Wall Permeability Research Articles

The Role of Rv1476 in Regulating Stress Response and Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is related to many factors, including intracellular survival, cell wall permeability, and cell envelope proteins. However, the biological function of the M. tuberculosis membrane protein Rv1476 remains unclear. To investigate the potential role played by Rv1476, we constructed an Rv1476 overexpression strain and found that overexpression of Rv1476 enhanced the intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis, while having no impact on the growth rate in vitro. Stress experiments demonstrated that the Rv1476 overexpression strain displayed increased susceptibility to different stresses compared to the wild-type strain. Transcriptome analysis showed that Rv1476 overexpression causes changes in the transcriptome of THP-1 cells, and differential genes are mainly enriched in cell proliferation, fatty acid degradation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and immune response pathways. Rv1476 overexpression inhibited the expression of some anti-tuberculosis-related genes, such as CCL1, IL15, IL16, ISG15, GBP5, IL23, ATG2A, IFNβ, and CSF3. Altogether, we conclude that Rv1476 may play a critical role for M. tuberculosis in macrophage survival.

Peroxin MoPex22 Regulates the Import of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins and Appressorium-Mediated Plant Infection in Magnaporthe oryzae.

Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen responsible for rice blast disease, utilizes specialized infection structures known as appressoria to breach the leaf cuticle and establish intracellular, infectious hyphae. Our study demonstrates that the peroxin MoPex22 is crucial for appressorium function, specifically for the development of primary penetration hyphae. The ∆Mopex22 mutant exhibited slow growth, reduced aerial hyphae, and almost complete loss of virulence. Specifically, despite the mutant's capability to form appressoria, it showed abnormalities during appressorium development, including reduced turgor, increased permeability of the appressorium wall, failure to form septin rings, and significantly decreased ability to penetrate host cells. Additionally, there was a delay in the degradation of lipid droplets during conidial germination and appressorium development. Consistent with these findings, the ΔMopex22 mutant showed an inefficient utilization of long-chain fatty acids and defects in cell wall integrity. Moreover, our findings indicate that MoPex22 acts as an anchor for MoPex4, facilitating the localization of MoPex4 to peroxisomes. Together with MoPex4, it affects the function of MoPex5, thus regulating the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Overall, these results highlight the essential role of MoPex22 in regulating the transport of peroxisomal matrix proteins, which affect fatty acid metabolism, glycerol accumulation, cell wall integrity, growth, appressorium development, and the pathogenicity of M. oryzae. This study provides valuable insights into the significance of peroxin functions in fungal biology and appressorium-mediated plant infection.

Effects of Filter Material on the Permeability of Sapric Peat in Flexible Wall Permeability Tests

Introduction Installation of Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVDs) is one of the alternatives for ground improvement used in peatland deposits. However, filter paper is commonly used as standard filter material to determine the permeability of peat rather than the PVD material itself. Aims This paper presents preliminary data on the effect of using two different filter materials on the permeability behavior of Sapric peat. Methods A series of flexible wall permeability tests (FWPTs) was conducted to evaluate the peat permeability behavior under compression using two filter materials. This study compared Whatman standard filter paper and Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD), which is a non-woven geotextile filter material. Results The results showed that both tests using filter paper and a PVD filter exhibited a high initial coefficient of permeability, which depends on the hydraulic gradient. The coefficient of permeability significantly decreased until a certain period and then diminished with time. The coefficient of permeability from PVD filter tests was found to be approximately 2.6 times higher than that of the standard filter paper under the same compression. The duration required to reach a semi-steady state flow condition from the PVD test was 0.9 times faster than the standard filter paper. The random error of the coefficient of permeability data from the tests using the PVD filter was lower than the data of the standard filter paper. Conclusion This preliminary result suggests that standard filter material might not represent the actual coefficient of permeability of Sapric peat. The coefficient of permeability value was less consistent compared to the PVD filter. The selection of filter material plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate and reliable results, especially when dealing with PVD construction in peat. Using the PVD filter in FWPT appears to be suitable for the design of PVD in peat. The findings of this study contribute to evaluating the correct parameters for engineers to design and analyze the effectiveness of the ground treatment method using PVD in peat.

