Perpetrators Of Crimes Research Articles

Police shootings, violent crime, race and socio-economic factors in municipalities in the United States of America.

Both police shootings and violent crime remain high in the United States of America compared to other developed nations but debates continue about whether race, mental health or other social factors are related to them. Our aim was to test relationships between community factors indicative of socio-economic status, racial demographics, police shootings, and violent crime. Data on police shootings, violent crime and community sociodemographic factors were drawn from two publicly accessible datasets: health and police records of 100 US municipalities and relationships between them explored using regression analyses. Data were from the 100 largest US municipalitiesas designated by the mapping police violence database.The median per capital violent crime rate was 5.94 and median killings by police per 10 thousand arrests was13.7. Violent crime was found to be related mainly toincome inequality and lower academic achievement in the community. Race was unrelated to violent crime aftercontrolling for other factors. Police shootings were found to be related to community level mental health concerns, food insecurity and the municipality's violent crime rate. The evidence suggests that socio-economic factors are the primary drivers of both violent crime perpetration and police shootings. Policy approaches aimed at improving education and reducing poverty are likely to mitigate both violent crime and police shootings. However, it is important to recognise that being Black is an indicator of particular disadvantage within this context. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address the systemic issues of racial disparities and socio-economic inequality, while also acknowledging the complex interplay of race, poverty and policing in the context of violent crime and police shootings.

Implementation of Criminal Sanctions for Violators of International Crimes by the International Criminal Court

In enforcing International Humanitarian Law against violators of crimes that fall under the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) based on the 1998 Rome Statute and previous international crimes that were tried based on the Ad Hoc Court. Norms regarding enforcement mechanisms for International Humanitarian Law can be found in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and two Additional Protocols I and II of 1977. Apart from that, they can also be found in provisions relating to ad hoc and permanent War Crimes Tribunals, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC). This International Court is a legal instrument that causes violations of international crimes to be said to be effective. To prove that in enforcing International Humanitarian Law, the International Court has tried and punished perpetrators of international crimes, for example, Herman Wihem Georing case through the Nurenburg court with sentenced to death, Matsue Iwane case that Tokyo Tribunal finished, Anto Furundzija case by Yugoslavia court (ICTY), Jean- Paul Akayesu by Ruwanda Tribunal (ICTR), Somalia and Sudan case in processing by ICC. Case of Israel committing war crimes in Gaza during the 2008-2009 period.

Pemidanaan Terhadap Mucikari Ditinjau dari Asas Keadilan dalam Kasus Trafficking Anak

There are many cases of illegal exploitation that occur now based on paper and electronic media reports and many examination results show that cases of illegal exploitation, especially of women and children, need attention. Dealing with women and children in Indonesia generally involves prostitution and pornography. The occurrence of sexual trafficking involving girls reveals violations of women's human rights, depriving them of the opportunity to experience peace and happiness from a young age. Their basic rights to live freely and protect themselves from potential harm have been reduced due to criminal activities. These incidents show a correlation between the trafficking of underage girls (through prostitution) and other sexual offenses such as assault and battery. Many minors and adult women are victims. Brutality against women is thought to stem from a framework that considers women as weak and substandard individuals compared to men. Overall, victims of human trafficking, especially women involved in prostitution and children forced to work, are victims of crime and not perpetrators of crime.

(200) Demographic, Clinical, and Socioeconomic Variables and Risk Assessment Perpetrators of Sexual Crimes in Poland

Abstract Introduction The study of sexual recidivism has been attracting the attention of the mental health services and criminal justice system, as well as researchers. A significant problem for clinical judicial experts when issuing court opinions is assessing the risk of recidivism. Objective The aim of the study was to assess the demographic, clinical and socioeconomic variables of adult male sex offenders convicted of sexual crimes in Poland, as well as assessing their risk of recidivism. Methods The participants of the study consisted of 30 sexual offenders (66% preferential and 34% non-preferential) serving prison sentences in a dozen Polish prisons. A retrospective file review was completed for 30 medical and medicolegal files. Medical records included documentation such as psychiatric notes, psychological assessments, medicolegal assessments, and medical consultation notes. The analysis took variables including age, sex, marital status, and education. The risk of recidivism was estimated based on the participants’ files, using semi-structured interviews, and calculated using the Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS) (McGrath, et al., 2013). Results Data analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Participants of this study were mostly single (67%) males (100%), with an average age of 43 years (range = 24–63 years). Only 3% had completed higher education. Table 1 for a summary of the study results. Clinically, more than half of the sex offenders had a personality disorder (67%) diagnosis, with 66% of the sample diagnosed with sexual preference disorders. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between sexual preference disorders and age (r = 0,36; p < 0,05). The correlation also analysis showed that marital status was positively related to age (r = 0,34; p < 0,05). SOTIPS score was positively correlated with sexual preference disorders (r = 0,30; p < 0,05). A positive correlation, although very weak, was found between the score on the SOTIPS scale and age (r = 0,22; p < 0,05). Conclusions The results of the study showed that, sexual offenders are heterogeneous in terms of age. Most sex offenders (67%) have never been married before. The study also found a high proportion (64%) of sex offenders who reoffend. The larger proportion of sex offenders has sexual preference disorders. Therefore, one can conclude that sex offenders should be subject to preferential offender therapy. Disclosure No.

