Permutation Table Research Articles

One round cipher algorithm for multimedia IoT devices

With the exponential growth in Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, security and privacy issues have emerged as critical challenges that can potentially compromise their successful deployment in many data-sensitive applications. Hence, there is a pressing need to address these challenges, given that IoT systems suffer from different limitations, and IoT devices are constrained in terms of energy and computational power, which renders them extremely vulnerable to attacks. Traditional cryptographic algorithms use a static structure that requires several rounds of computations, which leads to significant overhead in terms of execution time and computational resources. Moreover, the problem is compounded when dealing with multimedia contents, since the associated algorithms have stringent QoS requirements. In this paper, we propose a lightweight cipher algorithm based on a dynamic structure with a single round that consists of simple operations, and that targets multimedia IoT. In this algorithm, a dynamic key is generated and then used to build two robust substitution tables, a dynamic permutation table, and two pseudo-random matrices. This dynamic cipher structure minimizes the number of rounds to a single one, while maintaining a high level of randomness and security. Moreover, the proposed cipher scheme is flexible as the dimensions of the input matrix can be selected to match the devices’ memory capacity. Extensive security tests demonstrated the robustness of the cipher against various kinds of attacks. The speed, simplicity and high-security level, in addition to low error propagation, make of this approach a good encryption candidate for multimedia IoT devices.

Reconstructing permutation table to improve the Tabu Search for the PFSP on GPU

General-purpose computing on graphics processing unit (GPGPU) has been adopted to accelerate the running of applications which require long execution time in various problem domains. Tabu Search belonging to meta-heuristics optimization has been used to find a suboptimal solution for NP-hard problems within a more reasonable time interval. In this paper, we have investigated in how to improve the performance of Tabu Search algorithm on GPGPU and took the permutation flow shop scheduling problem (PFSP) as the example for our study. In previous approach proposed recently for solving PFSP by Tabu Search on GPU, all the job permutations are stored in global memory to successfully eliminate the occurrences of branch divergence. Nevertheless, the previous algorithm requires a large amount of global memory space, because of a lot of global memory access resulting in system performance degradation. We propose a new approach to address the problem. The main contribution of this paper is an efficient multiple-loop struct to generate most part of the permutation on the fly, which can decrease the size of permutation table and significantly reduce the amount of global memory access. Computational experiments on problems according with benchmark suite for PFSP reveal that the best performance improvement of our approach is about 100%, comparing with the previous work.

A framework for design and optimization of tapered composite structures. Part I: From individual panel to global blending structure

A novel framework to design tapered composite structures is proposed for buckling analysis with multiple manufacturing constraints, with variables dealt with separately at different levels and manufacturing constraints divided and imposed in each step. The framework is based on two techniques – a sequential permutation table (SPT) method and a global shared-layer blending (GSLB) method; a design concept is extending from an individual panel to the overall structure by improving its blending property. A problem to design an 18-panel tapered composite structure is adopted to study and validate the proposed framework; a detailed design process is executed step by step to demonstrate the improvements of blending property. Multiple manufacturing constraints are analyzed for the obtained optimal solution, which is also compared with previous studies. The high efficiency of the proposed framework implies its potential for design of large-scale composite structures with complex manufacturing constraints.

Sequential permutation table method for optimization of stacking sequence in composite laminates

This paper presents a new stacking-sequence optimization method for composite laminates using a multicriteria objective function with buckling, strength and continuity constraint subject to in-plane normal compressive loads. The objective function combines a critical buckling load factor function and a critical failure load function into a single function to maximizes in which the relative influence of a stacking sequence and number of ply orientations is reflected. The buckling-load and failure-load factors are sorted from maximum to minimum respectively in a sequential permutation table. A sequence-design strategy and a ply-orientation selection strategy are developed to identify the ply orientation of each stacking position and number of ply orientations of the stacking sequence involving continuity constraints based on the sequential permutation table. A benchmark problem is presented to illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method; the detailed results are compared with various heuristic methods.

