Permethrin Treatments Research Articles

Evaluation of Insecticides for Protecting Arizona Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) and One-Seed Juniper (Juniperus monosperma) from Attack by PhloeosinusBark Beetles

We evaluated the effectiveness of carbaryl, bifenthrin, and permethrin in protecting Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) from attack by two bark beetles (Phloeosinus spp.). Spray formulations of 2.0% carbaryl (Sevin SL®), 0.03% and 0.06% bifenthrin (Onyx®), and 0.19% permethrin (Permethrin Plus C®) were assessed on bolts (sections of logs) of Arizona cypress for their effectiveness in preventing Phloeosinus cristatus attack and colonization. P. cristatus broods were produced in all of the Arizona cypress control bolts. Bifenthrin provided ≥80% and ≥70% protection by the 0.06% and 0.03% formulations, respectively, whereas 0.19% permethrin and 2.0% carbaryl treatments provided <70% protection. Insecticide sprays (1.0% carbaryl, 0.03% and 0.06% bifenthrin, and 0.19% permethrin) were tested for prevention of P. scopulorum neomexicanus attack and colonization on one-seed juniper bolts. Bark beetle galleries were present in 62.5% of the one-seed juniper control bolts. Data on the presence versus absence of P. scopulorum neomexicanus galleries indicated that the 0.03% and 0.06% bifenthrin and 0.19% permethrin treatments provided ≥90% protection and the 1.0% carbaryl spray was ≥80% effective at preventing colonization. The 0.06% bifenthrin formulation provided the best protection against both species of Phloeosinus beetles.

Influence of Portland cement amendment on soil pH and residual soil termiticide performance

Soil adjacent to new brick veneer work is likely to have a higher pH owing to the mixture of cement with the soil. In the Gainesville, FL, area, soil samples taken from such locations had a range of pH values from 9.0 to 10.1; similar soils used in bioassays had a pH of 5.6 before the addition of cement. Addition of 15 mg of Portland cement to 33 g of soil increased the pH to 6, and addition of 291 mg of Portland cement increased the pH to 9. The pH of soil amended with cement was stable for the first 5 months. After 10 months, soil pH values decreased from alkaline to near neutral in all cases. Eastern subterranean termite workers, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), were exposed to the treated soil at pH 6-9 for 24 h, and percentage mortality was recorded at 5 days, 5 months and 10 months. Termite mortality significantly decreased at higher soil pHs for bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid treatments at 5 months and similarly for bifenthrin, permethrin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and imidacloprid treatments at 10 months. There was an inverse linear relationship between soil pH and mortality. Increased soil pH diminished residual activity of termiticide in the following order: imidacloprid > fipronil > chlorpyrifos = bifenthrin > permethrin > cypermethrin.

Topical insecticide treatments to protect dogs from sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis.

We compared the susceptibility of sand fly vectors to four topical insecticide treatments applied to domestic dogs, a reservoir of human leishmaniasis. Dogs were exposed to sand flies pretreatment and at 1 week, 1 month, and 2 months posttreatment. Sand fly bloodfeeding and survival rate of both fed and unfed flies were significantly reduced by the permethrin, deltamethrin, and fenthion treatments, but diazinon had no effect. The survival rate of bloodfed sand flies was reduced by up to 86% with deltamethrin collars. The antifeeding effect suggests that deltamethrin collars may be recommended to dog owners to protect their pets from sandfly- borne diseases. The combined effects on sand fly feeding and survival indicate that epidemiologic, community-based trials are warranted to test whether deltamethrin collars could reduce the incidence of canine and, hence, human leishmaniasis.

P4F14S - Isolation of multiple CYP4 sequences using degenerate primersin twoaustralian termites: Mastotermes darwiniensis and coptotermes acinaciformis

The solubility of permethrin in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was determined, with optimal solubility for the timber impregnation trial and the specific operating conditions examined occurring at 50 °C. Methanol as co-solvent improved solubility, but was not needed for timber impregnation. Eucalyptus obliqua heartwood (a refractory timber), Pinus radiata sapwood and P. radiata LVL were impregnated in a treatment cylinder, and their resistance to attack by termites was compared to that of material protected with standard permethrin treatments using light organic solvent preservative (LOSP). Termite field tests were conducted against Coptotermes acinaciformis and Mastotermes darwiniensis. The choice of solvent system did not affect permethrin efficacy in P. radiata sapwood against termites. P. radiata LVL specimens treated using scCO2 had slightly lower mean mass losses than those impregnated with LOSP, reflecting slightly higher permethrin uptakes in the former. E. obliqua heartwood was completely destroyed by M. darwiniensis when impregnated with LOSP, but was mostly sound when scCO2 was used. These results show that scCO2 did not alter the effectiveness of the insecticide, while giving the added benefit of allowing the impregnation of timbers previously considered refractory to treatment.

