Permeable Areas Research Articles

Применение новых технологий кислотной обработки пластов для восстановления продуктивности пласта

Oil recovery, measured by the oil recovery factor (ORF), is a key indicator of the efficiency of oil production. In Russia, the ORF decreased to 0.3 while in the United States this indicator increased to 0.4. About 90% of Russian oil is produced by large holdings, the structure of reserves is shifting towards hard-to-recover, which requires the use of new methods to increase oil recovery. Primary and secondary production allows only 20-50% of oil to be extracted, what makes the use of tertiary methods necessary. The development of horizontal wells with multistage hydraulic fracturing contributes to the development of new field sites, but requires careful preparation of wells to minimize risks and cost increases. Cleaning the bottomhole area using acidic formulations is often the only cost-effective way to restore the productivity of a horizontal well. The improved method of acid composition reduction using a guar gel with delayed “crosslinking”, which ensures uniform treatment of all productive zones of the formation is considered in article. The technology allows for continuous multi-stage acid treatment, temporarily blocking highly permeable areas and increasing the coverage of acidic effects on poorly drained areas. The calculation of the diverter volume considers the average efficiency of the liquid after mini-fracturing, adjusting the volume depending on the efficiency of the liquid at each port.

Overcoming the “fear of density”: vegetational diversity in residential developments in the densifying city

The pressure for more affordable housing has resulted in intensification of residential development and biodiversity loss. Using seven medium-density housing developments in three New Zealand cities, we explore the relationship between medium-density and greenspace quality. We also compare the sites pre- and post-development to determine the extent of loss of permeable space. In six developments for which we had pre and post-data, percentage loss ranged from 12% to 67%. The development with the highest housing density (82 units/ha) had very poor vegetation quality. However, there was no correlation between density and vegetation quality for those with less than 60 units/ha, indicating potential for improving the ecological value of permeable areas. Medium-density developments prioritising communal space had the highest provision of permeable space. We offer some recommendations on the application of biodiverse-sensitive design and planning principles to support biodiverse human living environments.

Evaluation of drainage hydro credit implementation in the Vargem Grande stream basin in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The urbanization process generally increases impermeable surfaces, reduces rain infiltration, increases the volume of surface runoff and the frequency of urban flooding. The Vargem Grande stream basin, object of this study, has a waterproofing of 64.94% of its area of about 18 km². The channel on Vicente Guimarães avenue where the basin's outflow is located has a drainage system that quickly directs the runoff to the bottom of the valley, where some flooding has already been observed. This article will assess the need to implement the Drainage Hydro credit, with the objective of reducing the growth of the waterproofing rate in the studied basin, from the damping of hydrographic peaks or the increase of permeable areas on the ground. Hydrographs were simulated with additions to every 10% of the current impermeable area until it equals to the area of the hydrographic basin. Hydrographs were also simulated with reductions to every 10% of the current impermeable area until they return to their natural flow conditions. From the obtained results, it could be verified that the implementation of this measure is a valuable strategy for the amortization of the hydrograph peaks, reducing the drained volumes.

Study of SPALD-T Implementation Based on Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 04/PRT/M/2017 (Case Study: Surabaya City)

PUPR Ministerial Decree No. 4 of 2017 states that SPALD development is based on 6 criteria including population density, groundwater depth, soil permeability, financing capacity, land slope, and specific areas. If it refers to one of these criteria, Surabaya City is potentially obliged to implement SPALD-T. This research aims to examine how SPALD-T can be implemented in Surabaya City in terms of technical and institutional aspects. The research method was carried out using descriptive analysis with additional mapping using GIS. Descriptive analysis was carried out to describe the condition of Surabaya City. Meanwhile, mapping is used to determine priority locations that can be implemented by the relevant agencies to implement SPALD-T in Surabaya City. Based on the studies that have been carried out, Surabaya City is included in the areas that need to implement SPALD-T in wastewater management efforts. Furthermore, from an institutional perspective, Surabaya City is ready to implement SPALD-T because it has mapped out the tasks between planning, construction, operations and maintenance. The scheme that can be implemented in Surabaya City is SPALD-T for residential areas with a service area of 1 RT 1 WWTP using an anaerobic processing system.

