Peroxidase Isozyme Patterns Research Articles

Expression of nuclear-cytoplasmic genomic incompatibility in interspecific Petunia somatic hybrid plants

Somatic hybrid plants were regenerated following calcium-high pH fusion of the unidirectional, sexually incompatible cross of Petunia parodii wild-type leaf mesophyll protoplasts with protoplasts from a cytoplasmic determined chlorophyll-deficient mutant of P. inflata. Genic complementation to chlorophyll synthesis and sustained growth in the selective medium was used to visually identify hybrid calluses. Hybrid calluses were subsequently regenerated to shoots, rooted, and confirmed as somatic hybrids by their intermediate floral and leaf morphology based on comparison to the 2 n = 4 x = 28 sexual counterpart, dominant anthocyanin expression in the corolla, chromosome number, and peroxidase and maleic dehydrogenase isozyme patterns. Certain cytologically stable somatic hybrids displayed aberrant reproductive and floral morphologies including subtle to moderate corolla and leaf pigment variegation, floral dimension changes and reduced pollen viability. In contrast, cytologically unstable somatic hybrids showed various degrees of aneuploidy coupled with corolla splitting, and irregularities in reproductive organs such as double stigmas and styles in addition to reduced pollen viability. Postulated mechanisms to account for these phenotypic changes in stable and unstable somatic hybrids include nuclear-cytoplasmic genomic incompatibility, chromosome loss in a biparental cytoplasm, or a phenomenon similar to hybrid dysgenesis occurring as a result of somatic fusion.

Proteins and Peroxidase in Callus and Suspension Cultures of Apple

Different methods for the isolation of soluble proteins were applied to cell cultures of three apple cultivars (Malus sylvestris Mill.), best results being obtained with a rapid technique based on freezing and thawing. Ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing followed by an improved silver staining method has shown that proteins from apple callus cultures consist of some 60 to 80 zones, with isoelectric points mainly between pH 4 to 7. Depending on protein content, adequate silver staining is achieved with 50 to 500 cells. Protein patterns of callus cultures allowed clear discrimination of cultivars. Protein and peroxidase isozyme patterns in cell saps of suspension cultures show striking differences during the growth cycle, whereas the protein patterns from the nutrient media were constant over the entire cultivation period and closely resembled the patterns of stationary phase and callus cells.

Peroxidase isozyme patterns in primary trisomics of pearl millet

The peroxidases zymogram phenotypes of seven primary trisomics of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) and their disomic sibs were determined. It was found that each of the trisomics can be differentiated from its disomic sib and from other trisomics on the basis of the isozyme band intensities.

Peroxidase from cultured peanut cells and fungal mycelium as auxin receptors

The electrophoretic patterns of peroxidase isozymes from cultured peanut cells and from the mycelium of Trametes versicolor showed minor difference

コバヤシミカンのキメラ性に関する研究-特に器官, 組織のアイソザイムパターンについて

The present experiment was undertaken to confirm the generally recognized assumption concerning the chimerism of Kobayashi-mikan. This cultivar is supposed to be a synthetic chimera which has arisen from the junction of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) scion and Natsudaidai (C. natsudaidai Hayata) stock. Peroxidase and esterase isozymes of foliage and fruit parts as well as immature leaves and rootlets of young seedlings were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis. The results obtained from a zymographic comparison of Kobayashi-mikan, satsuma mandarin and Natsudaidai are summarized as follows.1. In the case of samples taken in July, peroxidase isozyme patterns of new and old leaves as well as albedo of Kobayashi-mikan distinctly resembled those of Natsudaidai. The pattern of juice sac of Kobayashi-mikan considerably resembled that of satsuma mandarin. Esterase isozyme patterns of flavedo and albedo of Kobayashi-mikan were completely the same as those of Natsudaidai.2. In the case of samples taken in October, peroxidase isozyme patterns of old leaves as well as flavedo of Kobayashi-mikan were nearly the same as those of Natsudaidai. The patterns of albedo and new leaves of Kobayashi-mikan resembled those of Natsudaidai. Esterase isozyme patterns of old leaves and seeds of Kobayashi -mikan were equal to those of Natsudaidai. The patterns of flavedo, alvedo and new leaves of Kobayashi-mikan were rather similar to those of Natsudaidai.3. Peroxidase and esterase isozyme patterns of immature leaves and rootlets of young seedlings grown from seeds of Kobayashi-mikan were similar to those of young seedlings grown from seeds of Natsudaidai. From these results, the hypothesis that Kobayashi-mikan is a graft-induced periclinal chimera between satsuma mandarin and Natsudaidai has been further confirmed.