Effect of inhaled arsenic trioxide and moxa leaf oil on eosinophil in asthmatic guinea pigs

Objective The experiment was designed to observe the effect of inhaled arsenic trioxide（As2O3）and in combination with inhaled moxa leaf oil on eosinophils（EOS）and lung tissue’s morphology in asthmatic guinea pigs, and to explore its mechanism of relieving wheezing. Methods The ovalbumin（OVA）-induced asthmatic guinea pig model was established. Sixty guinea pigs were randomly divided into As2O3 atomization inhalation group B1 As2O3 low dose group：2.0 mg/（kg·d）, B2 As2O3 high dose group：4.0 mg/（kg·d）, combined treatment group C1 low dose group：2.0 mg/（kg·d）＋moxa leaf oil 0.05 ml, C2 high dose group： 4.0 mg/（kg·d）＋moxa leaf oil 0.10 ml, saline aerosol inhalation group（group A） asthma model group）and normal control group（group D）according to random permutation table method. After 7 days medicated, the EOS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid（BALF）were compared. Guinea pig lung, heart, liver and kidney pathological specimens were prepared and the change of the lung tissue’s inflammation and heart, liver and kidney tissue were investigated. Lung tissue’s electron microscopy specimens were prepared and the apoptosis of acidophilic cells and repair of alveolar epithelial cells were observed. Results Compared with asthma model group’s EOS number[（58.08±19.01）×105], the difference in As2O3 low dose group、As2O3 high dose group、combined treatment low dose group、combined treatment high dose group and normal control＆amp;nbsp;group[（26.37±1.12）×105, （11.50±1.61）×105, （14.16±4.88）×105, （5.03±1.66）×105 and（0.35±0.16）×105, respectively] were statistically significant（P<0.01）; there was statistical difference between As2O3 low dose group and As2O3 high dose group（P<0.01）;There was statistical difference between As2O3 low dose group and combined treatment low dose group（P<0.01）;There was statistical difference between As2O3 high dose group and combined treatment high dose group（P<0.05）. Compared with combined treatment high dose group, difference in As2O3 low dose group、As2O3 high dose group and combined treatment low dose group was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The difference in B1, B2, C1, C2 and D group was statistically significant compared with group A （P<0.01）. The difference in B1 and B2, B1 and C1 group was statistically significant （P<0.01）. The difference between B2 and C2 group was statistically significant（P<0.05）. The difference in C2 group was statistically significant compared with group B1, B2 and C1（P<0.05）. Conclusion EOS abnormal apoptosis was an important pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. The mechanism of arsenic trioxide anti-asthma was that arsenic trioxide could reduce acidophil infiltration and promote acidophilic cell apoptosis. The mechanism of moxa leaf oil anti-asthma was it could reduce acidophil infiltration. Smaller doses of the combination of inhaled As2O3 and moxa leaf oil was safe and effective to achieve the effect of relieving wheezing and the combined use had synergy. Key words: Arsenic trioxide; Moxa leaf oil; Inhaled; Bronchial asthma; Guinea pig; Eosinophile

Therapeutic effects of oral appliance combined with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

To explore the long-term effects of the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) combined with oral appliance (OA) in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Thirty patients with severe OSAHS confirmed by polysomnography (PSG) according to their apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and lowest SaO2 during sleep were selected using random permutation table and divided into only UPPP group(U group, n = 15) and UPPP with OA group (UA group, n = 15). The follow-up period was 2 years. PSG was performed in 0.5 year and 2 years after operation. AHI, lowest SaO2 and Tmax were tested and evaluated. The effectiveness of two groups was the same after 0.5 year. Two years after operation, the values [AHI: (18.06 ± 2.24) times/h; lowest SaO2: (88.64 ± 10.37)% and Tmax: (20.5 ± 17.6) s] in UA group were better than that [AHI: (49.73 ± 3.35) times/h; lowest SaO2: (79.56 ± 4.87)% and Tmax: (41.3 ± 19.7) s] in U group. The number of effectiveness was 9 and the number of ineffectiveness was 6 in U group, while in UA group, the number of effectiveness was 14 and the number of ineffectiveness was 1(P < 0.05). Long-term result of combined treatment was better than that of UPPP only.

Two-Key Dependent Permutation for Use in Symmetric Cryptographic System

This paper deals with a two-key based novel approach for generating a permutation table that can be used in a symmetric cryptographic system to cause diffusion. It also discusses how the permutation table generated using the approach can be applied to character based encryption and binary data block produced at intermediate stages by symmetric cipher algorithms. It also describes the effect of our approach on characters of intermediate text as well as on bits of binary data block along with the impact of a single bit change in key information on producing permutation sequences applied to plaintexts to produce ciphertexts. The results are satisfactory and the proposed approach can be employed in any symmetric block cipher algorithm that uses the predefined permutation tables.

Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: a parallel, open-label randomised controlled trial

Ciclosporin and infliximab are potential rescue treatments to avoid colectomy in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous corticosteroids. We compared the efficacy and safety of these drugs for this indication. In this parallel, open-label, randomised controlled trial, patients were aged at least 18 years, had an acute severe flare of ulcerative colitis defined by a Lichtiger score greater than 10 points, and had been given an unsuccessful course of high-dose intravenous steroids. None of the patients had previously received ciclosporin or infliximab. Between June 1, 2007, and Aug 31, 2010, patients at 27 European centres were randomly assigned (via computer-derived permutation tables; 1:1) to receive either intravenous ciclosporin (2 mg/kg per day for 1 week, followed by oral drug until day 98) or infliximab (5 mg/kg on days 0, 14, and 42). In both groups, azathioprine was started at day 7 in patients with a clinical response. Neither patients nor investigators were masked to study treatment. The primary efficacy outcome was treatment failure defined by absence of a clinical response at day 7, a relapse between day 7 and day 98, absence of steroid-free remission at day 98, a severe adverse event leading to treatment interruption, colectomy, or death. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered with EudraCT (2006-005299-42) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00542152). 115 patients were randomly assigned; 58 patients were allocated to receive ciclosporin and 57 to receive infliximab. Treatment failure occurred in 35 (60%) patients given ciclosporin and 31 (54%) given infliximab (absolute risk difference 6%; 95% CI -7 to 19; p=0·52). Nine (16%) patients in the ciclosporin group and 14 (25%) in the infliximab group had severe adverse events. Ciclosporin was not more effective than infliximab in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids. In clinical practice, treatment choice should be guided by physician and centre experience. Association François Aupetit, Société Nationale Française de Gastroentérologie, and the International Organization for the study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Variable Size Block Encryption using Dynamickey Mechanism 'VBEDM'

weak point of the existing block encryption scheme is that the plain text or encryption key could be easily exposed differential cryptanalysis or linear cryptanalysis, which is mostly used for decoding block encryption. This is because the encryption schemes have been designed for the fixed size encryption key. Another weak point of the existing block encryption algorithm is that it has a fixed permutation table and fixed number of encryption rounds. In order to overcome these weaknesses, an encryption algorithm using unlimited size of key and dynamically changing permutation table should be designed. A new encryption technique called Variable size Block Encryption using Dynamic-key Mechanism (VBEDM), which is designed with unlimited key size, dynamically changing permutation table based on the encryption key and variable block size for each round. To make the cryptanalyst hard to expose the plain text, from the array of compression algorithms the VBEDM uses a compression technique based on key. The compression used is not for compressing the text but for strengthening the encryption method. Because of its dynamic functionality in input block size, key size, permutation, number of rounds and compression it makes the crypt analyst too hard to analyzing the cipher text. This algorithm also uses a compression technique from an array of compression algorithm resulting in more confusion to the analyst.

Sickle-Cell Disease and Malaria: Evaluation of Seasonal Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in Senegalese patients—a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

AbstractAbstract 1633Malaria is a real public health problem in Africa, more than 300 million new cases and approximately two million deaths arise every year. Sickle-cell disease (SCD) patients are at high risk of developing malaria which is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in this disease. In Senegal, malaria transmission is high during rainy season, between July and October, and it was noted that sickle-cell crisis are frequent during this period. Then we carried out a double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the impact of monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) during the high-transmission season versus placebo on malaria incidence and morbidity of sickle-cell anemia. Sixty (60) SCD patients were randomized either to receive three intermittent preventive treatment (ITP) with SP or placebo using the random permutation table with nine elements. The drug was administrated as follows: sulfadoxine 25 mg/kg and pyrimethamine 1.25 mg/kg and this treatment was given once during the following months: September, October, and November. Overall four episodes of malaria disease were diagnosed, all these cases in the placebo arm. Thus, overall prevalence was 6.6% and there was no other case of malaria in the SP arm during the study period. Parasitological diagnosis confirmed the presence of Plasmodium falciparum in all four cases. No patient death was encountered during the study. SP treatment was well tolerated as only one patient (1.6%) in the SP arm reported pruritis. A significant reduction of patients' complaints (p= 0.002) and blood requirements (p = 0.001) was noted in the SP group; whereas, no impact was observed on vaso-occlusive crisis and hospitalization occurrence. Malaria prophylaxis by monthly intake of SP during the transmission period of the parasite reduced the prevalence of malaria and was safe in SCD patients leaving in malaria endemic area. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Sickle-cell disease and malaria: evaluation of seasonal intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Senegalese patients—a randomized placebo-controlled trial

