Perovskite-type Titanate Research Articles

Synthesis of multifunctional rGO/g-C3N4/FeTiO3 ternary nanocomposites for photocatalyst, antibacterial, and ecotoxicity assessment of zebrafish embryo model

The wastewater from the dye and pharmaceutical industries antibiotics has caused serious environmental and health problems for humans and other species. For the development of superior photocatalysts, effective separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs is essential in addition to optimizing solar absorption throughout a wide wavelength range. In order to produce bare, rGO/g-C3N4, rGO/FeTiO3, and rGO/g-C3N4/FeTiO3 (GCNFeT NCs) nanocomposites, this study describes the fabrication of perovskite-type titanate (FeTiO3) and its incorporation onto graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using a hydrothermal synthesis technique. The generated nanocomposites structural, morphological, and optical properties were evaluated. After being exposed to solar light for 90 min, the resultant GCNFeT NCs efficiently broke down 80 % of Tetracycline (TC) and 90 % of Malachite Green (MG) dye. The photocatalytic efficacy is significantly improved by these results when compared to the pure and binary composites. Substantial catalytic efficiency to GCNFeT NCs was shown by the degradation rate constant (k) for MG and TC elimination by GCNFeT NCs, which was almost 20 times greater than that of pure and binary composites. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of GCNFeT nanocomposites was studied, and the results showed that it was significantly more efficient against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the freshwater zebrafish embryo development proved effective in assessing the non-toxicity of GCNFeT NCs. Our research findings indicate that high doses, GCNFeT NCs induce less toxicity in zebrafish embryo (6.25–100 µg/L). These results demonstrated the enhanced mechanism of GCNFeT NCs, indicating their great potential for use in antibacterial and water remediation applications.

First-principles study of non-linear thermal expansion in cadmium titanate by molecular dynamics incorporating nuclear quantum effects

First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations were applied for analyzing structural evolutions around the paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition temperature in the perovskite-type cadmium titanate, CdTiO3. Since the phase transition is reported to occur at the low temperature around 80 K, the quantum thermal bath (QTB) method was utilized in this study, which incorporates the nuclear quantum effects (NQEs). The structural evolutions in the QTB-FPMD simulations are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results, by contrast in the conventional FPMD simulations using the classical thermal bath (CTB-FPMD). Especially, the non-linear thermal expansion of lattice constants around the phase transition temperature was well reproduced in the QTB-FPMD with the NQEs. Thus, the NQEs are of importance in phase transitions at low temperatures, particularly below the room temperature, and the QTB is useful in that it incorporates the NQEs in MD simulations with low computational costs comparable to the conventional CTB.

Efficient H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis with NixCu1-x alloy nanocatalysts modified perovskite-type titanate cathodes

Syngas, a mixture of H2 and CO with adjustable compositional ratios, can be directly produced via H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). In this study, We have developed a strategy to enhance the catalytic activity of titanate perovskite cathodes by constructing active metal-oxide interfaces through the in-situ growth of NixCu1-x alloy nanocatalysts (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1) on LST matrix. The evenly distribution of NixCu1-x alloy nanoparticles (∼30 nm) on the LST substrate has been confirmed through a serious of characterization techniques, including XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM. Specifically, the LSTNi0.75Cu0.25 cathode demonstrated an optimal synergistic effect, achieving high efficiency in the co-electrolysis of H2O/CO2 to syngas. Under an applied voltage of 1.6 V at 800 °C, the syngas production rate reaches 5.43H2 and 3.48 CO ml min−1 cm−2 with ∼96 % Faradaic efficiency. Furthermore, the composition of the produced syngas can be finely tuned in a broad range from 0.8 to 3.5 b y simply adjusting the inlet gas composition (H2O/CO2 ratio) and the operating temperature. The LSTNi0.75Cu0.25 cathode, when subjected to continuous H2O/CO2 co-electrolysis for 100 h, exhibited remarkable stability, attributing to the robust and active nature of the metal-oxide interfaces.