A lack of influence of permethrin treatments of wool carpet on habitation by house dust mites

Wool carpet samples, untreated and treated with commercial levels of permethrin, were placed on a mite-inhabited carpet in a Melbourne house for 14 months. The levels of live house dust mites in the samples were found to be high at the end of this period and to exhibit no differences according to the presence of permethrin in the carpets.

Behavioral response of host-seeking mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to insecticide-impregnated bed netting: a new approach to insecticide bioassays.

The response of Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s and Culex quinquefasciatus Say to insecticide-treated netting in a wind tunnel permeated with guinea pig odors was recorded on videotape. With no insecticide present, mosquitoes spent 99% of the time on the netting, either at rest or occasionally walking across it. On nylon netting, permethrin at 50, 400, and 1,000 mg m-2 irritated the mosquitoes, causing them to spend significantly more time away from the netting and relatively more time walking than at rest when they were on the netting. These effects increased with dose, but the total contact time was always enough to cause 100% mortality. At the two highest doses, knockdown occurred before the end of the 10-min observation period. A wash-resistant formulation of permethrin (ICI patent) reduced irritancy without affecting mortality or knockdown. A mixture of pirimiphos-methyl and permethrin also was less irritating than permethrin alone. Pirimiphos-methyl at 400 mg m-2 was the least irritating of all treatments tested. Lambda-cyhalothrin at 2.5, 6, and 25 mg m-2 was less irritating than permethrin, even though the doses of lambda-cyhalothrin used were far more toxic than the permethrin doses as measured by LT50. Cotton netting significantly reduced the toxicity and irritancy of the permethrin treatments. Cx. quinquefasciatus was less irritated by permethrin but more irritated by lambda-cyhalothrin, than was An. gambiae. Our study indicated that mosquitoes are so strongly attracted to a host protected by netting, they will tolerate relatively high doses of irritating insecticides long enough to pick up lethal doses.

Comparison of permethrin treatments for bednets in The Gambia

AbstractAn experimental hut trial of bednets was undertaken in The Gambia to compare six different permethrin treatments, including a wash-resistant formulation, and to test the effect of thorough hand washing of the nets. The wash-resistant formulation on nylon and cotton nets deterred Anopheles gambiae Giles (sensu lato) from house entry. All treated bednets killed a significantly higher number of A. gambiae (sensu lato) than untreated nets. The ability to kill mosquitoes was not diminished with the wash-resistant and Wellcome formulations after washing unlike the normal ICI formulation, this result being consistent with the permethrin residues found by gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) analyses to persist on the nets after washing. The mortality on treated cotton nets was significantly less than on treated nylon nets. Of the unwashed nets only the cotton net was significantly repellent. Both washed and unwashed treated nets significantly reduced the proportion of human bloodfed mosquitoes that survived and were potentially able to transmit malaria. Although the wash-resistant formulation might prove more efficient at killing mosquitoes with time, as compared to the other treatments, in The Gambia, where women wash their nets frequently, we suggest that the cheapest and most readily available formulation is used on nylon nets where possible.

PERSISTENCE OF INSECTICIDES IN A LOBLOLLY PINE SEED ORCHARD FOR CONTROL OF THE LEAFFOOTED PINE SEED BUG, LEPTOGLOSSUS CORCULUS (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)

AbstractHigh volume sprays of azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, permethrin, and phosmet in various concentrations and formulations were simulated on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) foliage in a pine seed orchard in northern Georgia. Persistence of these insecticides under field conditions was determined by weekly bioassays with adult leaffooted pine seed bugs [Leptoglossus corculus (Say)] and gas–liquid chromatography. Fenvalerate was the most persistent insecticide tested. In the first experiment, 0.2% AI fenvalerate caused virtually 100% seed bug mortality in bioassays through the 4th week after treatment, whereas mortality from azinphosmethyl dropped to ca. 14%. By the 6th week, mortality in the fenvalerate treatment was still 91%, even after 10.5 cm of rain. The permethrin treatments persisted for 2 weeks, then mortality declined below 40% at 3 weeks. In the second experiment, fenvalerate at 0.15% AI and 0.075% AI caused 95 and 90% mortality, respectively, after 3 weeks and 16 cm of rain, and the toxicity of the 0.038% and the 0.019% AI fenvalerate treatments lasted only 2 weeks with 12 cm rain. Permethrin in Ambush® EC at 0.2% AI had initial residues of about 150 ppm and caused ca. 84% mortality for 2 weeks with 12 cm rain. Azinphosmethyl WP at 0.2% AI had initial residues of ca. 104 ppm and persisted for 1 week. Seed bug mortality from phosmet at 0.4% AI diminished quickly after 1 week in the field.