Is International Criminal Law Ready to Accommodate Online Harm?

Abstract New technologies have the potential to both advance accountability for international crimes and to aid in their perpetration. Most of the existing literature to date focuses on the former, such as how digital evidence can be used in international criminal law (ICL) proceedings, or in the case of the latter, has taken a mainly rights-based approach (such as how technology can infringe upon rights to privacy or freedom of expression). This article answers the understudied question of how technology can serve as the vehicle by which certain international crimes are committed or lead to new offences, and how current ICL frameworks may be able to accommodate these ‘online harms’ to ensure that the law recognizes the full scope of harms caused to victims, who currently may not be able to access redress through the international criminal justice system. It identifies three examples of online harm that have a foreseeable nexus to the perpetration of international crimes, including hate speech and disinformation, sharing footage of crimes to the internet, and online sexual violence. The article evaluates the online harms alongside similar harms that have been encompassed by core ICL crimes, including genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, to assess how online harms might fit into ICL frameworks (e.g. as an aggravating factor at sentencing, a new mode of commission of an existing crime, or a new crime). It concludes that some types of online harm may be more feasible to account for than others, and identifies where the existing ICL architecture falls short, which is important for providing a basis for future research as to how to best include novel online harms under ICL. Finally, the article emphasizes that as technology will only continue to develop and serve as a vehicle for an increasing array of harms, finding ways to account for online harm and bring redress to victims should be an issue at the forefront of ICL.

The specifics of the subjects of crimes with administrative prejudice in the field of road safety

The subject of this study is the key features of the perpetrators of crimes against road safety, the legal construct of which is made using administrative law. The special status of persons committing crimes of this kind is emphasized by gross disregard for the rules established by law, disregard for the regulations in force against them. Based on the analysis of statistical indicators of road traffic accidents caused by drivers of vehicles, the public danger of committing such criminal acts is justified. These acts imply the onset of criminal consequences only if the person who committed them has special features. The emphasis in this case is on the increased danger of the subjects themselves committing intentional violations of traffic rules, referring them to the malicious type of violators with legal nihilism. To define the concepts of this study, a dialectical methodology was used; in order to comprehensively understand the key features of subjects of crimes with administrative prejudice in the field of road safety, elements of sociological methodology were used. In the study of individual issues, private scientific methods were used, such as formal legal and comparative legal. The results of the conducted research are presented by the classification of signs possessed by the subjects of crimes with administrative prejudice in the field of road safety, their characteristics are given. The connection between the administrative prejudice and the subject as an element of the corpus delicti is substantiated, which, first of all, is justified by the assessment of the social danger of the offender and the choice of a preventive measure commensurate with the social danger of the offender. An important role in assessing public danger is played by determining the psychological portrait of the person who committed the crime, which covers the chronology of his administrative offenses and the frequency of violations of the same prescription. Based on the data obtained about the subject of the crime, the principles of proportionality of punishment and personal responsibility are implemented. In this case, these principles imply the influence of administrative prejudice on the fair distribution of sanctions, and previous administrative offenses aggravate the responsibility of the person.