Multi-objective optimisation framework for Blue-Green Infrastructure placement using detailed flood model

Designing city-scale Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) for flood risk management requires detailed and robust methods. This is due to the complex interaction of flow pathways and the need to assess cost-benefit trade-offs for various BGI options. This study aims to find a cost-effective BGI placement scheme by developing an improved approach called the Cost OptimisatioN Framework for Implementing blue-Green infrastructURE (CONFIGURE). The optimisation framework integrates a detailed hydrodynamic flood simulation model with a multi-objective optimisation algorithm (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II). The use of a high-resolution flood simulation model ensures the explicit representation of BGI and other land use features to simulate flow pathways and surface flood risk accurately, while the optimisation algorithm guarantees achieving the best cost-benefit trade-offs for given BGI options. The current study uses the advanced CityCAT hydrodynamic flood model to evaluate the efficiency of the optimisation framework and the impact of location and size of permeable interventions on the optimisation process and subsequent cost-benefit trade-offs. This is achieved by dividing permeable surface areas into intervention zones of varying size and quantity. Furthermore, rainstorm events with 100-year and 30-year return periods are analysed to identify any common optimal solutions for different rainfall intensities. Depending on the number of intervention locations, the automated framework reliably achieves optimal BGI implementation solutions in a fraction of the time required to find the best solutions by trialling all possible options. Designing and optimising interventions with smaller sizes but many permeable zones save a good fraction of investment. However, such a design scheme requires more computational time to find optimal options. Furthermore, the optimal spatial configuration of BGI varies with different rainstorm severities, suggesting a need for careful selection of the rainstorm return period. Based on the results, CONFIGURE shows promise in devising sustainable urban flood risk management designs.

MAINTAINING GAS RECOVERY IN LOW-PERMEABILITY FORMATIONS

The purpose of this work was to ensure efficient gas production in low-permeability and heterogeneous formations by numerically modeling the distribution of reservoir pressure drop around production and injection wells. To investigate this goal, we used a simulation based on the combined finite-element-difference method for nonstationary Leibenson piezoelectric conductivity problems. The method is based on the combination of elements of the already known finite difference and finite element methods for the nonstationary piezoelectric conductivity problem. The study found that there are many factors that affect the process of maintaining gas production in poorly permeable areas of a gas-bearing formation. Among them, first of all, after increasing the permeability of the corresponding section of the reservoir where production is created. Another important factor for maintaining gas recovery is the ability to naturally or artificially maintain gas phase infiltration within the affected reservoir area. This aspect is especially important for ensuring stable gas recovery over a long period of operation. During the intensive and long-term operation of the working area of the gas-bearing formation, additional injection wells were installed in the complex of production wells to avoid its depletion. It is important to note that provided a high level of gas phase penetration at the beginning of field operation, other factors of the production process, such as additional production wells and infiltration within the working area, have a lesser impact on the overall pressure distribution in this area. Thus, the study shows that with the passage of time and prolonged operation of the working section of the reservoir, the influence of its penetration decreases, but the importance of injected substances in the injection wells and gas phase infiltration within this section of the reservoir increases.