Influence of ultrasonic treatment and heating/cooling under electric field on high-k cellulose-barium titanate composites

The present research reports the ultrasonic assisted synthesis of ferroelectric cellulose-barium titanate composites (C/BT). As proved by wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), the composites consist of perovskite-type barium titanate particles (BT) of 400- 600 nm, disposed around the cellulose microfibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) revealed the modifications of structure/morphologies of the prepared sample as compared to pristine cellulose, with direct consequences on the polymer crystalline domains, on the uniformity of BT dispersion and on the dielectric properties of the composites. The composites obtained by ultrasonic treatment possess high dielectric constants (58.6-140.5), better breakdown strengths (8.9-17.7 kV/mm) and energy storage densities (2.6-9.0 J/cm3) as compared to BT particles, as well as very low dielectric losses (0.27-3 x 10-4) at industrial frequencies (50-55 Hz), the values being dependent on the content of barium titanate and on the preparation parameters.

Effects of functionalized magnetic graphene oxide on the visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity of perovskite-type MTiO3 (M= Zn and Mn) for the degradation of Rhodamine B

This work reports the synthesis of a variety of perovskite-type titanates (MTiO3, M= Zn, and Mn) and their loading on functionalized magnetic graphene oxide (EDFG) to produce MTiO3@EDFG nanocomposites. These materials were fully characterized by FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption, VSM, UV–vis DRS, PL, CV, and EIS techniques. SEM and TEM images of the MTiO3@EDFG revealed the homogeneity and distribution of MTiO3 nanoparticles on the surface of EDFG. UV–vis absorption and PL analyses suggested that the MTiO3@EDFG nanocomposites could be used as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. The results indicated that the photocatalytic activities of the MTiO3@EDFG samples were obviously enhanced in comparison to those of bare MTiO3. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the conglomeration inhibition of MTiO3 nanoparticles, improved electron transfer between MTiO3 and EDFG enhanced surface area, and extended absorption range. The possible electron transfer mechanism for EDFG and MTiO3 interface during the photocatalysis process is also proposed. Furthermore, the reusability and stability tests were made and reported.

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of silver titanate for the differential pulse voltammetric determination of antibiotic drug metronidazole

Highly electroactive transition metal oxides have been received great potential in antibiotic drug electrochemical sensors due to excellent features including ease of preparation, a large number of active sites, good conductivity , high stability, and selectivity . In this work, the perovskite-type silver titanate (Ag 2 TiO 3 ) was synthesized by ultrasound-assisted coprecipitation method. The structural and morphology were examined using typical analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectrometry , field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes confirmed the purity and the chemical composition of as-prepared Ag 2 TiO 3 . The Brunauer−Emmett−Teller analysis (BET) of as-synthesized Ag 2 TiO 3 displayed a specific surface area of 48.485 m 2 g −1 resulted in improved charge transfer resistance (R ct ) of 695 Ω. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis revealed the superior electrochemical performance of Ag 2 TiO 3 than other electrodes towards metronidazole (MTZ) detection. Under optimized differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) studies, the modified electrode exhibits a wide linear range of 0.1–104.3 μM with the lowest detection limit of 0.011 μM and a sensitivity of 0.371 μA μM −1 cm −2 . Furthermore, the fabricated sensor displayed excellent cyclic stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and noticeable selectivity in potentially effective interfering compounds for the detection of MTZ. The constructed electrode delivered good sensitivity to MTZ in urine and tablet with acceptable recoveries. Schematic diagram of as-synthesized Ag 2 TiO 3 towards electrochemical sensing of MTZ. • Perovskite-type Ag 2 TiO 3 was prepared by a simple ultrasonication method. • The as-synthesized Ag 2 TiO 3 modified electrode was optimized for the loading catalyst, pH, scan rate, peak current, and peak potential at the electrochemical determination of MTZ. • The fabricated sensor shows an extensive linear response from 0.1 to 104.3 μM with a low detection limit of 0.011 μM. • MTZ was successfully applied in real samples with good sensitivity and appropriate results.

