Peroxidase Polyphenol Oxidase Activity Research Articles

Defense Inducer Compounds Up-regulated the Peroxidase, Polyphenol Oxidase, and Total Phenol Activities against Spot Blotch Disease of Wheat.

Spot blotch disease of wheat caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem is considered as an economically important disease which affects all the growing stages of wheat crop. Therefore, it is important to search some effective management strategies against the spot blotch pathogen. Some synthetic elicitor compounds (salicylic acid, isonicotinic acid, and chitosan) and nano-particles (silver and aluminum) were tested against the pathogen to observe the change in biochemical activity and defense action of wheat plant against spot blotch disease. All the tested elicitor compounds and nano-particles showed a significant increase in activity of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and total phenol over control. The highest increase in activity of peroxidase was recorded at 72 h from chitosan at 2 mM and 96 h from silver nano-particle at 100 ppm. Maximum PPO and total phenol activity were recorded from chitosan at 2 mM and silver nano-particle at 100 ppm as compared to pathogen-treated and healthy control. The lowest percent disease index, lowest no. of spots/leaf, and no. of infected leaves/plant were found in silver nano-particle at 100 ppm and chitosan at 2 mM, respectively. The use of defense inducer compounds results in significantly up-regulated enzymatic activity and reduced spot blotch disease. Therefore, chitosan and silver nano-particle could be used as alternative methods for the management of spot blotch disease.

Impact of Isonicotinic Acid Blending in Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol on Ripening-Dependent Changes of Green Stage Tomato.

The effect of isonicotinic acid (INA) in a chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend on ripening-dependent changes of preserved green tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was examined at room temperature. The results showed that CS/PVA/INA 0.5 mM and CS/PVA/INA 1.0 mM formulations retarded firmness loss and delayed the pigmentation parameters i.e., lycopene (LYP), total carotenes (TCs), and titratable acidity (TA). The CS/PVA/INA 0.5 mM and CS/PVA/INA 1.0 mM formulations were able to delay the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and total polyphenol (TP) contents. Furthermore, the peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities of tomatoes coated with CS/PVA/INA 0.5 mM and CS/PVA/INA 1.0 mM formulations were lower than those in other treatments. Meanwhile, the CS/PVA blend had the highest TP content, as well as the highest PPO and PAL activities, at the late stage of maturation. The UV analysis showed that the CS/PVA/INA blend film is a promising UV-protective food packaging material. The pure CS, PVA, and INA formulations, as well as the CS/PVA, CS/PVA/INA 0.5 mM, and CS/PVA/INA 1.0 mM formulations, were characterized by infrared (FTIR). The three polymer formulations showed strong antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea.

Quantitive changes of enzyme activity in wheat induced by Streptomyces sp. Strain HU2014

Biocontrol microorganism have a diverse range of activities and they have been focused on potential biocontrol agents in agriculture. They can induce plant defensed response and enhance plant disease resistance. Streptomyces sp. produce active metabolites that can inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. Induced resistance is usually indicated by the activity of Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenoloxidase (PPO), and Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) or other defense enzymes. The related reports mainly focused on disease control or promoting growth of cash crops or vegetables, but less on wheat presently. Moreover, the information about the concentration of fermentation broth and mycelia of Streptomyces affected the quantitative changes of defensed enzyme activities is limited. In this study, we started from isolating a Streptomyces strain, named S. sp. strain HU2014, and demonstrated (POD), (PPO), (PAL) enzymes in different concentration of the mycelia (M) and extracellular filtrate (EF) of the strain with the application of soil drench treatment. The enzyme activities were determined by visible spectrophotometry. The results showed that the activities of POD and PAL at the concentration of 103-fold dilution of the EF increased significantly to some extent in comparison with untreated control, by 173.86 % (P < 0.05) and 71.92 % (P < 0.05), respectively. In the range of different concentration of the M, POD and PPO activities were enhanced with the increasing of dilution ratio, but the difference was not significant. It is expected to be an excellent resource for the development of new biological preparations.

