Perpetrators Of Crimes Research Articles

STRICT LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF THE LAWS OF THE WAR BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINS IN GAZA

Feuds and conflicts that occur in the world are dynamics that occur and things that cannot be avoided by the state. Conflicts between Israel and Palestine occur repeatedly, but the realization of international accountability has not been in accordance with existing rules. The existence of events that resulted in casualties in the war must be accounted for by Israel as a State, as well as the individuals involved. As a result of this action, the perpetrators of war crimes must be held accountable under international law. The problem with this article is what is the responsibility of the State of Israel for violating the laws of war? The conclusion of this article is: There is no responsibility of the State of Israel for violations of the laws of war, from every violation of international law Israel remains free from punishment, of course this is related to international politics which is considered very inhumane. Israel has not ratified the Rome Statute, so the ICC certainly will not be able to process cases of war crimes committed by Israel, making it difficult to hold Israel accountable for violations of the laws of war. In order for the implementation of international humanitarian law enforcement for perpetrators of war crimes, it can be carried out through Internationally Wrongful Acts, it can be realized by carrying out full reparations for losses in the form of restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either separately or in combination.

CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN THE FIELD OF TAXATION BETWEEN LEGAL PROVISIONS IN INDONESIA AND LAW IN CHINA

Taxes are a source of state revenue, it can be seen that income from the tax sector is one of the largest sources of state revenue. One of the efforts to increase state revenue is to enforce the law in the field of taxation. In order to support law enforcement, the imposition of sanctions is carried out correctly, precisely and does not overlap so that it can provide legal certainty and benefits both from the government side and from the taxpayer side. the author compares tax law with China regarding criminal acts of taxation, imposition of sanctions such as law enforcement for taxpayers who commit violations and/or crimes that violate the provisions stipulated by law. The results of the comparison regarding the provisions of tax law in China, it is necessary to reform the tax law, that is, the imposition of sanctions is enough to only use fine administrative sanctions if the state's losses have been returned by the perpetrators of crime, implement a blacklist system against tax evaders and tax violations, imposition of sanctions against Tax officials should be included as a codified unit in the tax law.

TINJAUAN HUKUM PENJATUHAN PUTUSAN PIDANA TERHADAP PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA JUDI ONLINE

This study analyzes the considerations by judges in imposing criminal decisions on perpetrators of online gambling crimes in Decision Number 111/Pid.B/2022/Pn Bkt. This research uses normative law research. Data analysis is used by interpreting the data and presenting it in sentences to answer problems in subsequent chapters. The results of this study are: 1) The panel of judges in deciding the considerations in the decision considers more juridical considerations that look at the defendant's background and life further. The judge should be able to give a more severe deterrent effect to the defendant, remembering the defendant is not just a number taker on gambling games online but acting as a bookie. 2) In imposing a criminal verdict, the public prosecutor and the Panel of Judges should also use the law on electronic transactions and information, considering that the defendant's case is online gambling, accessed using the network.

ANALISIS YURIDIS RESTORATIVE JUSTICE DALAM KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA

Abstract
 Restorative Justice is an approach to justice that focuses on the needs of victims and perpetrators of crime, and involves community participation, rather than implementing the principle of punishing perpetrators accompanied by the judge's considerations. Crimes committed by children are basically inseparable from various life pressures, both economic and social. As a result, quite a few children become perpetrators of crimes or crimes. This research uses a Normative Juridical research method using a statutory approach, a case approach and a conceptual approach. For children's cases, diversion must be carried out in every examination of children's cases from investigation, prosecution to examination at trial, taking into account: the category of crime, the age of the child, the results of social research from the father, the support of the family and community environment. The judge's authority is to examine and decide on children's cases at the first level with a single judge and as a facilitator in diversion. The advice that can be given is that children who commit crimes must still receive protection in the juvenile criminal justice system. One of them is implementing restorative justice using the diversion method, and judges who have the authority to examine and decide on children's cases must be proactive in encouraging restorative justice using the diversion method.
 Keyword : Restorative Justice, Juvenile Crimes, Judge’s Authority, Diversion