Novel rare earth activator ions-doped perovskite-type La4Ti3O12 phosphors: Facile synthesis, structure, multicolor emissions, and potential applications

A series of novel rare earth activator ions-doped perovskite-type lanthanum titanate La4Ti3O12 phosphors have been synthesized via the Pechini sol-gel method. The influence of calcination temperature and time on crystal structure of the La4Ti3O12 matrix is investigated, and the result indicates that higher temperature and longer calcination time is beneficial for better crystallinity. Upon ultraviolet excitation, the as-synthesized activator ions (Dy3+, Eu3+, Sm3+, and Tb3+) ions doped La4Ti3O12 phosphors display the characteristic quasi-white, reddish orange, orange, and green emissions in visible region. The higher calcination temperature and longer time can induce stronger luminescence due to enhanced crystallinity of La4Ti3O12 host. The optimal doping concentrations of Dy3+, Eu3+, Sm3+, and Tb3+ ions are determined to be 2, 12, 2, and 10 mol%, respectively. The corresponding LED devices fabricated by the phosphors and UV LED chips can exhibit bright characteristic multicolor emissions of activator ions, indicating their potential in LEDs and optoelectronic devices. Moreover, the up-conversion luminescence properties of the Yb3+/Er3+, Yb3+/Tm3+, and Yb3+/Ho3+ doped samples are also studied. The result shows that the excellent up-conversion performances can be also realized by doping appropriate rare earth ions into the host matrix by employing the NIR excitation. It is anticipated that this work may be of significance for the design and preparation of perovskite-type rare earth luminescent materials.

An eco-friendly low-temperature synthetic approach towards micro-pebble-structured GO@SrTiO3 nanocomposites for the detection of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in environmental samples

Thelow-temperature synthesis of the graphene oxide-wrapped perovskite-type strontium titanate nanocomposites (GO@SrTiO3-NC) is reportedfor the electrochemical sensing of organochlorine pesticide 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) detection. The as-prepared GO@SrTiO3 nanocomposites provide alarge surface area, excellent conductivity, and active sites, which are more favorable to the catalysis of TCP. The synergistic effect between the GO and the perovskite SrTiO3 results in the extended workingrange of 0.01 to 1.47 and 1.47 to 434.4μM with a very low detection limit of 3.21nM towards TCP detection. Moreover, the prepared sensor possessed good selectivity and long-term stability. Finally, the practical applicability of the sensor was tested in environmental samples of river water and soil, exhibiting adequate recovery values.

Insight into the Electrochemical Processes of the Titanate Electrode with in Situ Ni Exsolution for Solid Oxide Cells

Perovskite-type titanate with in situ exsolution is one promising electrode material for solid oxide cells because of its distinct properties to resist redox operation, carbon deposition, and sulfu...

Sonochemical synthesis of perovskite-type barium titanate nanoparticles decorated on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as an effective electrode material for the rapid determination of ractopamine in meat samples

A simple and facile ultrasound based sonochemical method to incorporate Perovskite-type barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles inside the layered and reduced graphene oxide sheets (rGOs) is reported. BaTiO3@rGOs nanocomposite was characterized by FESEM, HRTEM, EDX, mapping, XRD, XPS and EIS. The results show that the decoration and also incorporation of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in the multi-layered and ultrasound reduced graphene oxide matrix. Non-enzymatic and differential pulse voltammetric sensor of ractopamine (food toxic) based on the BaTiO3@rGOs nanocomposite modified screen printed carbon electrode is developed. Compared with the original BaTiO3/SPCE and rGOs/SPCE, the BaTiO3@rGOs/SPCE displays excellent current response towards ractopamine and gives linearity in the range of 0.01–527.19 µM ractopamine in neutral phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The BaTiO3@rGOs nanocomposite modified sensor also exhibits valuable ability of anti-interference to electroactive analytes. Furthermore, the as-prepared BaTiO3 NPs@rGOs/SPCE has been applied to the determination of ractopamine in pork and chicken samples.