Development Of Paving Block Pave Structure Based On Type Of Pattern In Light Traffic For Traffic Safety And Comfort

Factors that cause accidents include traffic characteristics and road infrastructure, environmental conditions, vehicle design and specifications, and human factors. The object of this study is road infrastructure, namely the road structure at traffic light stops points because the accident hazard at crossroads is a determinant of traffic safety and driving comfort. In Coastal Area/Upstream Area, To overcome road infrastructure problems at traffic light points which are the cause of traffic safety and driving comfort, the design of Concrete block pavement is one of the solutions to overcome these problems. Concrete block pavement is often used for the construction of sidewalks, bicycle paths, residential driveways, parking lots, industrial areas as well as harbors and airports and other permeable areas. Concrete block pavement is used in Europe in extreme weather. Specially designed concrete block pavement innovations can withstand heavy static traffic loads such as rigid pavements, and these can be readjusted easily if a change in pavement layout is required. The method used in this study uses pure experimentation with the parameters of the variation of the pattern, the variation of the type, and the variation of the dimensions. This research uses the Autocad, PLAXIS and SAP2000 programs. This program finds moments and deformations that occur in the modeled paving blocks as well as soil deflections that occur due to deformation loads in various shapes (brick). The results obtained from the analysis of previous research show that there is the most optimum shape among the brick paving block shapes with a thickness of 6, 8 and 10 cm. The way to determine it is to make a paving block preparation simulation with the SketchUp, PLAXIS and SAP2000 programs. From the program calculations, the interlocking aspects, land subsidence and deformation aspects are produced.

The two salinity peaks mode of marine salt supply to coastal underground brine during a single tidal cycle

Seawater salt is constantly supplied from the marine environment to coastal underground brine deposits, meaning that brine has the potential for continuous extraction. There is currently a lack of information about the processes that drive the fluxes of seawater salt to underground brine deposits in tidal-driven brine mining areas. We chose the Yangkou salt field on the southern coast of Laizhou Bay, a brine mining area, as our study site. We monitored the spatial and temporal distribution of the underground brine reserve and the changes in water level and salinity in the mining area and adjacent tidal flats using electrical resistivity tomography and hydrogeological measurements. We monitored cross-sections along two survey lines and observed that the underground brine reserve receives a stable supply of seawater salt, and calculated that the rate of influx into the brine body in the mining area near the boundary of the precipitation funnel was 0.226−0.232 t/h. We calculated that a total salt flux of approximately 5.50 t enters the underground brine body every day through a 150 m long shoreline and a 1322.3 m2 window, which is sufficient to sustain the daily extraction of one brine well. During tidal cycles, there are two peaks in the salinity of the water supplied to the underground brine reserve, which means that the brine supply is from at least two high-salinity salt sources in different tidal stages. The first salinity peak occurs during the initial stage of the rising tide after seawater inundates the tidal flat. At this time, seawater, which is a solution and carries a large amount of evaporated salt, is transported into the brine layer through highly permeable areas or biological channels and replenishes the brine in the mining area. The second salinity peak occurs during the early stage of the falling tide. Influenced by hysteresis-driven tidal pumping, high-salinity brine from the lower intertidal zone is rapidly transported into the mining area, thereby increasing the salinity of the underground brine.

Structural Model Update on the Patuha geothermal system, West Java, Indonesia

The Patuha geothermal field is a steam-dominated geothermal system lying on a quaternary volcanic unit in West Java Province, Indonesia. The existence of manifestations in this field is interpreted from the structure control and rock deformation that generate steam production in reservoir zone. This updated study is aimed to further describe the geometry and kinematics of the geological structures model to estimate the permeable areas. The model also will explain the link between the larger tectonic framework and the detailed structure model scale in Patuha. The analysis consists of reassessment the LiDAR data, surface structure features measurement from fieldwork, and review the updated subsurface data such as feed zones, new borehole images, and re-visit the geophysical data such as microearthquakes and gravity. The surface structural interpretation is drawn from a larger area to understand the regional tectonic framework and the relation with small detail from faults and non-tectonic features. Later, the new structural framework from surface data is correlated with subsurface data that indicates permeable features, including feed zones and conductive fractures, then coupled with the geophysical data. The latter part, which concerns validating surface fault traces using subsurface data, is currently being developed and will be included in the subsequent paper. An integrated review of the geological structure of the lineament found that a strike-slip system developed in the larger Patuha area with the main fault trending NE-SW, while the accompanying fault is en-echelon faults trending relatively NNE-SSW.