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) patients are at high risk of developing malaria which is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in this disease. In Senegal, malaria transmission is high during rainy season, between July and October, and it was noted that sickle-cell crisis are frequent during this period. Then we carried out a double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the impact of monthly sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) during the high-transmission season versus placebo on malaria incidence and morbidity of sickle-cell anemia. Sixty (60) SCD patients were randomized either to receive three intermittent preventive treatment (ITP) with SP or placebo using the random permutation table with nine elements. The drug was administrated as follows: sulfadoxine 25 mg/kg and pyrimethamine 1.25 mg/kg and this treatment was given once during the following months: September, October, and November. Overall four episodes of malaria disease were diagnosed, all these cases in the placebo arm. Thus, overall prevalence was 6.6% and there was no other case of malaria in the SP arm during the study period. Parasitological diagnosis confirmed the presence of Plasmodium falciparum in all four cases. No patient death was encountered during the study. SP treatment was well tolerated as only one patient (1.6%) in the SP arm reported pruritus. A significant reduction of patients' complaints (p = 002) and blood requirements (p = 0.001) was noted in the SP group; whereas, no impact was observed on vaso-occlusive crisis and hospitalization occurrence. Malaria prophylaxis by monthly intake of SP during the transmission period of the parasite reduced the prevalence of malaria and was safe in SCD patients leaving in malaria endemic area.

Infliximab Plus Azathioprine for Steroid-Dependent Crohn’s Disease Patients: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of short-term infliximab combined with azathioprine (AZA) or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) in steroid-dependent Crohn's disease patients. Patients with active disease despite prednisone given for more than 6 months were eligible and were stratified as follows: the failure stratum consisted of patients receiving AZA/6-MP at a stable dose for more than 6 months, and the naive stratum consisted of patients not treated previously with AZA/6-MP. Patients were randomized to infliximab 5 mg/kg or placebo at weeks 0, 2, and 6. All patients were treated with AZA/6-MP maintained at a stable dose throughout the 52 weeks of the study. The primary end point was remission off steroids at week 24. Among the 113 enrolled patients (55 in the failure stratum), 57 were assigned to infliximab. At week 24, the success rate (intent-to-treat analysis) was higher in the infliximab group than in the placebo group (57% vs 29%; P = .003); at weeks 12 and 52, the corresponding rates were 75% vs 38% (P < .001) and 40% vs 22% (P = .04), respectively. In each stratum, the success rate was significantly higher in the infliximab group at weeks 12 and 24, and a trend was found at week 52. In the failure stratum, only 27% of the patients in the infliximab group were still in remission off steroids, compared with 52% in the naive stratum. Steroid resistance was less common and the cumulative dose of prednisone was lower in the infliximab group. Infliximab plus AZA/6-MP is more effective than AZA/6-MP alone in steroid-dependent Crohn's disease patients.

Linear models for a time-variant permutation generator

A keystream generator, known as RC4, consisting of a permutation table that slowly varies in time under the control of itself, is analyzed by the linear model approach. The objective is to find linear relations among the keystream bits that hold with probability different from one half by using the linear sequential circuit approximation method. To estimate the corresponding correlation coefficients, some interesting correlation properties of random Boolean functions are derived. It is thus shown that the second binary derivative of the least significant hit output sequence is correlated to 1 with the correlation coefficient close to 15/spl middot/2/sup -3n/ where n is the variable word size of RC4. The output sequence length required for the linear statistical weakness detection is then around 64/sup n//225. The result can be used to distinguish RC4 from other keystream generators and to determine the unknown parameter n, as well as for the plaintext uncertainty reduction if n is small.

Intracutaneous Immune Serum Globulin Therapy in Allergic Children

Fifty allergic children with perennial bronchial asthma, aged 14 months to 13 1/2 years, from three separate pediatric allergy clinics were studied by double-blind, single crossover design comparing minute amounts (0.1 ml) of serum immune globulin given intracutaneously with placebo (sterile physiological saline). The immune serum globulin used in the study was of the same lot number and of placental origin. Random permutation tables were used to assign patients to the treatment groups. The clinical responses to immune serum globulin were excellent in 3, good in 15, fair in 20, and poor in 12. The responses to placebo were excellent in 4, good in 17, fair in 19, and poor in 10. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the effects of immune serum globulin over those of placebo in the management of children with allergy in this study group.