The influence of humic acid on U(VI) sequestration by calcium titanate

The influence of humic acid (HA) on U(VI) sequestration by calcium titanate (CaTiO3) was investigated by batch experiment and spectroscopic techniques. Various characterizations, including zeta potentials, average hydrodynamic diameters, specific surface area and pore volume, have been demonstrated that HA significantly changes the surface properties of CaTiO3. In addition, the obtained results revealed that HA enhanced U(VI) adsorption at pH < 5.0 attributed to the strong electrostatic attraction, the dispersion of particles exposed more adsorption sites and abundant oxygen-groups of surface loaded HA, whereas U(VI) sequestration was inhibited assigned to the stronger electrostatic repulsion between anionic U(VI) species and more negative surface of CaTiO3 at pH > 6.0. XPS analysis showed that the higher sequestration of U(VI) in the existence of HA, which was ascribed to the enhanced dispersity, decreased zeta potential and more abundant surface functional groups of CaTiO3 at low pH. In addition, HA inhibited the reduction of U(VI)–U(IV) at low pH under ambient conditions. These information are significant for the understanding the surface properties of perovskite-type titanate materials and its sequestration performance of uranium in HA-rich environments.

Synthesis, characterisation and water-gas shift activity of nano-particulate mixed-metal (Al, Ti) cobalt oxides.

The formation of mixed-metal cobalt oxides, representing potential metal-support compounds for cobalt-based catalysts, has been observed at high conversion levels in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over metal oxide-supported cobalt catalysts. An often observed increase in the carbon dioxide selectivity at Fischer-Tropsch conversion levels above 80% has been suggested to be associated to the formation of water-gas shift active oxidic cobalt species. Mixed-metal cobalt oxides, namely cobalt aluminate and cobalt titanate, were therefore synthesised and tested for potential catalytic activity in the water-gas shift reaction. We present a preparation route for amorphous mixed-metal oxides via thermal treatment of metal precursors in benzyl alcohol. Calcination of the as prepared nanoparticles results in highly crystalline phases. The nano-particulate mixed-metal cobalt oxides were thoroughly analysed by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, extended X-ray absorption fine structure, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. This complementary characterisation of the synthesised materials allows for a distinct identification of the phases and their properties. The cobalt aluminate prepared has a cobalt-rich composition (Co1+xAl2-xO4) with a homogeneous atomic distribution throughout the nano-particulate structures, while the perovskite-type cobalt titanate (CoTiO3) features cobalt-lean smaller particles associated with larger ones with an increased concentration of cobalt. The cobalt aluminate prepared showed no water-gas shift activity in the medium-shift temperature range, while the cobalt titanate sample catalysed the conversion of water and carbon monoxide to hydrogen and carbon dioxide after an extended activation period. However, this perovskite underwent vast restructuring forming metallic cobalt, a known catalyst for the water-gas shift reaction at temperatures exceeding typical conditions for the cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and anatase-TiO2. The partial reduction of the mixed-metal oxide and segregation was identified by means of post-run characterisation using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive spectrometry.

Doped rare and transition metal perovskite-type titanate nanoparticles: A new method for developing synthesizing and photocatalytic ability