The numerical simulation of behaviors of oil-water-emulsion flow in pores by using phase field method

In the emulsion flooding processes, the flow of the emulsion droplets facilitates the oil recovery. However, there is currently limited insight into the microscopic enhanced oil recovery mechanism of emulsion droplets. It is essential to conduct further research to explore the interactions among the emulsion phase, oil phase, and water phase. In this work, the role of emulsion droplets on the mobilization of residual oil was numerically studied by the phase field method. We have studied the relevant mechanism in a single flow region structure, and a porous media. The results show that droplet radius, interfacial tension, and wettability all affect the flow behavior of the emulsion phase. The flow of emulsion results in much more displacement efficiency and sweep efficiency, which helps recover trapped oil in pore corners and the low permeability areas in the porous medium. In contrast to water flooding, the emulsion flooding elevated the oil recovery from 42.8% to 48.5% in the high-permeability region and from 10.9% to 40.4% in the low-permeability region.

Sensitivity of Subsurface Permeability in Coastal Deltas to Their Morphodynamic and Geomorphic Characteristics

AbstractThe amount of fresh water moving through coastal deltas worldwide is controlled by the complex subsurface structures within a delta. Morphodynamic influences produced by the feeding river, waves, and tides, in addition to sea level transgressions and regressions, have resulted in deltaic aquifers that are highly heterogeneous. We use 171 unique two‐dimensional morphodynamic models to explore the range of subsurface permeability, hydraulic gradient, and groundwater flux within three end‐member delta types (fluvial, wave, and tidal). We quantify the connectiveness of the subsurface permeability and estimate the horizontal heterogeneity and anisotropy of the permeability. A distance‐based generalized sensitivity analysis is used to investigate the impact morphodynamic influences (fluvial, wave, and tidal), basin conditions (sediment concentration and bathymetric gradient), and geomorphic characteristics (number of channels, shape of the delta plain, and shoreline rugosity) have on the subsurface permeability, hydraulic gradient, and connectivity. We find that the median permeability in deltaic landforms is 4.0 × 10−12 m2 (relating to a hydraulic conductivity of 2.1 × 10−5 m/s), the average hydraulic gradient is 3.9 × 10−4, and the mean specific discharge is 1.3 × 10−8 m/s. High permeability bodies are highly connected and are associated with channelization. Subsurface permeability, hydraulic gradient, and the connectiveness of high permeability areas are sensitive to morphodynamic influences (fluvial, wave, and tidal) and the geomorphic characteristics (number of channels and shoreline rugosity) within a delta. Since morphodynamic influences and geomorphic characteristics are easily identified by looking at the surface of the delta, we suggest that the deltaic subsurface can be characterized by identifying features on the delta surface.

The patterns of soil nitrogen stocks and C : N stoichiometry under impervious surfaces in China