Nonpoint sources

Nonpoint sources

Permethrin treatments in canadian forests. Part 3: Environmental fate and distribution in streams

AbstractAerial applications of permethrin at 17.5 g ha−1 resulted in maximum concentrations of 0.07–2.50 μg litre−1 in stream water. The median maximum concentration was 0.54 μg litre−1 in oversprayed streams (n = 35, mean = 0.66) and 0.25 μg litre−1 1–1.4 km downstream of treated areas (n = 11, mean=0.33). Permethrin residues in stream water declined with time and distance, with a mean disappearance rate of 0.106 h−1 and mean half‐life of 10.3 h at oversprayed sites, and a mean disappearance rate of 0.202 h−1 and half‐life of 3.9 h at downstream sites. Less than 8% of sediment samples from treated streams contained detectable permethrin concentrutions ( > 5 ng g−1). Approximately 50% of fish from streams in treated areas contained measurable residues ( > 5 ng g−1) up to 28 days post‐treatment. No residues were detected in fish at 69 or 73 days after the applications. In fish that contained measurable residues, the median bioconcentration factor was 98 (mean = 148).

Oviposition Response of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) to Direct Treatment and Residue of Pyrethroids on Soybean

The oviposition response of the twospotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, to direct treatment and residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on soybean was examined in the laboratory. Contact with pyrethroid residues (120 ppm) reduced eggs per mite-day for 72 h, then oviposition rates returned to normal. Most eggs (99%) on the control leaflets were oviposited directly on the leaf surface, while 83% and 78% of the eggs in the fenvalerate and permethrin treatments were suspended off the leaf surface onto trichomes, cage walls or in the silk webbing. Oviposition rate on untreated soybean foliage following five days on pyrethroid residues was essentially the same for all TSSM; however, the mites previously exposed to fenvalerate or permethrin residue still oviposited 85% and 37% of their eggs off the untreated leaf surface, respectively. A 120 ppm concentration of fenvalerate directly applied to TSSM resulted in 83% and 100% mortality after 24 h and 48 h and no oviposition. A similar direct exposure to permethrin (120 ppm) resulted in 54% mortality after 48 h, and a 58.5% reduction in eggs per mite-day. Direct exposure to a lower dosage rate (12 ppm) caused little mortality but significantly reduced the number of eggs produced in both fenvalerate and permethrin treatments for 48 h. Oviposition returned to normal after 72 h.

OVIPOSITION SITE SELECTION BY TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO FENVALERATE AND PERMETHRIN RESIDUES ON SOYBEAN

The oviposition site selection of Tetranychus urticae Koch in response to fenvalerate and permethrin residues on soybeans was examined in the laboratory. Five leaf treatment regimes were evaluated on potted soybeans (half-area vs. whole area and partial coverage vs. complete coverage) plus a distilled water control. Over 95% of the eggs were deposited on untreated halves of leaflets on which the other half was treated with either fenvalerate or permethin. Similar oviposition behavior was observed for both partial spray coverage, ca. 10% of the leaf area, or total coverage of the treated half leaflet. Over 95% of the eggs were observed on the leaf surface in the control, whereas, 40% and 30% of the eggs were suspended off the leaf surface that was totally covered with permethrin and fenvalerate, respectively. No differences were observed in the vertical distributions of eggs between control, and the permethrin and fenvalerate half-leaf treatments. More than 95% of the total eggs were observed on the leaf surface; however, few eggs were laid on the leaflet half containing the pyrethroid residue.

Permethrin treatments in canadian forests. Part 2: Impact on stream invertebrates

AbstractA series of experiments was conducted between 1977 and 1981 to evaluate the effects of aerially applied permethrin on forest stream invertebrates. All permethrin applications to forest streams resulted in large drift increases, and most produced measurable reductions in benthos density. Recovery of benthic fauna following the various permethrin applications was apparent from 1 to 18 months post‐spray. In double‐application experiments, the second treatments reduced benthos density to a point at which recovery of numbers was slower than after the impact resulting from a single application of the same dosage.