Corporate Criminal Liability As An Insurance Crime Perpetrator Based On Law Number 1 Of 2023 On Criminal Law

The Insurance Law and the Indonesian Penal Code regulate criminal acts such as fraud during agreements and insurance claims. However, prior to Law No. 1 of 2023, criminal liability applied only to individuals, not corporations. This specific law establishes corporate criminal liability in insurance matters, enabling prosecution against corporations and their executives. Cumulative criminal threats are challenging to impose on corporations as they apply to executives, not the corporation itself. This study is a normative legal investigation exploring regulations, principles, and legal norms, aiming to accurately comprehend corporate criminal liability in the insurance field in Indonesia. Insurance crimes in Indonesia before the enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023, such as fraud during agreements and claims, were governed by Articles 381 and 382 of the Penal Code. Insurance Law No. 40 of 2014 covers ten articles encompassing insurance crimes, including operating without a license, document forgery, and misuse of confidential information. Articles 45-50 of Law No. 1 of 2023 establish corporations as subjects of criminal acts in insurance. Penal sanctions include fines and additional penalties, focusing on impact assessment and losses, governing a specific accountability system within insurance-related criminal acts.

Law Enforcement of Single Traffic Accidents Causing Death and Injury of Passengers

The high number of accidents in Indonesia is one of the impacts of the lack of awareness of road users and road transportation providers in maintaining traffic order and road transportation security. Services that are safe, secure, orderly, smooth, and integrated with other modes of transportation can boost the national economy, advance public welfare, strengthen national unity, and be able to uphold the dignity of the nation. This study aims to analyze law enforcement by police officers in single traffic accidents that cause passengers to die and the responsibilities of drivers and the Otobus Company (PO) to victims. The method uses normative legal research with a statutory approach and the concept of law enforcement. The research shows that the maximum punishment imposed on the perpetrators of traffic crimes normatively can be explained by the relatively low maximum punishment ranging from one year to five years and until now the legal basis for capturing the perpetrators of traffic crimes still depends on the Criminal Code inherited from the Dutch Colonial Government. Law enforcement by police officers with the investigation and investigation of criminal cases in the case of a single accident experienced by the suspect on the toll road ensnares the Road Traffic and Transportation Law (LLAJ Law). Drivers and POs are responsible for victims by providing compensation to accident victims following the LLAJ Law by not removing or reducing criminal liability.

The Prosecution of Atrocity Crimes in the Great Lakes Region of Africa, between Accountability Logic and Political Strategies

Abstract Several efforts have been undertaken to uphold the liability for atrocity crimes in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. Even though the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and domestic courts opened proceedings against alleged perpetrators of atrocity crimes in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central Africa Republic, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Burundi, and Rwanda, these prosecuting efforts are viewed as pursuing political strategies. Based on documentary analysis and an online research survey, this research paper shows evidence of accountability logic and political strategies. Although the undertaken efforts are in line with the logic of accountability, they remain under the influence of political strategies. The research findings highlight that political strategies have been influencing criminal law codification and its enforcement.

Policing Hate Crime: Exploring the Issue with a Cohort of Sworn Police Officers

AbstractGlobally, there has been a trend in rising levels of hate crime that scholars have argued is reflective of significant social problems within society. Research into hate crime has typically focused on the police and their subsequent response to this crime type, with many findings reporting that the police are racist, homophobic and Islamophobic, to name but a few. However, existing research seldom captures the insights and experiences of sworn police officers, as much of the data is gathered from third parties. This paper presents the empirical findings from a Delphi study conducted with one police force in Australia, sampling sworn New South Wales (NSW) police officers between October 2020 and October 2021. The findings focus on four overarching areas: defining hate crime, perpetrators of hate crime, victims of hate crime, and responses to hate crime. These themes capture the perspectives of NSW police officers in relation to operational and organisational practice in respect of hate crime. Drawing on a Delphi method, the research outlines police perceptions of the nature of hate crime, as well as capturing how hate crime can be effectively reported, recorded, and responded to. Conclusions and implications are considered. These include the requirement for a clearer definition and targeted education strategies aimed at improving knowledge and understanding relating to hate crime. Future directions include the development of a standardised approach to reporting, recording, and responding to hate crime.

EFFECTIVENESS OF INVESTIGATIONS AGAINST PEOPLE OF THE CRIME OF MONEY LAUNDERING BY THE DIRECTORATE OF SPESIAL CRIMINAL RESEARCH OF THE SOUTH SULAWESI REGIONAL POLICE