Pigmentation and Soluble Peroxidase Isozyme Patterns of Leaves of Pedilanthus tithymaloides L. variegatus as a Result of Daily Temperature Differences

In a constant environment with a narrow (less than 8 degrees C) daily temperature difference (deltat), leaves of Pedilanthus tithymaloides L. variegatus usually appeared green. After at least two days of deltat > 10 degrees C, new leaves had become green-white, and a red pigmentation appeared and increased if high deltat conditions were maintained. If plants were returned to a narrow deltat, new green leaves reappeared. Electrophoretic patterns of soluble peroxidase isozymes changed during the color changes. Three groups of electrophoretic bands occurred, and each was related to a characteristic tissue. The development of red color was correlated with the appearance of the group with the fastest electrophoretic mobility and the highest peroxidase activity.

A few studies on application of peroxidase isozyme patterns in mosses

A few studies on application of peroxidase isozyme patterns in mosses

Thermal neutron induced changes in Saintpaulia

Saintpaulia ionantha “Ulery” Wend. cuttings were irradiated with thermal neutrons (250, 1000 and 5000 rad) to determine radiation effects on lethality, root formation, morphology and peroxidase isozymes. Lethality was high at the high doses. Irradiated cuttings showed increases in the time required for roots to form. Although no morphologically distinct mutants were recovered, separation of peroxidase proteins showed that radiation permanently altered peroxidase isozyme patterns. Radiation-induced mutations increased the number of isozymes which were catalytically active but different in their electrophoretic mobility. Radiation also destroyed the catalytic activity or suppressed synthesis of native isozymes. Thus, the isolation of peroxidase isozymes served as an effective genetic marker for radiation-induced mutants.

Identification of Callery pear cultivars by peroxidase isozyme patterns

Identification of Callery pear cultivars by peroxidase isozyme patterns

Peroxidase activity in plant leaves exposed to gaseous HCl or ozone

Previous studies of plants subjected to air pollutant stress indicated that increased total peroxidase (PRO) activity and/or altered PRO isozyme patterns are frequently induced. Phaselus vulgaris var. U1 111 and Lycopersicon esculentum var. Heinz 1350 plants exposed to either gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) for 20 min or ozone (O 3) for 1 h were employed to determine if (1) total PRO activity increased following pollutant stress, (2) increased PRO activity was associated with non-necrotic injury, and (3) PRO isozyme patterns were altered after pollutant stress. Non-necroroc foliar macroscopic injury was dependent on pollutant concentration in the bean—O 3, tomato—O 3, and bean—HCl combinations, but not for the combination of tomato—HCl where there was little injury. Total PRO activity increased for all combinations. In only one (bean—O 3), however, was elevated PRO activity statistically related to pollutant concentration. In the others, only the post-exposure time interval was related to PRO activity. No differences of isozyme pattern were discerned between PRO samples obtained from tomato exposed to charcoal-filtered air and either O 3 or HCl. The PRO isozyme pattern of samples obtained from bean varied with imposed stress and sampling time. The results obtained indicate that PRO levels may be elevated by subjection to air pollutant stress and that PRO activity is sensitive to the internal physiological conditions of the plants. Its extreme sensitivity, however, precludes its use as a reliable indicator of pollutant stress.