Dealing with rape cases in Ghana: The law, the victim and the offender

Rape is a criminal offence in all countries of the world. However, what constitutes rape in the legal sense differs from country to country, with many common law countries sharing some similarities in their definition of rape. This paper conducts a critical review of the crime of rape in Ghana by discussing what constitutes rape under Ghanaian law, its key elements which a prosecution has to prove to succeed on a charge of rape, and the challenges of adjudicating rape cases in Ghana, paying particular attention to the victim. Furthermore, the manuscript offers some useful recommendations on improving current practice. Among the challenges identified as militating against the successful prosecution of rape cases in Ghana are the high poverty level resulting in the lack of money to pay for the costs of forensic medical examination by the victim, stigmatisation and ridicule of rape victims, lack of social and psychological support for the victims of rape, the unduly long period adjudication of rape cases take, the gender-specific definition of rape, and the general inadequate or lack of reformative services for rape prisoners. The paper recommends that the state of Ghana should take steps to tackle these challenges in order to promote justice for rape victims, while effectively dealing with the perpetrators of such crimes. These steps could include, the State covering the costs of forensic medical examination for rape victims through the National Health Insurance Scheme, intensifying public education on rape and its consequences, especially on the victim, and amending the definition of rape to make it gender-neutral instead of gender-specific. This paper will be useful to legal, psychological, and sociological researchers in Ghana and the world over.

Layanan Polres Bima Kota dalam Penanganan Kasus Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas pada Anak di Bawah Umur Ditinjau dari Manajemen Konflik

The aim of this research is to determine the services for handling traffic accident cases for minors in terms of conflict management and the factors that hinder Bima City Police services in handling traffic accident cases for minors in terms of conflict management. The police as a public service institution need to carry out one of their duties related to traffic. The results of the research show that the Bima City Police service in handling traffic accident cases involving minors has been carried out well through the criminal mediation that can be offered, where the police act as a mediator between the perpetrator and the victim/victim's family members. The inhibiting factors in resolving cases of children who are perpetrators of traffic accident crimes consist of two things, namely internal obstacles in the form of uniting thoughts between the victim and the child (perpetrator) in order to reach an agreement, and human resources (HR) of the police specifically for children in handling cases. child. Next are external obstacles in the form of limited adequate facilities and infrastructure in the diversion process, different understandings in handling children in conflict with the law among law enforcement officials, community understanding regarding diversion and regulations regarding supervision of the implementation of the results of diversion agreements.

LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE SUSPECTS TO NOT EXPERIENCE VIOLENCE IN INVESTIGATION PROCESS

A suspect is someone who because of his actions or circumstances, based on initial evidence, should be suspected of being the perpetrator of a crime. Based on this explanation, the suspect is still suspected of being the perpetrator of a crime, which is not certain unless he has obtained permanent legal force. This is in line with a fundamental principle known as the presumption of innocence which is stated in the general elucidation of the Criminal Procedure Code and Law Number 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power. Constitutional guarantees for human rights, especially suspects, are very important to protect every citizens basic rights, which means that every ruler in the state should not act arbitrarily towards its citizens. The form of protection for the suspects rights has been outlined in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). In general, the rights of suspects are regulated in Article 50 to Article 68 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This research is intended to determine the legal protection of suspects rights not to be subjected to violence in the investigation process and forms of violation of suspects rights in the investigation process. The methods used in this research are the socio-legal and statutory approaches. The socio-legal approach is used to examine and explore research issues by studying norms, related legal doctrines, and the application of both, as well as social phenomena related to the issue of legal protection for children as perpetrators of crimes. In addition, a statute approach is also used per the scientific character of law as a practical science with an authoritative normology. The result of this research is that the legal protection of the suspects right not to be subjected to violence in the investigation process has the most basic foundation which has been regulated in Article 28 G Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution and Article 33 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 39 of 1999 Regarding Human Rights, forms of violation of the suspects rights in the investigation process can be identified if the application of the suspects rights is not per the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code.

Assessment of the degree of social harmfulness of acts exhausting the elements set out in Article 35(1)-(2) of the Act of 21 August 1997 on the protection of animals. Comments on the background of rulings by common courts and the Supreme Court