P338 The dependence of the level of Glycoprotein type 2 on the level of Zonulin in Crohn's disease

Abstract Background Introduction. Type 2 glycoprotein (GP2) is a quantitatively predominant membrane protein of excretory granules of pancreatic acinar cells. In a number of studies, it has been demonstrated that this protein is the main antigen for pancreatic antibodies associated with Crohn's disease Zonulin – a protein that can reversibly increase the permeability of the intestinal wall by changing the structure of tight junctions of the lateral surfaces of intestinal epithelial cells. The determination of fecal zonulin is used for noninvasive assessment of increased intestinal permeability. Normal values of zonulin in stool (≤ 110 ng/ml) indicate the absence of damage to the villous surface of the intestinal mucosa and normal density of intercellular contacts The aim of the study was to establish the dependence of the level of type 2 glycoprotein on the level of fecal zonulin (FZ) in the feces of CD patients with exacerbation of the disease. Methods 122 patients with CD in the form of ilekolitis with exacerbation of the disease (Me age — 32 years) were examined. FZ was evaluated by ELISA (IDK ® Zonulin ELISA Kit, Immunodiagnostik AG, Germany) in ng/ml. Reference values: < 83.15 ng/ml is a variant of the norm, 83.15-110 ng/ml is an elevated level, 110 ng/ml is a high level. The level of IgG and IgA to GP2 (antibodies to glycoprotein) antigen of pancreatic centroacinar cells (Anti-GP2, IgG, IgA) was determined by ELISA. Reference values: IgG GP-2 less than 10 units/ml, Ig and GP-2 less than 5 units/ml – positive values. Results In the stool samples of CD patients during the period of exacerbation in 92 patients, an increase in FZ was detected, the average value was 333.4 ±16.9 ng/ml. In the blood samples of 87 patients with CD during the period of exacerbation, an increase in Ig A GP-2 was detected, the average value was 43.4±6.9 units/ml. In the blood samples of 107 CD patients during the period of exacerbation, an increase in Ig G GP-2 was detected, the average value was 17.1 ± 1.3 units/ml. There is a high correlation force between the concentration of FZ and the concentration of Ig A GP-2 (r-0.760) (p=0.010). There is a moderate correlation force (r-0.490) (p=0.023) between the concentration of FZ and the concentration of Ig G GP-2. Conclusion An increase in the concentration of FZ in the feces of CD patients during exacerbation significantly correlates with an increase in the concentration of Ig A GP-2 and Ig G GP-2.

Wall permeability on magnetic resonance imaging is associated with intracranial aneurysm symptoms and wall enhancement.

Wall remodeling and inflammation accompany symptomatic unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs). The volume transfer constant (Ktrans) of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) reflects UIA wall permeability. Aneurysmal wall enhancement (AWE) on vessel wall MRI (VWI) is associated with inflammation. We hypothesized that Ktrans is related to symptomatic UIAs and AWE. Consecutive patients with UIAs were prospectively recruited for 3-T DCE-MRI and VWI from January 2018 to March 2023. UIAs were classified as asymptomatic and symptomatic if associated with sentinel headache or oculomotor nerve palsy. Ktrans and AWE were assessed on DCE-MRI and VWI, respectively. AWE was evaluated using the AWE pattern and wall enhancement index (WEI). Spearman's correlation coefficient and univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess correlations between parameters. We enrolled 82 patients with 100 UIAs (28 symptomatic and 72 asymptomatic). The median Ktrans (2.1 versus 0.4min-1; p < 0.001) and WEI (1.5 versus 0.4; p < 0.001) were higher for symptomatic aneurysms than for asymptomatic aneurysms. Ktrans (odds ratio [OR]: 1.60, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.01-2.52; p = 0.04) and WEI (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 1.05-10.42; p = 0.04) were independent risk factors for symptomatic aneurysms. Ktrans was positively correlated with WEI (Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation (rs) = 0.41, p < 0.001). The combination of Ktrans and WEI achieved an area under the curve of 0.81 for differentiating symptomatic from asymptomatic aneurysms. Ktrans may be correlated with symptomatic aneurysms and AWE. Ktrans and WEI may provide an additional value than the PHASES score for risk stratification of UIAs. The volume transfer constant (Ktrans) from DCE-MRI perfusion is associated with symptomatic aneurysms and provides additional value above the clinical PHASES score for risk stratification of intracranial aneurysms. • The volume transfer constant is correlated with intracranial aneurysm symptoms and aneurysmal wall enhancement. • Dynamic contrast-enhanced and vessel wall MRI facilitates understanding of the pathophysiological characteristics of intracranial aneurysm walls. • The volume transfer constant and wall enhancement index perform better than the traditional PHASES score in differentiating symptomatic aneurysms.