Recently, in connection with the increasing environmental pollution, several studies have been carried out to investigate a new group of compounds. In the current study, an attempt has been made to synthesize the perovskite-type titanate MxTiyOz (M = transition and rare earth metals) through a novel approach. They were synthesized by controlling the thermal decomposition of the organometallic complex of pyrocatechol complex - titanium (IV) and other metals - to save more time and temperature. The obtained perovskite-type titanate nanoparticles in this experiment were HoTi2.04O5.04, MnTi1.99O5.24, CrTi2.05O5.12, CdTi1.96O4.83, EuTi2.03O5.07, FeTi1.92O4.92, ErTi2.25O4.96, CoTi1.188O4.81, DyTi1.98O5.29, NiTi2.03O5.96, and CuTi1.94O5.08. The pure nanoparticles were obtained when the complex was heat-treated at 550 °C for 210 min.Characterization of complexes was carried out by the analytical techniques (XRD, FTIR, UV–Vis, BET Surface, Elemental analysis, and FESEM) for both complexes and nanoparticles.To evaluate the photocatalytic properties of the MxTiyOz nanoparticles, pyrocatechol as a toxic chemical compound was degraded by obtained nanoparticles as catalysts under irradiation of visible light.

Water sorption by the perovskite-like layered titanate K2Nd2Ti3O10 in humid atmosphere

This article is devoted to the investigation of water sorption by the layered perovskite-type titanate K2Nd2Ti3O10 and its intercalated protonated derivatives HxK2−xNd2Ti3O10·yH2O in a humid atmosphere. K2Nd2Ti3O10 was synthesized by the solid-state reaction. Metastable HxK2−xNd2Ti3O10·yH2O compounds were obtained by water flushing. The determination of the samples composition was carried out by XRD and TG analysis. The stability in a humid atmosphere was investigated by a water vapor sorption analyzer. It was found that humid atmosphere has influence only on K2Nd2Ti3O10 while HxK2−xNd2Ti3O10·yH2O phases are stable under experimental conditions. The study of K2Nd2Ti3O10 in humid atmosphere has shown that the intercalation process proceeds with a rate constant kint = 3.2 × 10−6 min−1 at 0–95% RH, and the protonation process takes place at RH more than 80%.

Photocatalytic Activity under Simulated Sunlight of Bi-Modified TiO2 Thin Films Obtained by Sol Gel

The synthesis of Bi-modified TiO2 thin films, with different Bi contents, is reported. The obtained materials were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy (RS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), in order to obtain information on their chemical composition, vibrational features, and optical properties, respectively. Compositional characterization reveals that the bismuth content can be varied in an easy way from 0.5 to 25.4 at. %. Raman results show that the starting material corresponds to the anatase phase of crystalline TiO2, and Bi addition promotes the formation of bismuth titanates, Bi2Ti2O7 at Bi contents of 10.4 at. % and the Bi4Ti3O12 at Bi contents of 21.5 and 25.4 at. %. Optical measurements reveal that the band gap narrows from 3.3 eV to values as low as 2.7 eV. The photocatalytic activity was tested in the degradation reaction of the Malachite Green carbinol base dye (MG) as a model molecule under simulated sunlight, where the most relevant result is that photocatalytic formulations containing bismuth showed higher catalytic activity than pure TiO2. The higher photocatalytic activity of MG degradation of 67% reached by the photocatalytic formulation of 21.5 at. % of bismuth is attributed to the presence of the crystalline phase perovskite-type bismuth titanate, Bi4Ti3O12.

Stability and Decomposition of Perovskite-Type Titanates upon High-Temperature Reduction

Controlling the properties of the surface region of ternary perovskite-type titanates is of high importance in the field of future energy and information technologies. A common method to modify the surface of perovskite oxides such as SrTiO3 is annealing under vacuum conditions. Here we show that the local oxygen partial pressure near to the surface plays a crucial role during annealing. While the oxide is found to be macroscopically stable during high-temperature reduction under standard vacuum conditions and only segregation effects on the nanoscale seem to take place, surface decomposition due to incongruent sublimation occurs as soon as an oxygen getter such as Ti is positioned close to the oxide. In consequence, owing to the high volatility of Sr-containing species at very low oxygen pressures, a Sr-depleted TiOx surface layer is formed. This effect might reveal an alternative possibility to tailor composition and structure of perovskite-type titanate surfaces.