The views expressed in the public discourse, accusing the courts of excessive leniency towards the perpetrators of crimes against animals, as well as the problems that the courts often have in correctly determining the degree of social harmfulness of the assessed criminal acts, made it reasonable to devote this article to the title issue. After all, among the whole range of negative consequences that may result from a faulty estimation of the degree of social harmfulness, the most significant are those that directly affect the content of the judgment, resulting in, among other things, inadequately lenient treatment of the perpetrator to the gravity of the act. However, the purpose of this article was not only to verify the main research hypothesis, assuming that in cases of crimes against animals, the courts also make mistakes in the sphere in question, but also to determine what these failures consist of and what causes them, and, moreover, how they can be prevented. By the adopted research perspective, in-depth considerations (taking into account the achievements of science and jurisprudence in the area relevant to the subject of the study) were subjected not only to the decisions of common courts and the Supreme Court in cases involving the crimes mentioned above but also paid attention to the issue of social harmfulness of the title offences in the abstract, also making comparative legal analyses. As a result of the research, it was found that in cases of crimes against animals, the courts make mistakes in estimating the degree of social harmfulness of the act, which are not uniform. Among the most serious of these are the deficiencies that result from problems with the actual perception of the animal as a "being capable of feeling suffering" to which humans owe "respect, protection and care." In order to eliminate the defects above, it is necessary to take educational measures not only in the field of law but also in the basics of the sciences dealing with sensation consciousness and animal welfare.

Diversi Oleh Pengadilan Negeri Kotabumi Sebagai Bentuk Penyelesaian Perkara Anak

Furthermore, the Children's Judge in its implication has an obligation and realizes a balanced Diversity Agreement for both parties, in which the agreement of diversia is an agreement on the results of the Diversion deliberation process as outlined in the form of documents and signed by the parties involved in the Diversion deliberation. handling children as perpetrators of crime is one form of attention of judges to the conditions of children who are different from adults, the nature of children as individuals who are still unstable, the future of children as assets of the nation and the position of people in communities who still need protection can be used as a basis for searching alternative solutions on how to avoid children from a formal criminal justice system.
 The method used in this study is an empirical approach derived from data collection obtained from primary data and secondary data, then analyzed by qualitative analysis methods.
 The results of this study ultimately provide the answer that diversion as a form of settlement of child criminal cases through the Restorative justice approach by Judges of Children in the Kotabumi District Court can be implicated because of observing 1) The best interests of the Child, 2) The survival and growth of the Child. The suggestion from this research is that the role of the Facilitator needs to be socialized more intensively to the community because there are still many people who do not understand correctly the implementation of diversion.

학교폭력 방지를 위한 법제 개선방안

The Act on the Prevention and Countermeasures of School Violence stipulates matters necessary for the prevention and countermeasures of school violence. The purpose of this law is to protect the human rights of students and foster students as healthy members of society through protection of victims, leading and education of perpetrators, and mediation of disputes between victims and perpetrators.
 Although the law was enacted and implemented in 2004, measures are urgent as various types of violence still occurring in schools have emerged as serious social problems even after the law's enforcement.
 In order to prevent such school violence, various policies and systems are being implemented to prevent it, such as hiring school police officers to quickly cope with the problem of school violence.
 However, recently, sexual violence inside and outside schools has been expanding to digital sexual violence, transforming into various sexual violence crimes.
 Now, as the public's perception that sexual violence inside and outside schools should no longer be tolerated and that punishment for criminal minors is not in line with the public's legal sentiment, public opinion has been formed that schools are no longer a safe zone for sexual violence crimes, and calls for strong sanctions and social control are increasing for perpetrators of school violence.
 Meanwhile, there were 1,210 sexual violence crimes against children under the age of 13 in 2021, showing an increase from 2012 to 2019, slightly decreasing in 2020 and then increasing again in 2021, increasing the number of sexual violence crimes against children under the age of 13 by 7.4% over the decade from 2012 to 2021. Sexual violence crimes against 13 to 20 years old recorded the highest number of cases in 2013, then decreased until 2020 and then increased again in 2021. Sexual violence crimes in children aged 13 to 20 decreased by 11.9% over the 10-year period from 2012 to 2021. Since this trend of decline is the result of a decrease in related crimes due to a decrease in the population between the ages of 13 and 20, the increase in sexual violence crimes in children under the age of 13 should be noted in this study.
 Therefore, countermeasures should be prepared according to the age and type of perpetrators of sexual violence crimes in schools, and the role of school police officers should be expanded to secure objectivity, reliability, and expertise in case investigations.
 In addition, if the perpetrator is a student under the age of 10, considering the seriousness of the crime in the event of sexual violence inside and outside the school, the juvenile law should be revised to expand the age of responsibility for protective measures and to include educational or disciplinary measures in the content of protective measures, and early education on sexual violence prevention to parents and children before entering elementary school is expected to play a major role in raising awareness of sexual violence crimes inside and outside the school and preventing crimes.