Permethrin treatments in canadian forests. Part 1: Impact on stream fish

AbstractThe effects of permethrin on native and caged fish when aerially applied directly to forest streams at dosages between 8.8 and 70 g ha−1 were studied between 1976 and 1981. None of the applications caused mortality of caged or native fish in streams. Trout and salmon diets were altered by the treatments due to effects on fish food organisms. The duration of the effects varied from several months to over a year with increasing dosage. Reductions in salmonid growth rates and reductions in fish densities in treated areas, presumably due to emigration, were documented following severe impacts on aquatic invertebrates in salmon nursery streams. Growth rates and population densities both recovered within four months after treatment.

Insecticide-treated Film Wrap to Protect Small Packages from Infestation1

Polymer films treated with permethrin or with chlorpyrifos-methyl were heat-shrunk around bundles of small bags containing cornmeal. The wraps treated with chlorpyrifos-methyl were either completely sealed or had open ends, while permethrin-treated wraps were completely sealed. During 12 months of exposure to large, mixed populations of stored-product insects, sealed wraps containing 203 mg/m2 of permethrin or 1,318 mg/m2 of chlorpyrifos-methyl significantly reduced the incidence of infestation. Sealed wraps containing 12 mg/m2 of permethrin or 377 mg/m2 of chlorpyrifos-methyl failed to provide adequate protection from infestation, as did sealed, untreated film wraps. Most of the bags in open-end bundles made of chlorpyrifosmethyl-treated film were infested at each periodic examination. The higher permethrin and chlorpyrifos-methyl treatments nearly prevented penetration of the film wraps by boring insects. The cornmeal in these wraps contained residues of between 0.29 and 1.25 ppm of permethrin or between 13.64 and 24.20 ppm of chlorpyrifos-methyl during 12 months of storage.

Evaluation of Chrysanthemum Cultivars and Insecticides for Control of Damage by a Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae)1

Chrysanthemum cultivars grown for pot flower production in greenhouses exhibited various and potentially useful levels of resistance to Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). Leafminer control with insecticides was significantly ( P <0.05) enhanced when applied to resistant varieties. Evaluations of insecticides showed an initial tolerance of the South Carolina population to permethrin and moderate control (71%) by foliar treatment with encapsulated methyl parathion. Permethrin regained efficacy after a 6-month period during which pyrethroid sprays were withheld. Methamidophos, cypermethrin, and permethrin treatments resulted in 90 +% control in subsequent tests, but methamidophos was phytotoxic to foliage of most cultivars at standard application rates. Tank mixes of pyrethroids and encapsulated methyl parathion gave greater efficacy than either chemical used alone. Fenvalerate treatments provided moderate control. Oxydemeton methyl showed no efficacy against the leafminer.

Vineyard and Laboratory Evaluations of Methomyl, Dimethoate, and Permethrin for a Grape Pest Management Program in the San Joaquin Valley of California

The impact of dimethoate, methomyl, and permethrin upon target and nontarget arthropods was determined through laboratory and vineyard tests. All compounds controlled a leafhopper, Erythroneura elegantula Osborne, in vineyard trials. Permethrin only was tested against the grapeleaf folder, Desmia funeralis (Hübner). The impact of these 3 materials upon the nontarget mite species differed. Dramatic increases of the Pacific spider mite, Tetranychus pacificus McGregor, followed permethrin treatments in vineyards at 1,5,3,6, and 12 g AI/100 liters. Laboratory LC50 data showed that the Pacific spider mite is tolerant to low-moderate rates of permethrin while its phytoseiid predator, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt), was extremely susceptible. The tydeid, Pronematus anconai Baker, which serves as alternate prey for M. oecidentalis was very susceptible to permethrin, but tolerated methomyl and dimethoate in laboratory trials. Methomyl treatments increased the Pacific spider mite and Eotetranychus willamettei McGregor populations in vineyards although M. oceidentalis numbers began to increase 10 days after treatment and the spider mite numbers reached were lower than in the blocks treated with permethrin. Laboratory tests showed that M. occidentalis was very susceptible to methomyl, but dimethoate resistance was found in the majority of vineyard colonies tested. Dimethoate exhibited moderate acaricidal activity against the Pacific spider mite in the vineyard.