Permissible Way Research Articles

Quantitative explanation of strong multi-frequency intensity scintillation spectra using refractive scattering

Under evening equatorial conditions, strong intensity spectra observed simultaneously on transmissions through the ionospheric F-region at 40, 140 and 360 MHz from a stationary satellite are explained quantitatively in terms of refractive scattering using the approach of Booker and Majidiahi (1981). Use is made of an outer scale (wavelength/2gp) of 50 km, an inner scale of 5 m and an integrated mean square fluctuation of ionization density [ ∝ (ΔN) 2 dz ] of 10 28 m −5. The spectral index required to fit the observations is 3, and no major departure from this value is permissible either way. This produces the correct spectral behavior at high fluctuation frequencies and the correct ratios of the upper roll-off frequencies at the three wave frequencies. The RMS fluctuation of phase is about 130 rad at 360 MHz, 340 rad at 140 MHz and 1200 rad at 40 MHz. At 40MHz the scale of the intensity fluctuation at ground level is about 10m, and this is caused by refractive scattering in the ionosphere at scales of the order of the outer scale; removal of practically all fluctuations in the ionosphere at scales below the Fresnel scale leaves the fine structure of the intensity spectrum at ground level virtually unaffected.

The Untranslatable Language

ASTRONOMERS establish the height of an unknown star through the process of triangulation. By taking bearings on the star from two points a known distance apart, they are able to calculate the distance of the third point, the star. Poetry, however, remains an untriangulated star. Though many bearings have been taken on it, its exact position is still to be determined. Nevertheless, attempts at triangulating it are useful. Though they do not fully identify poetry for us, they tell us helpful things about it. I shall attempt here to answer one question about poetry by this process of triangulation. The three points of my triangle are three quotations, two of them statements, one a question. Using the statements as fixed points, I shall try to locate an answer to the question. Here are the three quotations, with the question in the middle. (1) Poetry provides the one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another. (2) If that's what the poet means, why didn't he come right out and say so? (3) Poetry is a language that tells us, through a more or less emotional reaction, something that cannot be said. The first of these quotations comes from an essay by Robert Frost. The second can be ascribed to thousands of

UNITED STATES EXPERIENCE

IF THERE IS a arising out of developments in the balance of payments of a country, it should manifest itself by some measurable repercussions on economic and financial developments within the country. In other words, the balance of payments is considered as the domestic economy. This is a permissible way of looking at the matter, and it is adopted for the purposes of this paper. However, it may be observed that there is another side to the coin; that is, developments in the domestic economy could be said to discipline the balance of payments. It may be inquired whether the disciplining effects of the balance of payments are openly recognized by policy-makers, such as central bankers and treasury officials, or whether they make themselves felt more indirectly through a relatively automatic mechanism of adjustment. This question would probably not be relevant to, say, the United Kingdom or western European countries, where the balance of payments has for decades been a very important datum in economic and financial policy. But in the history of the United States, chiefly because of the unimportance of balance-of-payments factors relative to total factors operating in the economy, it is much less evident that financial officials have been aware of a imposed by the balance of payments. Lines of economic policy or action or the course of economic and financial events in a country may be conditioned or modified by balance-of-payments necessities. The level of general demand and the level of liquidity may be importantly influenced by developments in the balance of payments. The main ingredients of monetary policy, such as reserve requirements, rediscount rates, and openmarket operations, may have to take such developments into account. Wage increases may or may not need to be resisted, depending on the state of the balance of payments. Commercial policy may need to be responsive to balance-of-payments trends. As an example, the slogan of trade, not aid coined by the British government during the chancellorship of Mr. Butler was an effort to dramatize the necessity for creditor countries to find ways of encouraging imports