Systemic Resistance in Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Elicited by Some Chemicals and Biotic Inducers Against White Mold Disease Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The effect of chemicals and biotic inducers i.e., Bion [benzothiadiazole (BTH)], Salicylic acid (SA), Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum as seed treatments of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Paulista.) compared to the fungicide Topsin M-70, were evaluated in the greenhouse and under field conditions during the two successive growing seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 at Ashmoun, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt to control the white mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. All the tested chemicals and biotic inducers treatments significantly reduced the percentages of pre- and post-emergence damping-off compared with the untreated control under greenhouse conditions. The highest percentage of survived plants was achieved by Topsin M-70 and Bion, followed by B. subtilis, Salicylic acid, and T. harzianum. Activities of defense-related enzymes peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) enzymes, and phenol content were determined. Bion treatment showed the highest increase in PO and PPO activity and total phenols followed by B. subtilis, Salicylic acid, and T. harzianum treatments in the presence of S. sclerotiorum. In the two successive growing seasons under field conditions, all the tested chemicals and biotic inducers treatments reduced the percentage of white mold incidence and severity of the treated snap bean plants compared with the untreated control. The highest reduction of disease incidence and severity was recorded by Topsin M-70 followed by Bion, B. subtilis, Salicylic acid,and T. harzianum, respectively. As well as, all treatments significantly increased vegetative characteristics i.e., plant height, No. of branches/plant, plant fresh and dry weight, and yield parameters i.e., average pod weight (g) and yield (ton/fed). Furthermore, chemical composition of green pods showed a significant increase in protein and carbohydrates content (%) beside all minerals Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) content as compared with the untreated control in the two growing seasons.

Quality, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity and enzymes activity of ‘El-Bayadi’ table grapes at harvest as affected by preharvest salicylic acid and gibberellic acid spray

Berry quality, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity and enzymes activity of ‘El-Bayadi’ table grapes cultivar at harvest as affected by preharvest spray of salicylic acid (SA, 4.0mM) and gibberellic acid (GA3, 30mg/L) were evaluated during 2014 and 2015 seasons. GA3 spray increased berry weight, length and width compared to SA and control treatments. SA spray decreased berry length and width compared to control. Both cluster weight and length increased by SA and GA3 compared to control. TSS content was not affected by treatments, but was higher in 2015 than 2014 season. Titratable acidity was higher at GA3 and SA treatments than control and was higher in 2014 than 2015 season. TSS/acid ratio was lower at SA than GA3 and control treatments. Berry firmness was lower at SA than GA3 and control treatments and was higher in 2014 than 2015 season. Total phenols and flavonoids concentrations were higher at SA and GA3 treatments than control. trans-resveratrol concentration increased, while trans-piceid decreased by SA spray compared to GA3 and control treatments. Total phenols concentration was higher in 2015 than 2014 season, in contrast to total flavonoids and trans-resveratrol. Vitamin C concentration increased by GA3 spray compared to SA and control and was higher in 2015 season than 2014. Peroxidase (POD) polyphenoloxidase (PPO), polygalacturonase (PG) and xylanase activities increased by GA3 spray compared to SA and control. While, SA spray decreased both POD and PPO activities compared to control. Both SA and GA3 spray lowered antioxidant capacity (higher DPPH IC50 values) than control. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and protein concentrations were higher at SA and GA3 treatments than control. In conclusion, preharvest spray of SA and GA3 could be used to improve the overall quality ‘El-Bayadi’ table grapes.

Defence responses of cucurbitaceous rootstocks and bitter gourd scions against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita kofoid and white

Defence Responses of Cucurbitaceous Rootstocks and Bitter Gourd Scions against Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne Incognita Kofoid and White Pot culture experiments were conducted under in vitro to understand the biochemical changes takes place during nematode attack and to identify resistant rootstocks for grafting with bitter gourd scions. Results revealed that, three genotypes viz.,Kumatikai (Citrulus colocynthis), African horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) encompass the lowest value for number of galls per gram root, egg masses per gram root and numbers of females per gram of root and showed resistant reaction followed by two rootstocks viz.,Sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) and mithipakal (Momordica charantia var. muricata) bare minimum values and are moderately resistant. These resistant reaction yet again confirmed by assessment of defence enzymes viz.,phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), Acid phosphatase and biochemical components viz., total phenol and ortho dihydroxy phenol (OD phenol). The present study indicates that rapid augmentation of PAL, PO, PPO, acid phosphatase, total phenol and OD phenols activities were noticed in resistant rootstocks viz., C. colocynthis, C. metuliferus and C. moschata and started to increase at 24 hours after inoculation, reached maximum at 96 hours after inoculation and thereafter declined. Similarly, native poly acralamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis revealed that one to six isoforms of defence enzymes were observed in aforementioned resistant rootstocks whereas fewer isoforms with less intensity were noticed in susceptible rootstocks and bitter gourd scions. These results suggest that the aforementioned resistant rootstocks are potential source for managing root knot nematode menace in bitter gourd by grafting...