This research was conducted with the aim of (1) Knowing and analyzing the effectiveness of investigations into perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the special criminal investigation directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police, (2) Knowing and analyzing the factors that become obstacles, and efforts to overcome obstacles in investigations against perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the special criminal investigation directorate of the South Sulawesi Regional Police. This research method uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through interviews, while secondary data was obtained through documents, scientific journals and scientific articles. The results of this research show that: (1) The effectiveness of investigations into perpetrators of money laundering crimes by the South Sulawesi Regional Police Special Directorate is said to be less effective because money laundering cases in 2022 experienced a three-fold increase in the number of cases from 2020 & 2021, even within a period of three years. Lastly, there are cases that are not processed because there are factors that become obstacles in the investigation of criminal acts of money laundering (2) Factors that become obstacles and efforts to overcome obstacles in the investigation of perpetrators of criminal acts of money laundering by the South Sulawesi Dirskremsus, where the factors Obstacles to investigations are: lack of human resources for police investigators handling money laundering cases, differences in law enforcement interpretations, high levels of bank secrecy, lack of compliance by financial service providers, technological capabilities misused by suspects to carry out their modus operandi in such a way as to disguise or even eliminate no trace at all in the transaction. Therefore, based on the research results, it was found that efforts to overcome obstacles in investigating perpetrators of money laundering crimes include: increasing human resources for police investigators, increasing understanding between law enforcers, increasing police access to banking, providing strict sanctions for banks that do not comply)

Analyzing the Distribution Pattern of Theft Crimes and the Motives for Committing Them in the United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi

The study mainly aimed to identify the distribution pattern of robbery crimes in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates during the period (2012-2019), and to identify the social, economic and personal motives for committing theft crimes from the point of view of the perpetrators of the inmates of reform centers in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. To achieve its objectives, the study used the descriptive survey methodology to determine the patterns of the crime of theft and its trends in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi for the period (2012-2019). The study sample consisted of (288) inmates who were inmates in the correction and rehabilitation centers in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi from the perpetrators of theft crimes, in order to identify the motives. Socio-economic and personal to reform the crime of theft. The results of the study revealed a general trend of decreasing the number of robbery crimes in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi during the period (2012-2019). The results related to the detection of patterns of theft crimes in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi based on the percentage index and means according to the variables: gender, marital status the educational level, religion, employment status, and the type of crime for the prevalence of the male pattern, the married class, the level of secondary education and the Islamic religion, and the pattern of the crime of house theft in Abu Emirate. The results showed that the general level of social, economic and personal factors driving the perpetration of theft crimes among the inmates of the reform and rehabilitation centers in The Emirate of Abu Dhabi was medium, and the results showed that the economic motives leading to committing theft crimes have achieved the first rank at a high level, and the social factors driving theft crimes came in the second rank, with a medium level, and in the third and last order the area of ​​personal factors and a medium level.

ANALYSIS OF JUDGES' CONSIDRATIONS IN DECIDING CRIMINAL SANCTIONS AGAINST PEOPLE OF NARCOTICS ABUSE CRIMES IN MEDAN STATE COURT

This study aims to determine and analyze the basic considerations of judges in the criminal verdict against drug criminals in the Medan District Court, knowing the factors that influence the judge's ruling against the perpetrators of particular crimes in violation of Article 127 Paragraph (1) and 112 Paragraph (2) of Law No. 35 of 2009 on narcotics. The data used is secondary data from the judge's decision. The analytical approach used is the approach and the concept of criminal law cases. These results indicate that the judge decided the case using the consideration of evidence as mentioned in the Criminal Code. The factors that influence the judge's decision cover three things, namely: the law of its own factor, the perpetrators factor, and the judge's concerned actors.

Criminal Responsibility of Artificial Intelligence Committing Deepfake Crimes in Indonesia

The development of technology that continues to evolve has given birth to an innovation called artificial intelligence or artificial intelligence which is usually called "AI". The development of AI has sparked an algorithm called deepfake technology. Deepfakes use machine learning and neural network technology, which are methods in AI that teach computers to process data in a way inspired by the human brain. This study aims to determine the regulation of AI as perpetrators of deepfake crimes and to determine the criminal responsibility of AI who commit criminal acts in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research using a statutory approach (statue approach), conceptual approach (conceptual approach), and comparative approach (comparative approach). AI is classified as an electronic system and electronic agent which when viewed to the characteristics of AI that has a match with the definition of electronic systems and electronic agents. If AI commits deepfake crimes, it can violate several articles in Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. In California, legislation has been passed to address deepfakes related to pornography, fraud, and defamation: Calif AB-602 and Calif AB-730. There are three AI criminal liability models that commit criminal acts, namely Perpetration-via another model (PVM), Natural-Probable-Consequence Liability Model (NPCLM), and Direct Liability Model (DLM). In Indonesia, AI has not been recognized as a legal subject so that if you commit a criminal act, the person who must be responsible is the creator of AI or AI users