Justice collaborator status in murder based on Law Number 31 of 2014

Provisions regarding Justice Collaborator are regulated in Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning the Protection of Witnesses and Victims. In practice, it is not uncommon for the role of Justice Collaborator to be applied inappropriately. For example, in the case of Bharada Richard Eliezer Pudihang Lumiu. This study aims to examine and analyze the determination of justice collaborator according to Law Number 31 of 2014 and examine and analyze the ideal construction of determining the status of justice collaborator for perpetrators of premeditated murder crimes. This study uses normative juridical research with secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results showed that the determination of the status of justice collaborator in the Brigadier Joshua murder case by the defendant Ricard Eliezer the application for Justice Collaborator status should have been rejected by the panel of judges, where the crime of premeditated murder was not included in the category of cases that qualified as Justice Collaborator based on the provisions of Law Number 31 of 2014, but for the sake of disclosure of the case, and in order to fulfill the responsibility of judges in carrying out their main duties and functions, to enforce the law optimally in order to fulfill a sense of justice, expediency and legal certainty. The Justice Collaborator system for premeditated murder perpetrators requires clearer, more detailed legal rules, as per the rule of law, legality, and certainty theories, compared to arrangements in America, Italy, and Hong Kong.

SMART CTZEN: A DIGITAL STORYTELLING APP TO EMPOWER YOUTH’S AWARENESS IN CYBER SAFETY AND SECURITY

The impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on Malaysian educational institutions highlights the rise in cybercrime cases among students. Studies indicate that university students are the top users of the Internet with high daily internet usage, yet, this group of users are not only the victims but also the perpetrators of cyber threats and crimes. Despite being the top Internet users, youth aged 18-25 have been found to have limited understanding of cyber threats, making them more susceptible to such threats, or to become an accidental outlaw. Therefore, this study aims to uncover the types of threats that are prevalent among university students and ways to address these threats. This study found that majority of undergraduate students experienced cyberbullying, gaming addiction, depression and anxiety due to cyber threats, online sexual harassment and online financial scams. In order to address this contemporary phenomenon, this study proposes a digital storytelling application which aims to educate youth about strategies to recognize cyber threats, respond to these threats appropriately, and make informed decisions about their cyber behaviour. It also proposes that being vigilant about these strategies are in line with Islamic teachings and principles. This will equip them with the necessary knowledge and skills to protect themselves, their finances, and their safety, security and privacy in the cyber space, so that they are able to contribute to a safer digital community.

Reconstructing Legal Protections for Justice Collaborators within the Criminal Justice System as an Effort to Uncover Common Crimes in Indonesia

Perpetrators of general crimes who are willing to cooperate with law enforcement are commonly referred to as justice collaborators. These individuals play a crucial role as a valuable source of information for law enforcement agencies in unveiling general crimes, particularly those involving intricate criminal networks. Justice collaborators offer testimony, guidance, and even assist in securing substantial evidence to bolster criminal cases currently under investigation by authorities. The primary objective of this research is to examine the overhaul of legal safeguards for justice collaborators within the Indonesian criminal justice system, aiming to facilitate the detection of general criminal activities. This research adopts a normative legal research approach with a statutory focus. The author, in addressing the research question, relies on primary legal sources, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal references as parameters for problem resolution. For data collection, a qualitative approach was chosen, specifically emphasizing a quality assessment. Consequently, the technique employed for data collection in this study is qualitative analysis. Within this research, two pivotal issues related to reconstruction will be elucidated. First, the study will delve into the prerequisites for conferring justice collaborator status in general crimes. Second, it will explore the reconstruction of general criminal acts as actions eligible for justice collaborator involvement.