Optimisation of the process parameters of combined high hydrostatic pressure and dense phase carbon dioxide on enzyme inactivation in feijoa (Acca sellowiana) puree using response surface methodology

Abstract The effects of pressure (200–600 MPa), process time (1–13 min), pH (3.0–3.6), and CO2 levels (no CO2, CO2 saturation, and saturation with addition of 8.5 mL CO2/g sample) in a combined high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and dense-phase carbon-dioxide process on 3 enzymes: peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and pectinmethylesterase (PME), of feijoa (Acca sellowiana) puree were studied using response surface methodology (27 treatments). Increasing treatment time reduced all enzyme activities, while increasing CO2 levels decreased PME activity, and pressure influenced PPO activity. The lower pH values tended to increase enzyme inactivation. The optimal process conditions of 13 min, 600 MPa, pH = 3, CO2 saturation, resulted in 74.3 ± 3.3%, 70.9 ± 2.6% and 53.9 ± 0.9% residual activity for POD, PPO and PME respectively. Combination of CO2 with HHP induced synergistic enzyme inactivation, and reduction of pH did not prove to be the main factor. Industrial relevance High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) achieves the safety of beverages as a non-thermal method, but it may activate undesirable enzymes. Therefore, the product may have a short shelf life due to e.g. settling and colour change. Addition of carbon dioxide to HHP was shown to increase enzyme inactivation. Our study determined the optimal conditions to reduce enzyme activity in feijoa puree by this method. When industrial means become available to combine these processes, then in addition to safety and nutrient preservation, the shelf life of products will also increase.

Potential of ethyl acetate fractions of Stryphnodendron adstringens shells and fruit extracts of Caesalpinia ferrea to control bacterial leaf speck and on the potentiation of defense enzymes in tomato

Considering the importance of bacterial leaf speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in reducing tomato yield and difficulties in disease control, this study investigated the effects of fractions of shells extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens (Sa) and fruit extract of Caesalpinia ferrea (Cf) compared to Acibenzolar-S-Methyl (ASM) on reducing bacterial leaf speck symptoms and on the potentiation of the activities of defense enzymes. The number of lesions per plant (NLP) was significantly lower in plants treated with the ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of S. adstringens (Sa) and ASM compared to other treatments (EAF of Cf, n-butanol fractions of Sa and Cf, aqueous fractions of Sa and Cf and sterile distilled water). The bacteria were inhibited by the EAF of Sa and EAF of Cf and n-butanol fractions of Sa and Cf according to the bioautography assay. Saponins and tannins were the two major compounds found in these fractions based on the phytochemical analysis. Peroxidase (POX), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities were determined on the leaves of plants treated with EAF Sa, ASM and sterile distilled water. Both POX and PAL activities were higher at 3 and 6 days after inoculation (dai), while the PPO and GLU activities were higher from 9 to 12 dai. It is suggested that saponins increased tomato resistance to P. s. pv. tomato because no antimicrobial activity against the bacteria was observed. In conclusion, the EAF Sa was very efficient in reducing bacterial leaf speck symptoms in conditions where the POX, PPO, PAL and GLU activities played a pivotal role in increasing tomato resistance to the disease.

Biochemical changes in barberries during adventitious root formation: the role of indole-3-butyric acid and hydrogen peroxide

Peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenolic compounds and total sugars (TS) were investigated during root formation in cuttings of Berberis vulgaris var. asperma (BVA) and Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea (BTA) treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and IBA+H2O2. Rooting was observed on BTA cuttings but not on BVA cuttings. The BTA cuttings treated with IBA and IBA+H2O2 showed higher rooting percentages, number of roots, and root length over the control. Those treated with IBA+H2O2 recorded the lowest peroxidase activity after planting. BTA cuttings treated with IBA+H2O2 showed the highest peroxidase activity at 50 d after planting; BVA cuttings under different treatments showed no significant difference for peroxidase activity at planting time or up to 80 d after planting. PPO activity for the BTA cuttings in the control treatment was lower than for other treatments during root formation. The cuttings in the IBA and IBA+H2O2 treatments showed increased PPO activity from 0 to 50 d after planting and a slight decrease in PPO activity from 60 to 80 d after planting. PPO activity for the BVA cuttings was significantly lower than for BTA during root formation. The BTA cuttings treated with IBA and IBA+H2O2 showed the highest phenolic compound content during root formation. The BVA cuttings displayed higher TS than BTA during the initial stage of root formation. A comparison of the anatomical structure of easy-to-root and difficult-to-root cuttings indicated that physical inhibitors did not affect the rooting capacity of BVA.

