the value of justice and the usefulness of law, so its application must be reviewed.

Public Effort and Participation in the Enforcement of Corruption Eradication in Indonesia

Corruption remains a pressing issue with far-reaching adverse effects on numerous aspects of human existence globally. Combating corruption is a crucial priority in Indonesia that requires concerted efforts. This study employs a normative legal research methodology to construct and conceptualize laws based on applicable doctrines and legal concepts. In addition, it employs a case study approach to investigate specific instances of corruption in depth. This study aims to provide an overview of the regulations regarding the eradication of corruption and to demonstrate how community involvement can contribute to enforcing anti-corruption measures. The results show that Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code in the article concerning corruption, the penalties set for corruptors are very far from what they are entitled to receive. In relation to reports of corruption cases, this study suggests that a public education strategy aiming at educating the general public directly or via social media must be conducted. This strategy intends to increase public awareness and encourage membership in the IFC (Indonesia is Free of Corruption) organization, which provides legal protection against alleged corruption offenders. In addition, regarding the punishment for corruptors, DPR RI (House of Representatives) are suggested to revise the current law that perpetrators of corruption who have amassed more than Rp 100,000,000 will face court-determined punishments, such as the return of illicit gains or the maximum penalty of the death penalty.

The Future of Corruption’s Handling in the Regions and The Application of Restorative Justice

Corruption is the biggest obstacle in implementing the development process, and until now, it has yet to be appropriately resolved although various models of retributive punishment have been applied. As a result, tThe losses suffered by the state continue to increase, and as a consequence, people cannot enjoy public facilities as they should. Cooperation between the Police, the Attorney General’s Office, and the Ministry of Home Affairs, which forms coordination between Aparat Pengawas Intern Pemerintah (APIP) and Aparat Penegak Hukum (APH), is a way to prevent corruption at the local government level. Criminal sanctions and imprisonment are no longer the main options for the government to deal with corruption problems in the regions. This choice then raises the pros and cons of the people who so far only recognize the existence of retributive justice as a form of criminal sanction. This study was made using the theory of consequentialism from Jeremy Bentham, and the Restorative Justice Theory put forward by John Braithwaite to provide an overview of the solutions used by APIP in preventing corruption in the regions. The doctrinal research method with a statutory approach will show the impact of the application of restorative justice on corruption practices in the regions. From this study, it can be seen that the restorative justice used by APIP can minimize losses suffered by the state and, at the same time, provide a deterrent effect for perpetrators of corruption.

PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM KEBERADAAN HUKUMAN MATI BAGI PELAKU KORUPSI

This paper raises the issue of the existence of the death penalty in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law No. 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes and the concept of the death penalty for perpetrators of corruption. The criminal act of corruption is classified as a special crime that needs to be dealt with firmly. Severe punishment is needed to limit this crime from becoming more rampant, such as the death penalty which is the most severe punishment in criminal law. This study discusses the implementation of the death penalty in Indonesia in accordance with the law and explains the threat of the death penalty in the Corruption Crime Act, especially in Article 2 paragraph (2). The research uses primary legal sources, secondary legal sources, and tertiary legal sources the data collection method used is document and legal research by conducting legal analysis of existing laws and regulations related to criminal penalties for criminal acts of corruption, also researching legal reforms in the new Criminal Code related to death penalty reform.

PENYALAHGUNAAN ALOKASI DANA DESA OLEH KEPALA DESA

Corruption has always been the most frequent news in Indonesia, every year there are officials who are dragged into corruption cases. All forms and methods have been carried out by the State to eradicate the movement of corruption. However, until now corruption still occurs in Indonesia which in the end is very detrimental to the people and the State. The purpose of this research is to find out: (1) the factors of corruption. (2) Law enforcement against misuse of village funds according to the provisions of the Corruption Crime Act. This study uses descriptive methods, data collection techniques through library research and qualitative data analysis to reach conclusions. Based on the results of the research, it shows that the factor in the occurrence of criminal acts of corruption is solely because of the material and feeling dissatisfied with what he gets, which makes him greedy and abuses his position as village head. It all comes from the personality of the village head himself as well as from environmental factors. In law enforcement according to the provisions of the Corruption Crime Act that occurred in Polewali Mandar, namely law enforcement which is carried out by taking action against a crime or violation by following existing SOPs and imposing sanctions or punishment on perpetrators of corruption in accordance with existing provisions under the Act.