Criminal Liability For Perpetrators of Negligent Crimes Resulting in the Death of Others in Traffic Accidents

Criminal responsibility leads to the prosecution of the perpetrator who has committed a criminal act and fulfills its elements as stipulated in the law. Viewed from the perspective of the occurrence of a prohibited act (obligation), an individual will be criminally accountable for such actions if they are against the law. To hold someone criminally accountable, one must consider the culpability of the perpetrator. However, it is not sufficient to consider only the culpability; one must also consider the reasons and circumstances that eliminate the penalty as outlined in Articles 44, 48, 49, 50, and 51 of the Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP). In cases where the perpetrator has met the provisions of those articles, they are exempted from the threat of criminal charges. The research method used is normative juridical, which involves legal research on primary and secondary legal materials, especially those related to the discussed subject matter. This study aims to determine how criminal responsibility is imposed on perpetrators of negligent crimes resulting in the death of others in traffic accidents. From the research findings, it is concluded that the defendant Mariyanto, based on the trial facts, did not meet the criteria set forth in Articles 44, 48, 49, 50, and 51 of the KUHP that would eliminate the penalty. Therefore, Mariyanto can be held responsible and subject to criminal accountability. Considering that the victim also bears some responsibility contributing to the commission of the offense and that the defendant had no malicious intent, posing no danger, the writer suggests that the defendant should be appropriately sentenced to probation, as proposed by Mariyanto's Legal Counsel in their plea, taking into account humanitarian and justice considerations.

Hukum Tentang Begal Sepeda Motor Di Kota Medan

Law is a rule of rules made to regulate every behavior of the community so as not to carry out deviant activities. One of the actions that deviate from the norms of human life association is social problems, namely problems that occur in society where the perpetrators and victims are the people themselves. One of the deviant actions from the community is the crime of beheading where this beheading began to be rife in the Medan city area. The problem that has recently paraded the streets is often termed Begal. This begal is one of the street crimes, which has recently received serious attention from the public and law enforcement officials. This research was conducted using descriptive qualitative research and using direct interview techniques to police investigators for beheading crimes. The results showed that from several incidents that were successfully revealed by the police, data could be obtained that the perpetrators of this begal crime came from families with low economic and there was no relationship between low punishment for beheading perpetrators to the increase in beheading cases because the legal sanctions given are aimed at providing accountability for the acts resulting from crimes committed by someone

The Role of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation

Forensic science is a crucial element of the criminal justice system. Forensic scientists examine and analyse evidence from crime scenes and elsewhere to develop objective findings that can assist in the investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of crime or absolve an innocent person from suspicion. This study comprises a crime scene investigation, which is a scene where the case investigator and crime scene personnel work together to define and secure areas that may contain evidence; examine and document the scene; collect physical evidence; preserve, pack, and submit the evidence to the laboratory for analysis. Further, this study discusses forensic psychology and crime investigation, which elucidates the use of clinical specialties to walk through criminal acts and behaviours by applying psychological research, data, and theory to differentiate between the suspects and the main culprits. Additionally, the investigative techniques in forensic science have been thoroughly lined up, such as DNA analysis, finger printing, voice recognition, handwriting analysis, ballistics, autopsy, etc. Furthermore, the role of DNA profiling technology is conceptualised as a procedure that can be used to identify individuals on the basis of their unique genetic makeup. Moreover, the role of forensics in the identification of the accused and victim is mentioned in this study. The identification of the victim is executed by examining the teeth, mouth, or body alignment. To obtain an identification of the suspect, police use several modes like visual, audio, scientific, and test identification parades. Next, the role of toxicology, serology, and narcotics analysis in investigation is related to this study. These three deal with the study of chemistry, biology, and psychotherapy for the individual. This study makes use of brain mapping, polygraph, and narcotics analysis, the tests that are useful to know the concealed information that is related to crime. Eventually, the forensic evidence and the opinion of the experts are the last steps to assist the criminal investigation and to subjectively correlate all the aspects of the forensic methodology and crime scene.

Analysis of Judge's Decisions Against Narcotics Crime Perpetrators

The aim of writing this thesis is to find out the principles applied by judges when they determine criminal sentences against individuals who personally abuse class I narcotics and the obstacles judges have in making decisions. The research was conducted at the Watampone District Court office. Data types are primary and secondary data. Primary data sources were obtained through direct interviews with Watampone District Court Judges. Apart from that, Decision number 288/pid.sus/2022/Pn Wtp. Secondary data comes from laws, documents and other legal regulations, as well as from literature from various journals and books. The results of the research prove that the basis for the judge's consideration is whether or not the narcotics case is serious or not and the characteristics and point of view of the perpetrator of narcotics abuse. The judge considers the incident that the defendant was proven to have committed narcotics abuse. Other considerations include various perspectives, namely juridical and non-juridical perspectives. the defendant's statement and legal facts revealed during the trial. Meanwhile, non-juridical considerations include the defendant's actions in the trial process, as well as aspects of age and responsibility. And what becomes an obstacle for judges when handing down decisions is the intervention of the parties towards the judges.