Theory of the Leaky Intestine: Gender Differences in Intestinal Parasitic Infections, Cytoskeletal Wall Dysfunctions, and Hypertension

BACKGROUND: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) impact approximately 3.5 billion individuals globally. Protozoan IPIs may influence the intestinal microbiome. This research investigates IPI effects on intestinal wall thickness and their potential links to gender-specific hypertension. It also explores the impact of alterations in intestinal wall permeability on sodium and blood glucose levels. METHODS: The study enrolled 108 subjects, including 83 consecutive patients with confirmed symptomatic IPIs (48 males, 35 females) and 25 healthy controls (9 males, 16 females). B-mode ultrasound grayscale images of the duodenum and colon were taken with and without water contrast. RESULTS: Patients with parasites exhibited a higher BMI (mean = 28.98 ± 7.43) compared to controls (mean = 24.68 ± 7.2), F (1, 96) = 5.78, _p _&lt; 0.05. IPI patients showed a tendency towards increased duodenal wall thickness (DUOTHICK = 0.88 ± 0.73 cm) versus controls (0.6 ± 0.1 cm), _p = _0.056. Additionally, IPI patients had significantly greater thickness in the ascending colon (ASCTHICK = 1.1 ± 0.3 cm) and descending colon (DSCTHICK = 1.2 ± 0.4 cm) compared to controls (ASCTHICK = 0.6 ± 0.2 cm, DSCTHICK = 0.6 ± 0.1 cm), _p _&lt; 0.05. Men over 50 years exhibited greater DSCTHICK (1.25 ± 0.434 cm) than postmenopausal women (0.986 ± 0.389 cm), _p _&lt; 0.05. DSCTHICK significantly predicted diastolic blood pressure (β = −0.295, _p _&lt; 0.05) and blood sodium level (β = −0.300, _p _&lt; 0.05). DUOTHICK in diabetic IPI patients exceeded that in nondiabetic patients. Effective antiparasitic and antidiabetic treatments induced changes in the echoanatomy of the intestinal wall, suggesting the sealing of ‘the leak’. CONCLUSIONS: IPIs disrupted the intestinal cytoskeleton, leading to “leaky gut syndrome” development.

Targeted hydrothermally induced cell biopolymer changes explain the in vitro digestion of starch and proteins in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cotyledons.

Digestion of macro-nutrients (protein and starch) in pulses is a consequence of the interplay of both extrinsic (process-related) and intrinsic (matrix-dependent) factors which influence their level of encapsulation and physical state, and therefore, their accessibility by the digestive enzymes. The current work aimed at understanding the consequences of hydrothermally induced changes in the physical state of cell biopolymers (cell wall, protein, and starch) in modulating the digestion kinetics of starch and proteins in common beans. The hydrothermal treatments were designed such that targeted microstructural/biopolymer changes occurred. Therefore, bean samples were processed at temperatures between 60 and 95 °C for 90 minutes. It was demonstrated that these treatments allowed the modulation of starch gelatinization, protein denaturation and cell separation. The specific role of hydrothermally induced starch gelatinization and protein denaturation, alongside enhanced cell wall permeability on the digestion kinetics of common bean starch and proteins is illustrated. For instance, bean samples processed at T > 70 °C were marked by higher levels of starch digestibility (Cf values above 47%) compared to the partially (un-)gelatinized samples (processed at T ≤ 70 °C) (Cf values below 35%). Similarly, samples processed at T > 85 °C exhibited significantly higher levels of protein digestibility (Cf values above 47%) resulting from complete protein denaturation. Moreover, increased permeability of the cell wall to digestive enzymes in these samples (T > 85 °C) increased levels of digestibility of both gelatinized starch and denatured proteins. This study provides an understanding of the potential use of hydrothermal processing to obtain pulse-based ingredients with pre-determined microstructural and nutritional characteristics.