Perovskite-type calcium titanate nanoparticles as novel matrix for designing sensitive electrochemical biosensing

In this work, novel perovskite-type calcium titanate nanoparticles (CaTiO3NPs) were for the first time exploited for the immobilization of proteins and the development of electrochemical biosensor. The CaTiO3NPs were synthesized with a simple and cost-effective route at low temperature, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic spectrum, electrochemical impedance spectrum, UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, and cyclic voltammetry, respectively. The results indicated that CaTiO3NPs exhibited large surface area, and greatly promoted the direct electron transfer between enzyme molecules and electrode surface. The immobilized enzymes on this matrix retained its native bioactivity and exhibited a surface controlled, quasi-reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction with an electron transfer rate of 3.35s−1. Using glucose oxidase as model, the prepared glucose biosensor showed a high sensitivity of 14.10±0.5mAM−1 cm−2, a wide linear range of 7.0×10−6 to 1.49×10−3M, and a low detection limit of 2.3×10−6M at signal-to-noise of 3. Moreover, the biosensor also possessed good reproducibility, excellent selectivity and acceptable storage life. This research provided a new-type and promising perovskite nanomaterials for the development of efficient biosensors.

Perovskite-type titanate zirconate as photocatalyst for textile wastewater treatment.

Calcium titanate zirconate, Ca(Ti(1-x)Zrx)O3 (CZT), powders have been synthesised by the polymeric precursor method. The structural analysis of the CZT powders was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and textural analysis. The photocatalytic properties were evaluated by methylene blue (MB) decomposition and real textile wastewater (RTW) combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of RTW was successfully reduced from 6195mgL-1 (untreated) to 662mgL-1 after coagulation/flocculation with a tannin-based coagulant (Tanfloc®) and finally to 471mgL-1 after combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis) applying ultraviolet radiation and CaTiO3 as photocatalyst.

From glissile to sessile: Effect of temperature on 〈110〉 dislocations in perovskite materials

In perovskite-type strontium titanate (SrTiO3) 〈110〉 dislocations, which are the main carriers of plastic flow at low temperature, lose their mobility as temperature increases, leading to brittle failure above 1050K. We present theoretical evidence for a change in their core structure into a sessile, climb-dissociated configuration at high temperature. This mechanism is shown to operate in both SrTiO3 and MgSiO3, indicating that it may be a general feature of perovskite-type materials. It follows that the activity of the 〈110〉 slip system depends critically on the strain rate-temperature couple, ε̇T.

Defect separation in strontium titanate: Formation of a polar phase

Stoichiometric perovskite-type strontium titanate acts as an insulator because of its wide electronic band gap and has therefore great potential as high-k dielectric and storage material in memory applications. Degradation phenomena of insulating properties of transition metal oxides occur during long time voltage application. From the defect chemistry point of view the question arises how mobile species react on an external electric field and which impact the redistribution has on the stability of the crystal structure. Here, we discuss near-surface reversible structural changes in SrTiO3 single crystals caused by oxygen vacancy redistribution in an external electric field. We present in-situ X-ray diffraction during and after electroformation. Several reflections are monitored and show a tetragonal elongation of the cubic unit cell. Raman investigations were carried out to verify that the expansion involves a transition from the centrosymmetric to a less symmetric structure. Regarding a whole formation cycle, two different time scales occur: a slow one during the increase of the lattice constant and a fast one after switching off the electric field. Based on the experimental data we suggest a model containing the formation of a polar SrTiO3 unit cell stabilized by the electric field, which is referred to as migration-induced field-stabilized polar phase [1] at room temperature. As expected by a non-centrosymmetric crystal structure, pyroelectric properties will be presented in conjunction with temperature modulated electroformation cycles. Furthermore, we show that intrinsic defect separation establishes a non-equilibrium accompanied by an electromotive force. A comprehensive thermodynamic deduction in terms of theoretical energy and entropy calculations indicates an exergonic electrochemical reaction after the electric field is switched off. Based on that driving force the experimental and theoretical proof of concept of a solid-state SrTiO3 battery is reported.