Experimental Effects of Substance Use Legality (Sober, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine) and Sexual Crime (Indecent Exposure, Rape) on Attributions of Perpetrator Responsibility, Blame, and Punishment

Background: The perceived culpability of a sexual crime perpetrator may be attributed as a function of both the legality of the substance used when committing the crime and the severity of the sex crime. Objectives: The experiment applied attribution theory to examine the simultaneous impact of substance use legality and sexual crime severity on participants’ perceptions of responsibility, blame, and punishment toward sexual crime perpetrators. Methods: Participants (N = 461) in this 4 (substance legality) × 2 (sexual crime severity) experimental design were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions to read a police report depicting a sexual offense. The independent variable of substance legality was manipulated as the perpetrator’s usage of no substance (sober), alcohol (legal), marijuana (partially legal), or cocaine (illegal) at the time of the crime. The second independent variable of sexual crime severity was manipulated as the offense of indecent exposure (mild offense) or rape (severe offense) committed by the perpetrator. After reading the manipulated vignette, participants rated outcome measures involving the perpetrator’s responsibility, blame (guilt attributions, external attributions, and mental element attributions), and punishment (punishment attitudes and punishment severity). Results: Factorial MANCOVA and ANCOVAs were performed. Participants tended to attribute greater responsibility and blame, but not punishment, toward the sober perpetrator compared to the perpetrator intoxicated with alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine. Additionally, participants attributed significantly greater responsibility, blame, and punishment toward the perpetrator of rape compared to indecent exposure. Conclusions: The experiment supported that both substance legality and sexual crime severity uniquely served as contextual factors that played roles in people’s judgments about crimes. Findings offer drug policy information regarding how substance intoxication is perceived as a mitigating excuse in criminal justice systems for committing sexual offenses.

The dispute between national jurisdiction and the international criminal court for extraordinary and humanity crimes

Where there is society there is law (Ubi Societas Ibi Ius), and when drug crime as an "extraordinary crime" claimed more than 4 million victims (2016) in the Philippines, then President Duterte according to national criminal law declared "War on Drugs Operation", and as a result the perpetrators of crimes died 12,000 people, however, Duterte was instead considered a perpetrator of crimes against humanity (extrajudicial killing) by the International Criminal Court (ICC). Research Methods with Normative Juridical through literature study, and according to the formulation of the problem raised, it was found and concluded that, First, the authority of the Philippines to make a policy of "War on Drugs Operation" tackling extraordinary drug crimes in a reflexive manner with the principle of legality of Article 9 Republic Act 9145 is a lawful policy, Second, in legal jurisdictional disputes, then as long as the enforcement of the national law is carried out based on the applicable criminal law, then the justice that must be put forward is justice in national law, in this case the ICC actually has to reform the law in the Rome Statute because there is still a void in the norms governing such jurisdictional disputes.

Universal jurisdiction and the obligation to extradite or prosecute

The article is devoted to the question of the relationship between the aut dedere aut judicare principle and concepts of universal jurisdiction in international criminal law. Cooperation between states in the fight against international crimes involves, among other things, solving the issue of the exercise of national criminal jurisdiction, including universal jurisdiction, as well as the implementation of the aut dedere aut judicare principle. Providing universal jurisdiction is an important element of prosecuting alleged perpetrators of crimes of international concern, especially when the alleged perpetrator is not prosecuted in the territory where the crime was committed. It was determined that each state defines the scope of its criminal jurisdiction (including universal jurisdiction) and each state is responsible for determining the scope of its criminal law. States are required to conform to their international obligations, including refraining from interfering in the internal affairs of other states and implementing obligations on prosecution or extradition. A conclusion was made about the importance of distinguishing the concepts of universal jurisdiction and aut dedere aut judicare. Universal jurisdiction applies when there is no other connection to the state (territoriality, nationality, the protective principle or any other basis). Aut dedere aut judicare obligation entails the transfer of the case to the competent authorities for prosecution or extradition, not the establishment of jurisdiction. In order to fulfill the obligation aut dedere aut judicare, the state must already have passed laws criminalizing certain acts. An obligation aut dedere aut judicare does not only refer to serious crimes committed by a foreigner against a foreigner abroad. An aut dedere aut judicare obligation is not limited to situations in which a universal jurisdiction is required to be applied for the prosecution or extradition.