Abstract. Accurate assessment of soil nitrogen (N) storage and carbon (C) : N stoichiometry under impervious surface areas (ISAs) is key to understanding the impact of urbanization on soil health and the N cycle. Based on 888 soil profiles from 148 sampling sites in 41 cities across China, we estimated the country's N stock (100 cm depth) in the ISA soil to be 98.74±59.13 Tg N with a mean N density (NISA) of 0.59±0.35 kg m−2, which was significantly lower (at all depths) than the soil N density (NPSA=0.83±0.46 kg m−2) under the reference permeable surface areas (PSAs). The NISA was also only about 53 %–69 % of the reported national mean soil N density, indicating that ISA expansion caused soil N loss. The C:N ratio of ISA (10.33±2.62) was 26 %–34 % higher than that of natural ecosystems (forests, grasslands, etc.) but close to the C:N of PSA. Moreover, there was a significant C–N correlation in ISA soil, showing no signs of C–N decoupling as suggested by the previous studies. The ISA had smaller variances in the C:N ratio than did the PSA at regional scale, indicating convergence of soil C:N stoichiometry due to ISA conversion. The eastern subregion of China had the highest NISA, although its natural soil N density was among the lowest in the country. Unlike the vertical pattern in natural permeable soils, whose N density declined faster in the upper soil layers than in the lower layers, NISA decreased linearly with depth. Similarly to natural soil N, NISA was negatively correlated with temperature; but unlike natural soil C:N which was positively correlated with temperature, the C:NISA was negatively correlated with temperature. NISA was not correlated with net primary productivity, but was significantly correlated with the soil N density of adjacent PSA and the urbanization rate. These findings indicate the ISA soil had a unique N distribution pattern, possibly as the result of intensive disturbances during land conversion. The dataset “Observations of soil nitrogen and soil organic carbon to soil nitrogen stoichiometry under the impervious surfaces areas (ISA) of China” is available from the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center (https://doi.org/10.12072/ncdc.socn.db2851.2023) (Ding et al., 2023).

Fractal Characteristics of the Low-Gas Permeability Area of a Fully Mechanized Up-Dip Working Face under Different Dip Angles of Rock Strata

The low-gas permeability area of a fully mechanized up-dip working face was quantitatively studied using a physical similarity simulation test and theoretical analysis under varying dip angles of rock strata. Based on the theory of fractal geometry, this study obtained the fractal dimensions of the low-gas permeability area, the boundary area of the low-gas permeability region, and various layer areas of the low-gas permeability area by increasing the dip angle of rock strata. The findings reveal that the goaf’s high penetration area moved from a symmetrical shape to an asymmetrical one as the dip angle of rock strata increased. The high penetration area on the open-off cut side is notably larger than that on the working face side, due to the effects of advancement at the working face. In the goaf, the lateral length of the cavity decreases as the rock strata’s dip angle increases, while the longitudinal width expands and then contracts until it vanishes because of sliding. In the goaf, the lateral length of the cavity decreases as the rock strata’s dip angle increases, while the longitudinal width expands and then contracts until it vanishes because of sliding. In the goaf, the lateral length of the cavity decreases as the rock strata’s dip angle increases, while the longitudinal width expands and then contracts until it vanishes because of sliding. Moreover, the low-gas permeability area has a larger fractal dimension. The fractal dimension of the area with low gas permeability steadily decreased as periodic weighting emerged, ultimately reaching values of 1.24, 1.27, and 1.34. Moreover, the area’s fractal dimension was greater on the open-off cut side in comparison to the working face side. As the distance from the rock strata floor decreased, the fractal dimension of the area with low gas permeability increased. According to the gradient evolution law, the low-gas permeability area may be divided from bottom to top into three areas: strongly disturbed, moderately disturbed, and lowly disturbed. Based on the theory of mining fissure elliptic paraboloid zones and experimental findings, a mathematical model has been developed to analyze the fractal characteristics of low-gas permeability areas that are influenced by the rock strata’s dip angle. Finally, this study established a dependable theoretical foundation for precisely examining the development of cracks in the area of low gas permeability and identifying the storage and transportation region of pressure relief gas, which is affected by various dip angles of rock strata. It also offered assistance in constructing a precise gas extraction mechanism for pressure relief.

Terrain analysis and hydrogeomorphic investigation of the Sita-Swarna river basin, Udupi, SW India: Insights from remote sensing methods