Optimal metabolite transport in hollow fibre membrane bioreactors

Hollow fibre membrane bioreactors provide a fast and efficient method for engineering functional tissue for use in medical treatments. Flow is utilised to overcome mass transport limitations by perfusing a nutrient-rich culture medium through the fibre lumen, which can then transport along the fibre lumen or across the porous membrane wall. Cells seeded at the outer membrane wall consume the nutrient and subsequently produce waste metabolites, which are transported away through an external extra-capillary space (ECS) along with excess nutrient. We present and investigate a two-dimensional axisymmetric model for fluid flow and solute transport through a single-fibre bioreactor configuration, with cells seeded to the external fibre wall. Fluid flow is modelled by steady lubrication and Darcy equations, which are coupled to the solute transport problem modelled by a system of advection–diffusion equations, supplemented with a reaction term to model the cell layer. Our model analysis reveals how spatially varying wall permeability distributions can be utilised to provide uniform nutrient delivery to a spatially uniform, homogeneous cell population. We also reveal how maximising the transmural pressure drop across the membrane wall is the dominant mechanism for waste removal rather than traditional experimental methods of flushing the ECS.

A unique combination of natural fatty acids from Hermetia illucens fly larvae fat effectively combats virulence factors and biofilms of MDR hypervirulent mucoviscus Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by increasing Lewis acid-base/van der Waals interactions in bacterial wall membranes.

Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-Kp) are rapidly emerging as opportunistic pathogens that have a global impact leading to a significant increase in mortality rates among clinical patients. Anti-virulence strategies that target bacterial behavior, such as adhesion and biofilm formation, have been proposed as alternatives to biocidal antibiotic treatments to reduce the rapid emergence of bacterial resistance. The main objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of fatty acid-enriched extract (AWME3) derived from the fat of Black Soldier Fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in fighting against biofilms of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and highly virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) pathogens. Additionally, the study also aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying this effect. Crystal violet (CV) and ethidium bromide (EtBr) assays show how AWME3 affects the formation of mixed and mature biofilms by the KP ATCC BAA-2473, KPi1627, and KPM9 strains. AWME3 has shown exceptional efficacy in combating the hypermucoviscosity (HMV) virulent factors of KPi1627 and KPM9 strains when tested using the string assay. The rudimentary motility of MDR KPM9 and KP ATCC BAA-2473 strains was detected through swimming, swarming, and twitching assays. The cell wall membrane disturbances induced by AWME3 were detected by light and scanning electron microscopy and further validated by an increase in the bacterial cell wall permeability and Lewis acid-base/van der Waals characteristics of K. pneumoniae strains tested by MATS (microbial adhesion to solvents) method. After being exposed to 0.5 MIC (0.125 mg/ml) of AWME3, a significant reduction in the rudimentary motility of MDR KPM9 and KP ATCC BAA-2473 strains, whereas the treated bacterial strains exhibited motility between 4.23 ± 0.25 and 4.47 ± 0.25 mm, while the non-treated control groups showed significantly higher motility ranging from 8.5 ± 0.5 to 10.5 ± 0.5 mm. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the exceptional capability of the natural AWME3 extract enriched with a unique combination of fatty acids to effectively eliminate the biofilms formed by the highly drug-resistant and highly virulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) pathogens. Our results highlight the opportunity to control and minimize the rapid emergence of bacterial resistance through the treatment using AWME3 of biofilm-associated infections caused by hvKp and CRKp pathogens.

Biomarkers of Bacterial Translocation and Intestinal Wall Damage in Patients With Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential biomarkers of bacterial translocation: lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP) and soluble CD14 subtype (sCD14‐ST), and intestinal wall damage: intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I‐FABP), zonulin, and regenerating islet‐derived protein‐3α (REG3α), in the patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).Methods: The study involved 78 patients over the age of 18 with MODS set according to the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scale. Venous blood was sampled during diagnostics of MODS, on the 3rd and on the 7th day of its development. The sCD14‐ST, LBP, I‐FABP, REG3α, and zonulin in blood serum were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Out of 78 patients with MODS, 43 patients survived (55.1%) and 35 patients died (44.9%). Levels of sCD14‐ST on Day 1, I‐FABP on Day 3, and REG3α on Days 3 and 7 and SOFA scores on Days 1, 3, and 7, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores on Days 1, 3, and 7, and Modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) scores on Days 1, 3, and 7 were statistically significantly higher in deceased patients (p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: In patients with MODS, an increase in sCD14‐ST, I‐FABP, and REG3α in blood serum can indicate the violation of intestinal barrier function and increased bacterial translocation, which ultimately may aggravate the severity of MODS and increase the risk of death. It is required to further study the factors leading to intestinal wall permeability disorders in order to screen for timely intensive care measures that can help reduce the stay of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) as well as mortality.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06221293