An electrophoretic survey of seedling isozymes in several Phaseolus species

Starch-gel electrophoresis was used to study esterase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase isozyme patterns in the primary leaves, stems, and roots of 13 species within the genus Phaseolus (P. acutifolius, P. adenanthus, P. angularis, P. atropurpureus, P. aureus, P. bracteatus, P. calcaratus, P. lathyroides, P. mungo, P. ricciardianus, domestic P. vulgaris, and wild P. coccineus and P. vulgaris). Most species showed unique banding patterns in each isozyme system. However, a close similarity in banding patterns was observed for the domestic P. vulgaris, wild P. vulgaris, and wild P. coccineus indicating close genetic relationships, possibly through species introgression or common descent. Great differences in isozyme patterns were found for different tissues from the same species in all systems indicating the high tissue specificity of isozymes. Upon compilation of bands from all the species, a very large number of isozymes were obtained in each system or tissue, making the electrophoretic isozyme technique of high potential in studies of isozyme variants in this genus.

Production of interspecific hybrids inLotusaided by endosperm transplants

Abstract Endosperm transplants were used to aid the in vitro culture of young Lotus embryos. Three tetraploid hybrids of 4x L. pedunculatus × 4x L. tenuis were obtained. Three tetraploid hybrids of 4x L. tenuis × L. corniculatus were grown from full-term embryos on a simple medium. Hybridity for all tetraploids was confirmed by morphological studies and, where appropriate, by the presence of hydrocyanic acid, flavanol polymers (“tannins”), and patterns of phosphatase and peroxidase isozymes.

Identification and polymorphism of cultivars and wild ecotypes of safflower based on isozyme patterns

Acid phosphatase and cathodal peroxidase isozyme patterns were used to identify nine introduced and five local cultivars of common safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and seven ecotypes of wild safflower (C. oxyacanthaBieb.). Nineteen and nine bands, respectively, were readily observed for the phosphatase and peroxidase systems in the extracts from seedling shoots. Results indicated that both systems could be used jointly for complete identification of all the 21 seed sources used.

Identification of broad bean cultivars based on isozyme patterns

With the increasing rate of new cultivar production for different crop plants, there is great need for methods of identifying each cultivar discriminatingly. Starch gel electrophoresis was employed to study the differences between the esterase and cathodal peroxidase isozyme patterns of 40 broad bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars. A total of 10 and 17 medium to darkly stained bands were obtained for esterase and peroxidase systems, respectively. Bands from each enzyme system could be gropuped into three zones. Bands belonging to zone 1 of esterase (E1) and zones 2 and 3 of peroxidase (P2 and P3) were quite distinct, stained intensely, and were especially useful for identification purposes.

ANATOMICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PEROXIDASE ISOZYMES IN BARLEY KERNELS

Two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars with different peroxidase isozyme patterns were studied using polyacrylamide-slab electrophoresis at pH 4.75 to separate the enzymes, and 3-amino-9-ethyl carbazole or o-dianisidine as hydrogen donors to detect peroxidase isozymes. Peroxidase isozyme patterns of extracts of very immature kernels up to 19 days post-anthesis were quite different from isozyme patterns from extracts of more mature kernels. During malting, the peroxidase isozymes of mature barely persisted in green malt, but an additional isozyme was detected in malt after 3 days of germination. Immature kernels with peroxidase isozyme patterns identical to those found in mature kernels for each barley cultivar were dissected into different tissue fractions including husks, pericarp, "green layer," aleurone, endosperm, embryo and scutellum. Electrophoresis of extracts of these tissues revealed the anatomical location of most of the peroxidase enzymes in the whole kernels of the two cultivars.

Comparative Electrophoresis and Isozyme Analysis of Seed Proteins from Cultivated Races of Sorghum

Comparative disc electrophoresis of acidic proteins, basic proteins, and isozymes of esterase, MDH, and peroxidase were performed with aqueous extracts of seeds from seven cultivars belonging to five races of Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor: bicolor, caudatum, durra, guinea, and kafir. Two disc electrophoretic systems were employed. Acidic proteins were electrophoresed in an anionic system (tris-glycine buffer, pH 8.3). Basic proteins were electrophoresed in a cationic system (β-alanin-acetate buffer, pH 4.5). Soluble proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Isozyme activity was detected by using specific enzyme stains and substrates. Each cultivar yielded reproducible, characteristic patterns of distinct acidic and basic proteins. Cultivars belonging to the same race produced identical protein and isozyme patterns. The degree of electrophoretic similarity among races was estimated by calculating similarity index values for each of the 10 possible pairs of races. Bicolor, caudatum, durra, and guinea produced very similar acidic and basic protein patterns and esterase, MDH, and peroxidase isozyme patterns. Differences, however, were observed among all races. All of kafir patterns were significantly different from the patterns of other races. Comparative electrophoresis may provide a new source of taxonomic characters for investigating phenetic and phylogenetic relationships in Sorghum.

COMPARATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS AND ISOZYME ANALYSIS OF SEED PROTEINS FROM CULTIVATED RACES OF SORGHUM

Comparative disc electrophoresis of acidic proteins, basic proteins, and isozymes of esterase, MDH, and peroxidase were performed with aqueous extracts of seeds from seven cultivars belonging to five races of Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor: bicolor, caudatum, durra, guinea, and kafir. Two disc electrophoretic systems were employed. Acidic proteins were electrophoresed in an anionic system (tris‐glycine buffer, pH 8.3). Basic proteins were electrophoresed in a cationic system (β‐alanin‐acetate buffer, pH 4.5). Soluble proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Isozyme activity was detected by using specific enzyme stains and substrates. Each cultivar yielded reproducible, characteristic patterns of distinct acidic and basic proteins. Cultivars belonging to the same race produced identical protein and isozyme patterns. The degree of electrophoretic similarity among races was estimated by calculating similarity index values for each of the 10 possible pairs of races. Bicolor, caudatum, durra, and guinea produced very similar acidic and basic protein patterns and esterase, MDH, and peroxidase isozyme patterns. Differences, however, were observed among all races. All of kafir patterns were significantly different from the patterns of other races. Comparative electrophoresis may provide a new source of taxonomic characters for investigating phenetic and phylogenetic relationships in Sorghum.

PEROXIDASE ISOZYMES IN MATURE BARLEY KERNELS

Fourteen cationic peroxidase isozymes were detected in mature barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) kernels using polyacrylamide slabs for disc electrophoresis at pH 4.75. The actual number of isozymes detected on electrophoretograms of a particular barley cultivar was dependent on the hydrogen donor used for staining the peroxidase isozymes. In this respect, 3-amino-9-ethyl carbazole and o-dianisidine were superior to guaiacol, catechol, and benzidine as donors for differentiating the isozymes. Barley cultivars were classified into three categories based on varietal differences of peroxidase isozyme patterns. Evidence is presented to suggest that peroxidase isozymes may be useful genetic markers in cereal breeding work, but the results were not sufficiently detailed to present a hypothesis on the mode of inheritance of the different isozymes.

Hybridization of Desmodium species

Under different light regimes, Desmodium canum(Gmel.) Schin. & Thell. responded as a long-day plant, D. intortum(Mill.) Urb. and D. uncinatum(Jacq.) dc. as short-day plants, and D. sandwicense E. Mey. as photoperiod-insensitive. Tripping method with anther removal, washing of stigmas and pollen transfer was simple and less time-consuming, gave an equal number of hybrids but more selfed progenies than the tedious method of emasculating prior to anthesis. A high percentage of selfing indicated that the four species are self-compatable and that foreign pollen did not show advantage over that from the same plant. Silver marking of the leaflet midrib of D. sandwicense and D. uncinatum in crosses with D. intortum was a useful dominant marker, but did not appear in the cross D. canum × D. uncinatum. Brown flecking of D. intortum leaflet was a dominant characteristic and occurred on the progenies from crosses with D. sandwicense and D. uncinatum along with the silver marking. Stem growth habit, leaflet form, and pubescence were helpful but less reliable for identifying hybrids. F1 hybrids were readily verified by isozyme patterns of esterase and peroxidase, the zymograms having common and different bands of the parents.

Effect of temperature on peroxidase activity, isozyme patterns and concentration of threadlike particles in tristeza—infected citrus plants

Peroxidase activity (PA) in various tristeza-infected citrus varieties was significantly higher than in healthy controls. In leaves and bark of Egyptian sour lime and Palestine sweet lime, PA was correlated with symptom severity and content of threadlike particles (TLP). In infected roots of Egyptian sour lime, there was an increase in PA but TLP content was minimal.