Hydrogeomorphic characteristics of the Sita-Swarna river basin, Western Ghats, India, are investigated to understand the influence of lithology, structure and geological control on the channel morphology. For preliminary investigation, remote sensing, geomorphic and morphometric analysis was carried out, producing slope, aspect and lineament maps from a 30 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with the help of GIS. Remote sensing analysis inferred a steep south-to-southwest slope with dominant lineaments trending NW and ENE to E in the middle reaches of the Sita-Swarna river basin. These lineaments are deduced to have possibly been instigated by faults, shear zones, dyke ridges, or subsurface structures that influence the surficial topography. Upland and pediment geomorphic zone were identified, inferring Western Ghats Escarpment (WGE) and gently coastward W-sloping dissected pediment surface. A comprehensive morphometric analysis is performed using various linear, areal, and relief parameters for basin characterization. The linear parameters infer that the basin is structurally controlled and shows moderate to high permeability and flood susceptible areas downstream. The calculated morphometric parameters for basin characterization reveals that the Sita-Swarna river basin is at the mature stage of development and highly asymmetrical with the westward tilt, which indicates a possible influence of paleo tectonism. Rapid runoff is observed due to the steep escarpment leading to less infiltration and flash flood possibility during heavy rainfall. The present study mainly establishes the potential application of remote sensing methods to quantify the hydrogeological aspects, basin morphometry and landscape evaluation in the tropical climatic zone.

Investigation of the Oil-Soluble Particulate Temporary Plugging Agent-Assisted Water Huff ‘n’ Puff Enhanced Oil Recovery in Tight Oil Reservoirs

Summary Water huff ‘n’ puff is an effective enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology for tight oil reservoirs. However, the oil production of horizontal wells declines seriously after several huff ‘n’ puff cycles, and a large amount of oil is still trapped in the reservoir due to the heterogeneity of fracturing sections. The temporary plugging agent had been used for plugging high-permeability areas and thus diverting the following fluid into small permeability areas. It would improve the sweep efficiency of flooding fluid, enhancing oil recovery. However, the use of the oil-soluble particulate temporary plugging agent in the water huff ‘n’ puff application is barely reported. Therefore, the feasibility and influencing factors of oil-soluble particulate temporary plugging agent-assisted water huff ‘n’ puff (TAWHP) in enhancing oil recovery was investigated in this study. First, based on the evaluation of the performance of the oil-soluble particulate temporary plugging agent, the oil recovery of fractured core samples with different apertures for water huff ‘n’ puff and TAWHP was compared via the parallel-core experiment to verify the feasibility of TAWHP in enhancing oil recovery. The temporary plugging agent had good oil solubility, a low residual rate in the formation, and little damage to the formation. The oil recovery yielded by TAWHP was 5.17% higher than the traditional water huff ‘n’ puff process. More oil (i.e., about 1.71%) could be expelled from the fractured core samples with a small aperture. It indicated that the EOR performance yielded by water huff ‘n’ puff after several cycles could be enhanced by adding the oil-soluble particulate temporary plugging agent. After that, a mathematical model of TAWHP was established to investigate the effect of TAWHP parameters on EOR performance. The simulation results showed that the cumulative oil production increased with the increase in injection time of the temporary plugging agent solution, but the trend would level-off after 10 minutes. Moreover, as the diversion index increased, the effect of the injection rate on cumulative oil production gradually enhanced while the effect of the soaking time gradually weakened. Furthermore, the difference in cumulative oil production at different diversion indexes gradually increased as the huff ‘n’ puff cycle increased. This work could provide theoretical guidance for water huff ‘n’ puff enhancing oil recovery after several cycles.

Identification of wetland conservation and restoration priorities in regions of oil extraction in the Yellow River Delta using circuit theory modelling