Potential Renal Effects of Cigarette Smoking in the Diabetic State-A review

Diabetes is an alarming global systemic metabolic disorder that can pose a major threat to patients. The serious consequences of cigarette smoking on the diabetic kidney are not well known among people in different countries. According to different studies, smoking enhances albuminuria in diabetic patients. On the other hand, urinary albumin is a sensitive indicator of glomerular injury. The abnormal trans-glomerular passage of albumin may be seen due to increased permeability of the glomerular capillary wall and their subsequent impaired reabsorption by the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule. Smoking with hyperglycemia increases lipid accumulation and oxidative stress, which mainly up-regulates TGF-β, accumulates AGEs, reduces nitric oxide production, and eventually causes glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial expansion that results in the development of glomerulosclerosis and nephropathy. The complex interaction between cigarette smoking and diabetic mellitus poses multiple challenges for researchers, physicians, and patients. Therefore, the present review article aims to find out the feasible consequences for the kidney of a diabetic patient due to the habit of cigarette smoking which may be useful for academicians and researchers in the future.

Influence of conical graded porous architecture on the mechanical, failure behavior and fluid-flow properties for bone scaffold application

IntroductionThe advanced design of the controllable hierarchical gradient architecture of functionally graded porous scaffold is gaining increasing attention in tissue engineering (TE). This paper proposed a new design gradient concept of Schwartz-Primitive (Sch-P) conical graded porous architecture by integrating linear and radial graded patterns. Materials and Methods: Four types of gradient pattern structures with similar 80 % porosity were designed and fabricated using polylactic acid (PLA) pro via material extrusion. The structural compression test was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties in order to validate the computational analysis. In addition to that, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was conducted to predict the permeability and fluid-induced wall shear stress (WSS) of porous structures. Results: The experimental result shows that conical graded structures exhibit the highest mechanical strength in terms of elastic modulus (64.84 MPa), yield stress (1.83 MPa), and total energy absorption (1.115 J/m3) compared to linear, radial, and uniform structures. The unique smooth surfaces of the conical pores arrangement resulted in excellent strength with a localized fracture in the shape of a chevron and global fracture in a layer-by-layer failure mechanism. Indeed, the permeability values for conical graded meets the fluid permeability of actual cancellous bone. Conclusion: The findings highlighted that conical graded structure offered superior mechanical characteristics with improved energy absorption and failure behavior as well as fluid-flow properties. It indicates that conical graded meets all the mechanical and biological requirements to mimic the cancellous bone, especially in load-bearing applications.

Based on Transcriptome Sequencing of Cell Wall Deficient Strain, Research on Arabinosyltransferase Inhibition's Effect on the Synthesis of Cell Wall in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

To explore the key genes involved in cell wall synthesis and understand the molecular mechanism of cell wall assembly in the model alga-Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, transcriptome sequencing was used to discover the differentially expressed genes in the cell wall defective strain. In the glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism pathways, the gene expressions involved in the synthesis of cell wall functional components were analyzed. The results showed that in the cell wall defective strain, arabinosyltransferase gene (XEG113, RRA) related to synthesis of plant extensin and some cell wall structural protein genes (hyp, PHC19, PHC15, PHC4, PHC3) were up-regulated, 1,3-β-glucan synthase gene (Gls2) and endoglucanase gene (EG2) about synthesis and degradation of glycoskeleton were both mainly up-regulated. Then, ethambutol dihydrochloride, an arabinosyltransferase inhibitor, was found to affect the permeability of the cell wall of the normal strain, while the cell wall deficient strain was not affected. To further research the function of arabinosyltransferase, the RRA gene was inactivated by knockout in the normal cell wall algal strain. Through a combination of microscope observation and physiological index detection, it was found that the cell wall of the mutant strains showed reduced structure levels, suggesting that the structure and function of the cell wall glycoprotein were weakened. Therefore, arabinosyltransferase may affect the glycosylation modification of cell wall glycoprotein, further affecting the structure assembly of cell wall glycoprotein.