Concept of Protection for Victims of Narcotics Abuse in Indonesia Fairly Based on Pancasila

Background: Since the introduction of criminal policy on victims of drug abuse in Indonesia in Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotic Drugs, the current legislation does not give room to the use of criminal means (tax and action), which extends both its content and benefits as contained in Article 127 paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), Jo. Article 103 Jo. Art. 54 is the punishment of criminal imprisonment, and the sentence of medical rehabilitation or social rehabilitation only tends to be rigid, So in legal practice, it still tends to position victims of drug abuse as being treated equally as perpetrators of drug offenses in general, without regard to justice for the protection of the victim of narcotics abuse itself. Adopting good concepts for the formulation of the Narcotics Act in the future is necessary as a reflection of the values of justice for the victims of drug abuse who are distributed to Indonesians based on Pancasila with a more flexible system of punishment. (flexible on sentencing). Objective: Analyzing to a great extent the innovative ideas of re-formulating criminal drug policy in Indonesia with a comparative study of criminal policy on victims of drug abuse in other countries. By using the method of doctrinal approach that analyzes the law as it is written in the books or the law as it is decided by the judge through the judicial process. Theoretical framework: Prison sentences for narcotics abuse have proved to be unable to reduce the number of narcotics abuses. The Law on Narcotic Drugs, in its development, has been updated with the enactment of Law No. 35 of 2009 on Drugs. There has been a legal revision of the provisions of this law, with the decriminalization of drug abuse perpetrators. Narcotics addicts and victims of drug abuse must undergo medical and social rehabilitation. Van Boven, a United Nations special rapporteur, puts the rights of victims of human rights violations in a comprehensive way that is not only limited to the right to know and to continued justice but also the right to reparation (Theo Van Boven, 2002). Method: This study uses the method of normative jurisprudence, or doctrinal law research, that analyzes both laws as they are written in the books and laws as they are decided by the judge through the judicial process. The use of skunder data as a source or material of information can be primary legal material, skunder legal material, or third-tier legal material. Results: The results of the study suggest that there is a need to re-formulate the criminal policy of legal protection of victims as perpetrators of crimes in the future drug law enforcement system, including articles on the use of non-criminal means in drug law in the future as a measure of prevention of the adverse influence of the black traffic of narcotics in Indonesia. To this end, it is necessary to encourage the support of the government by using all its powers to provide the budget, resources, and human resources for both the security and defense of the country, such as the Indonesian National Army/Police of the Republic of Indonesia/National Narcotics Agency, other law enforcement agencies, and the apparatus of government within the scope of the state administration, so that the presence and existence of a state in protecting citizens in a safe, comfortable, and realization of a divine, just, and civilized society with a sense of unity, settlement with mutiny, and justice in society will be felt.

Imposition of Criminal Sanctions on Corporations and/or Corporate Control Personnel Who Commit Money Laundering Crimes

This research purpose is to describe law enforcement arrangements for corporations and/or corporate control personnel for money laundering crimes. The author uses a normative juridical approach, using primary and secondary data. Data analysis uses qualitative analysis. In Indonesia, legal regulations regarding the prevention and eradication of money laundering crimes were initially regulated in Law Number 15 of 2002 concerning the Crime of Money Laundering (UUTPPU) which was later revised into Law Number 25 of 2003 and subsequently revoked and replaced by Law- Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Prevention and Eradication of the Crime of Money Laundering. The results show that perpetrators of money laundering crimes are subject to sanctions based on Articles 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Money Laundering Crimes. Apart from that, to anticipate the occurrence of money laundering criminal attempts in Indonesia by postponing transactions with assets suspected to originate from criminal acts. Blocking of assets known to originate from criminal acts, and Temporary suspension of transactions related to money laundering crimes.

Law Enforcement of the Crime of Money Laundering Against Perpetrators of Mining Without a License in Indonesian Territory

The purpose of this research is to describe law enforcement arrangements for unlicensed mining actors involved in money laundering crimes. The author uses a normative juridical approach, using primary and secondary data. Data analysis uses qualitative analysis. Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2018 concerning Procedures for Granting Areas, Licensing and Reporting to Mineral and Coal Mining Business Activities, in Article 1 paragraph 10 it is stated that the Rock Mining Business Permit Area, referred to as the Rock WIUP, is part from the Batuan WUP which is given to Business Entities, cooperatives and individuals through applications. So, everyone has to go through an application first to get a Mining Business Permit Area (WIUP). In Indonesia, legal regulations regarding the prevention and eradication of money laundering crimes were initially regulated in Law Number 15 of 2002 concerning the Crime of Money Laundering (UUTPPU) which was later revised into Law Number 25 of 2003 and subsequently revoked and replaced by Law- Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Prevention and Eradication of the Crime of Money Laundering. The results show that perpetrators of money laundering crimes are subject to sanctions based on Articles 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 of Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Money Laundering Crimes.