Oil exploration fragments coastal wetland habitats, which often leads to biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. Assessing the negative effects of oil infrastructures at the landscape scale is critical for practical coastal wetland management and the planning of protected areas (PAs). However, information gaps involving wetland connectivity and oil exploration exist in current conservation, which limit the efficiency of PAs.Here, we used a GIS-based circuit theory model (Circuitscape) and high-resolution remote sensing data to simulate the movement patterns of random species and to elucidate the effects of oil wells on their connective elements in four types of wetlands (mudflat, saline marsh, shrub wetland and forest wetland) in the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China. The effectiveness of the Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve (YRDNR) in protecting wetland connectivity was evaluated. A planning framework to optimize wetland conservation and restoration by Linkage Mapper was then provided to improve the landscape connectivity of oil well-disturbed wetlands in this region.The results showed that oil wells significantly decreased wetland connectivity and altered their connective elements in the four wetlands of the YRD. Both the resistance of wetland species movement and the heterogeneity of species dispersal have increased. The length of potential corridors and areas possessing barriers to movement have increased by 126 km (20%) and 51 km2 (120%), respectively. Areas with pinch points that promote species movements, however, decreased by 1178 km2 (60%). The YRDNR protected less than 50% of the key corridors and ecological nodes, considering the impacts of oil wells. Mudflat is seriously affected by oil wells in the YRDNR. Consequently, new alternative corridors produced by oil wells and pinch areas at high risk of impacts by oil wells have the highest protection priorities, whereas those permeable barrier areas, such as croplands and paddy fields, have the highest restoration priorities. The results also illustrated the importance of rivers and water bodies as potential shelters for wetland species.Our research suggests that circuit theory model is an effective planning tool to quantify the negative impacts of oil activities and to identify the protection or restoration priorities of ecological hot spots which are unable to be detected by traditional PAs method. This work provides guides for improving landscape connectivity and specifying target habitats for coastal conservation management.

Delineating reservoir area using geologic remote sensing analysis, Jizan (Saudi Arabia): Implications for geothermal exploration

Jizan Province is considered one of the potential geothermal areas in Southwest Saudi Arabia. However, the prospective geothermal reservoir is still not delineated and the geothermal energy reserve is not estimated properly. Therefore, this study aims to delineate the geothermal prospect area using remote sensing-based analysis. Permeable areas, the high anomaly of Land Surface Temperature (LST), and the existence of granitic rock were the parameters used in the remote sensing analysis. Digital Elevation Models (DEM) SRTM and Landsat 8 images were used as the data source. Automatically- and manually-extracted structural lineaments supported by fractures/faults interpretation were integrated to generate a final map of the permeable areas defined in the study area (with three main permeable zones; Zones 1, 2 and 3). The average value of five LST maps and the Natural Different Building Index (NDBI) were used to investigate the high anomaly of LST. Final fuzzy logic integration of the defined permeable area, high LST anomaly, and the existence of granitic rock allowed a unique opportunity for the delineation of the prospective geothermal reservoir area. Remote sensing results were validated using the field-based studies performed in the same area. Three zones are suggested as prospective geothermal potential areas (Zones A, B, and C), where Zone A is the most favourable due to its estimated largest area and is interpreted to belong to the same geothermal system as Zone C. This study improves the understanding of the prospective geothermal reservoir area in Jizan based on the delineation of high permeable zones, and high anomaly LST. The spatial distribution of radiogenic elements in the rock units is also considered an indicator of the heat source of the geothermal system.

Oil displacement performance and mechanism of Interfacially Active polymer (IAP)-Emulsifying viscosity Reducer (EVR) supramolecular compound system in heterogenous heavy oil reservoirs