Physiological and antioxidant responses of Medicago sativa-rhizobia symbiosis to cyanobacterial toxins (Microcystins) exposure

Toxic cyanobacteria in freshwaters can induce potent harmful effects on growth and development of plants irrigated with contaminated water. In this study, the effect of cyanobacteria extract containing Microcystins (MC) on Medicago sativa-rhizobia symbiosis was investigated in order to explore plants response through biomass production, photosynthetic pigment and antioxidant enzymes analysis: Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and Catalase (CAT). Alfalfa plants were inoculated with two endosymbiotic rhizobial strains: RhOL1 (MC less sensitive strain) and RhOL3 (MC more sensitive strain), to evaluate the rhizobial contribution on the plant response cultured under cyanobacterial toxins stress. The two rhizobia strains were identified as Ensifer meliloti by sequence analysis of their rrs and atpD genes. The chronic exposure to MC extract showed shoot, root and nodules dry weight decrease, in both symbiosis cultures. The rate of decline in plants inoculated with RhOL3 was higher than that in symbiosis with RhOL1 mainly at 20 μg L−1 of MC. Cyanotoxins also reduced photosynthetic pigment content and generated an oxidative stress observed at cellular level. POD, PPO and CAT activities were significantly increased in leaves, roots and nodules of alfalfa plants exposed to MC. These enzyme activities were higher in plants inoculated with RhOL3 especially when alfalfa plants were exposed to 20 μg L−1 of MC. The present paper reports new scientific finding related to the behavior of rhizobia-M. sativa associations to MC (Microcystins) for later recommendation concerning the possible use of these symbiosis face to crops exposure to MC contaminated water irrigation.

Induced defense response in brinjal plants by Bacillus megaterium NBAII 63 against bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum

Bacillus megaterium strain NBAII 63 was identified as a potential bacterial antagonist against brinjal bacterial wilt pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum . It was tested for its ability to induce defense related enzymes viz., peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and total phenols against R. solanacearum in brinjal plants. Brinjal plants treated with B. megaterium challenge inoculated with R. solanacearum showed higher levels of defense related enzymes and phenols compared to antagonist alone, pathogen alone and untreated plants. B. megaterium strain NBAII 63 showed the higher activities of total phenols (173 μg g-1 of tissue compared to control 121), PO (2.75 change in OD min-1g-1 of tissue compared to control 0.75) and PPO activity (0.91 change in OD min-1g-1 compared to control 0.13) in brinjal plants treated with R. solanacearum. The present study clearly indicated that B. megaterium strain NBAII 63 has the ability to induce the defense related enzymes in the brinjal plants against R. solanacearum .

ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY CHANGES IN SPONGY TISSUE: A PHYSIOLOGICAL RIPENING DISORDER OF ‘TOMMY ATKINS’ MANGO

Changes in peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) activities during ripening of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Tommy Atkins, were measured. Samples were divided into 3 groups : F 1 = half of healthy fruit; F 2 = healthy half of fruit affected by spongy tissue and F 3 = spongy tissue-affected half of fruit with disorder. The fruit with spongy tissue has exhibited much higher POD end PPO activities than healthy fruit during storage at 12 ± 2°C and 90 ± 5% RH for 28 days.

Peroxidase, Polyphenoloxidase, and Superoxide Dismutase Activities in Relation to Apple Fruit Development, Ripening, and Storage

Peroxidase (POD), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured during several phases of bud development, ripening, and storage of `Oregon Spur Red Delicious' (Malus domestica Borkh) apple fruit. POD, PPO, and SOD activities were significantly altered as a result of bud development. At the early stages of fruit development, the activities of these enzymes were significantly higher, then declined as the fruit increased in size. The activities of these enzymes declined as the fruit reached full maturity. Fruits harvested 3 weeks before commercial maturity and stored for up to 6 months have higher enzyme activities than fruits harvested at or beyond commercial maturity. The activities of these enzymes in relation to fruit firmness, soluble solids, and ethylene will be determined and related to overall fruit quality.