Selective extraction of recombinant membrane proteins from Hansenula polymorpha by pulsed electric field and lytic enzyme pretreatment

BackgroundIn yeast, recombinant membrane proteins including viral scaffold proteins used for the formation of enveloped Virus-like particles (eVLPs) typically accumulate intracellularly. Their recovery is carried out by mechanical disruption of the cells, often in combination with detergent treatment. Cell permeabilization is an attractive alternative to mechanical lysis because it allows for milder and more selective recovery of different intracellular products.ResultsHere, we present a novel approach for extraction of integral membrane proteins from yeast based on cell envelope permeabilization through a combination of pulsed electric field and lytic enzyme pretreatment of the cells. Our primary experiments focused on Hansenula polymorpha strain #25-5 co-expressing the integral membrane small surface protein (dS) of the duck hepatitis B virus and a fusion protein of dS with a trimer of a Human papillomavirus (HPV) L2-peptide (3xL2-dS). Irreversible plasma membrane permeabilization was induced by treating the cell suspension with monopolar rectangular pulses using a continuous flow system. The permeabilized cells were incubated with lyticase and dithiothreitol. This treatment increased the cell wall permeability, resulting in the release of over 50% of the soluble host proteins without causing significant cell lysis. The subsequent incubation with Triton X-100 resulted in the solubilization and release of a significant portion of 3xL2-dS and dS from the cells. By applying two steps: (i) brief heating of the cells before detergent treatment, and (ii) incubation of the extracts with KSCN, an 80% purity on the protein level has been achieved. Experiments performed with H. polymorpha strain T#3-3, co-expressing dS and the fusion protein EDIIIWNV-dS consisting of dS and the antigen from the West Nile virus (WSV), confirmed the applicability of this approach for recovering dS. The treatment, optimal for solubilization of 3xL2-dS and a significant part of dS, was not effective in isolating the fused protein EDIIIWNV-dS from the membranes, resulting in its retention within the cells.ConclusionsThis study presents an alternative approach for the recovery and partial purification of viral membrane proteins expressed in H. polymorpha. The factors influencing the effectiveness of this procedure and its potential use for the recovery of other integral membrane proteins are discussed.

Nigella sativa 3% Inhibition Test of Nаturаl Toothpаste Compаred Cetylpyridinum chloride (CPC) Toothpаste 0.01-0.1% on Аggregаtibаcter actinomycetemcomitаns

Periodontitis generаlly begins with gingivitis progresses to alveolar bone increаsing the risk of systemic diseаse. The primаry etiologicаl fаctor in the etiology of periodontаl diseаse is Аggregаtibаcter аctinomycetemcomitаns bacteria. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has a bactericidal effect by disrupting the function of bacterial membranes in the cytoplasm. CPC can also absorb negative charges from bacteria, increase bacterial cell wall permeability, decrease cell metabolism, and reduce bacterial attachment to teeth. Use of аntimicrobiаl toothpаste, such as Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), is one strategy to prevent periodontаl disease, but CPC is hаzаrdous in some quаntities. Аs а result, it should be compared to a natural toothpaste, specifically Nigellа sаtivа toothpаste. The objective of this study is to compare the аntibаcteriаl аctivity of nаturаl toothpаste contаining Nigellа sаtivа 3% with toothpаste contаining CPC 0.01% - 0.1% on Аggregаtibаcter аctinomycetemcomitаns. Experimentаl studies are used in this kind of research. The colony count method wаs used to аssess the nаturаl toothpаstes Nigellа sаtivа 3% аnd toothpаste contаining CPC 0.01- 0.1% for their cаpаcity in inhibiting the Аggregаtibаcter аctinomycetemcomitаns. Natural toothpаste containing Nigellа sаtivа 3% wаs completely inhibiting Аggregаtibаcter аctinomycetemcomitаns, compared to 0.01-0.1% CPC toothpаste. The significаnce level for the stаtisticаl test results wаs 0.000 (p&lt;0.05). The conclution of this research are the nаturаl toothpаste contаining Nigellа sаtivа 3% аnd toothpаste contаining CPC 0.06%–0.1% can effectively suppress the growth of the microorgаnisms Аggregаtibаcter аctinomycetemcomitаns.

Numerical Investigation of the Influence of the Coolant’s Prandtl Molecular Numbers and the Permeability of the Pipe Wall on Turbulent Heat Transfer

Numerical Investigation of the Influence of the Coolant’s Prandtl Molecular Numbers and the Permeability of the Pipe Wall on Turbulent Heat Transfer

Comparative evaluation of effect of phlebotropic agents on vascular wall permeability in preclinical studies