Chemical Cold Heavy Oil Production (CCHOP) represents an effective approach to exploit heavy oil by injecting Oil Viscosity Reducer (OVR). However, the challenge lies in the crossflow of traditional OVR through high permeability channels in heterogeneous heavy oil reservoirs. a supramolecular compound system comprising Interfacially Active Polymer (IAP) and Emulsifying Viscosity Reducer (EVR) were proposed as a novel CHHOP agent to address this problem. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the heavy oil displacement performance and mechanism of the IAP-EVR compound system, including assessments of heavy oil emulsification, emulsion stability, rheological properties, single-core oil displacement, and heterogeneous microscopic oil displacement. The results demonstrate that a stable O/W emulsion can be formed with the 0.1 wt% IAP-0.3 wt% EVR compound system under a low mixing rate of 200 rpm. The emulsion exhibits only an 8.0% dewatering rate and a low TSI value of 0.8. Moreover, the compound system effectively reduces the heavy oil viscosity from 1000 mPa·s to 325.7 mPa·s, facilitating the emulsification of the remaining oil after water flooding and enhancing its flowability, thus improving oil displacement efficiency. Additionally, the 0.1 wt% IAP-0.3 wt% EVR compound system increases the solution viscosity to 600 mPa·s, leading to a low W/O mobility ratio, which enhances the swept volume. Supramolecular association is identified as a crucial mechanism for stabilizing the emulsion and increasing the solution viscosity, as evidenced by a high elastic modulus of 144.7 mPa and a transition area observed in the viscosity-shear rate curve. In comparison to HPAM and IAP, the 0.1 wt% IAP-0.3 wt% EVR compound system yields higher oil recoveries of 21.84 %OOIP in the single core experiment. Moreover, noticeable emulsification is observed in the produced fluid, and oil recoveries of 89.85 %OOIP and 92.98 %OOIP are achieved in high and low permeable areas, respectively, in the heterogeneous microscopic model. These results indicate a mechanism that enhances both the swept volume and oil displacement efficiency. Overall, the findings of this study provide a laboratory foundation for the promising application of the IAP-EVR compound system in heterogeneous heavy oil reservoirs.

Morphometric analysis and land use-occupation in the Campestre creek watershed in the city of Lins, São Paulo State, Brazil.

The increased demand for natural resources, economic growth and graph growth can influence the reduction of individual land use coverage, which makes water infiltration difficult. The objective was to evaluate, through the morphometric parameters and land-use occupation, the flooding susceptibility in the Campestre creek watershed. An analysis of the morphometric indexes was performed with the help of the tools presented in the SPRING 5.4.3 software. The characteristics of land use and occupation were identified by the of classification by regions, using images from three different periods: 1990, 2005 and 2021. The satellite images used were LANDSAT 5, TM sensor and LANDSAT 8, OLI sensor, and finally, as an auxiliary project to the study, Numerical Terrain Modeling data from the SRTM Project was used, with a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The morphometric results show that the Campestre creek watershed has a circular shape and straight channels, which contributes to the classification of medium-high susceptibility to floods and inundations. There was a 13% increase in built-up areas in regions that were previously water and vegetation, from 4.2 km² to 4.87 km² in 2021. The reduction of permeable areas makes it difficult for water to infiltrate, contributing to the occurrence of floods and inundations.

Rooftop water harvesting for managed aquifer recharge and flood mitigation in tropical cities: Towards a strategy of co-benefit evaluations in João Pessoa, northeast Brazil

Intense urbanisation in many coastal areas has led to intensification of groundwater consumption, while reducing permeable areas and increasing the frequency and magnitude of flooding. Among the potential strategies to compensate for these adverse effects, which are expected to become worse as a result of climate change, rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) in combination with managed aquifer recharge (MAR), may be indicated. This work investigated the performance of different configurations of such a system, tested as a twofold sustainable stormwater and domestic water management tool in a tropical metropole (João Pessoa, Brazil). This area located over a sedimentary aquifer system illustrates the water security challenges of densely urbanised areas in southern cities. To that end, several configurations of rooftop catchments and storage volumes were evaluated, by simulating a MAR-RWH system connected to the regional unconfined aquifer (Barreiras Formation) through a 6″ diameter injection well. Rainfall-runoff-recharge processes and water balances were simulated using monitored high-temporal resolution rainfall data. The results showed that catchments ranging from 180 to 810 m2, connected to tanks from 0.5 to 30.0 m³, are the optimal solutions in terms of efficient rainwater retention and peak flow reduction. These solutions provided mean annual estimates of aquifer recharge between 57 and 255 m³/yr from 2004 to 2019. The results of this study highlight the opportunity for MAR schemes to reconcile stormwater management and water supply goals.