The Application of Chemical Castration as Additional Punishment for the Perpetrators of Child Sexual Violence Crimes Subject to the Death Penalty

Human life is a cyclical pattern, commencing with birth and childhood, progressing through adolescence and young maturity, entering adulthood, and ultimately reaching old age. From these periods, childhood is a crucial time that requires full attention, as children are often incapable of defending and protecting themselves. This lack of self-protectiom is specifically observed against the heinous crimes of sexual violence, where the perpetrators are sentenced to the death penalty or chemical castration as additional punishment. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the application of chemical castration as additional punishment for the perpetrators of a child sexual violence crimes. In this context, a normative juridical method was used to emphasize the patterns by which the application of the rule governing the imposition of castration process is implemented in Decision Number 86/Pid.Sus/2022/PT Bdg. The implementation patterns of restitution and protection for the child victims of sexual violence are also explored. The results showed the following conclusions, firstly, the application of the rule governing the imposition of chemical castration as additional punishment for the perpetrators of the sexual crimes was fair when the defendant was subject to the death penalty. However, castration process was unnecessary due to causing excessive criminal sanctions, as the death penalty was the highest sanction according to Article 67 of the Criminal Code. Secondly, the implementation of restitution and protection for the child victims became a negative precedent and failed to develop a deterrent effect when imposed on the state. In this case, the perpetrators were often comfortable due to being unburdened with compensating the victims through restitution, increasing the level of sexual violence crimes. This situation hindered the achievement of protecting and preventing crimes. From these results, Decision Number 86/Pid.Sus/2022/PT Bdg was appropriate in meeting the sense of justice for the victims and facilitating their recovery.
 Keywords: Child; Sexual Violence Crimes; Death Penalty; Chemical Castration.

Additional Sanction as an Effort to Restore the Environment Due to Land Fires

Environmental damage in Indonesia has directly impacted human life, one of which is forest/land fires. Burning forests and land can be considered a form of crime because the action has an impact that can harm the interests of many people. Perpetrators of forest and land fire crimes can be subject to two types of sanctions, namely the main criminal sanctions and additional sanctions. This study aimed to discuss how to apply additional punishment in environmental crimes due to land fires. The study’s approach used to conduct this study is of normative law studies. This method focuses on analyzing positive and general legal principles. The application of additional criminal sanctions in Law Number 32 of 2009 is an additional penalty to cover the deficiencies of the principal criminal. Where the maximum fine sanction has a special maximum provision that is less than how much money lost or incurred because of additional criminal acts. The Act for Environmental Management and Protection verbally expressively accommodates the concept of a double-track system, namely the imposition of criminals and additional criminal sanctions simultaneously on perpetrators of environmental crimes. If additional criminal sanctions, in the form of recovery, cannot be carried out by corporations, then additional criminal sanctions that are equivalent and repressive in the form of confiscating assets or closing all or part of business activities can be used as suspension of sanctions.
 Keywords: additional penal, environment recovery, fire

Assessing the Concept of Depenalization Policy in Handling Criminal Cases of Narcotics Abuse

Alternatives to criminalization for the simple possession of illicit drugs are increasingly of interest to policy makers. But there is no existing theoretically based, empirically tested framework that can inform development and evaluation. Type of the study is normative-legal research by using philosophical, case, and conceptual approach. The results show that the state and government have obligation to provide legal protection against narcotics abusers. Abusers are citizen who must be fulfilled their rights. A narcotics abuser is a perpetrator as well as a victim of a criminal offense. For this reason, all law enforcement officials and all elements of society must have a similar understanding and perspective that narcotics abusers are victims not perpetrators of crime. Depenalization means relation of the penal sanction provided for by law. In the case of drugs, and cannabis in particular, depenalization generally signifies the eliminations of custodial penalties. Hence, although drug use is still a criminal offence, depenalization does not mean that possession or use of drugs will be subject to a prison sentence. This applies even when there may be other criminal sanctions, such as fines, police records, or probation.