Introduction. As there is insufficient evidence to date to determine phlebotropic drug preferences, further research in this area is warranted. Aim. To evaluate the effect of topical and oral phlebotropic agents on vascular wall permeability in preclinical studies. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were 6 phlebotropic agents for external and oral use, which were administered according to the recommendations specified in the instructions for use, 2 hours before the trypan blue. The model for preclinical studies: the xylene petechiae test with trypan blue staining. The evaluation criterion was the intensity of staining, which was expressed semiquantitatively (points). The test system was 100 white male outbred conventional mice. Results and discussion. Heparin + EPL + escin (Detragel) significantly reduces the intensity of staining in the xylene petechiae test. It was found that with a single external application reduces the intensity of staining by 25.0% compared to the control, which significantly by 60.0% exceeded the effectiveness of the drug heparin 1000 IU; with a course application of 15 days in 2 times, which significantly, least by 50%, exceeded the effect of the drug heparin 1000 IU and cosmetic product containing troxerutin. MPFF 1000 mg (Detralex) at a single oral administration significantly reduced the intensity of staining by 35.0% compared to the control group, which significantly by 69.2% exceeded the effectiveness of the reproduced preparations of MPFF and diosmin 600 mg. The indicated results are explained by differences in production technology, composition of components and are consistent with the known data on clinical efficacy of different groups of venotonics. Conclusion. In preclinical studies on the model of xylene petechiae with trypan blue staining, high efficacy of the original drug MPFF 1 (Detralex) at a single oral application and the drug heparin + EPL + escin (Detragel) at external single and course application for 15 days was established, which showed a significant difference with the control group, not less than 50% exceeded the efficacy of analogues and may indicate the effect on the permeability of the vascular wall.

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR BED AND ORGANOMETRICAL INDICATORS OF WHITE RATS TESTICLES DURING EXPERIMENTAL SKIN THERMAL INJURY AND UNDER THE CORRECTION WITH A XENODERMAL SUBSTRATE

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR BED AND ORGANOMETRICAL INDICATORS OF WHITE RATS TESTICLES DURING EXPERIMENTAL SKIN THERMAL INJURY AND UNDER THE CORRECTION WITH A XENODERMAL SUBSTRATE

Deciphering cell wall sensors enabling the construction of robust P. pastoris for single-cell protein production

Single-cell protein (SCP) production in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris has the potential to achieve a sustainable protein supply. However, improving the methanol fermentation efficiency and reducing carbon loss has been a long-standing challenge with far-reaching scientific and practical implications. Here, comparative transcriptomics revealed that PAS_0305, a gene directly associated with cell wall thickness under methanol stress, can be used as a target for unlocking cell wall sensors. Intracellular trehalose accumulation confirmed that cell wall sensors were activated after knocking out PAS_0305, which resulted in increased cell wall permeability. Genome-wide signal perturbations were transduced through the HOG module and the CWI pathway, which was confirmed to connected by Pbs2-Mkk. As a consequence of CWI pathway activation, ΔPAS_0305 elicited a rescue response of cell wall remodeling by increasing the β-1,3-glucan content and decreasing the chitin/mannose content. Remarkably, perturbations in global stress signals led to a fine-tuning of the metabolic network of ΔPAS_0305, resulting in a superior phenotype with highest crude protein and methanol conversion rate of 67.21% and 0.46 gDCW/g. Further genome-scale metabolic models were constructed to validate the experimental results, confirming that unlocking cell wall sensors resulted in maximized flux from methanol towards SCP and effectively addressing the issue of carbon loss in methanol fermentation. This work sheds new light on the potential of manipulating cellular signaling pathways to optimize metabolic networks and achieve exceptional phenotypic characteristics, providing new strategies for constructing versatile cell factories in P. pastoris.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetase fadD33 Promotes Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Survival in Hostile Extracellular and Intracellular Microenvironments in the Host.

Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), remains a significant global health challenge. The survival of M. tb in hostile extracellular and intracellular microenvironments is crucial for its pathogenicity. In this study, we discovered a Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) mutant B1033 that potentially affected mycobacterium pathogenicity. This mutant contained an insertion mutation gene, fadD33, which is involved in lipid metabolism; however, its direct role in regulating M. tb infection is not well understood. Here, we found that the absence of fadD33 reduced BCG adhesion and invasion into human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells and increased the permeability of the mycobacterial cell wall, allowing M. tb to survive in the low pH and membrane pressure extracellular microenvironment of the host cells. The absence of fadD33 also inhibited the survival of BCG in macrophages by promoting the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumors necrosis factor-α, through the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 signaling pathway. Overall, these findings provide new insights into M. tb mechanisms to evade host defenses and might contribute to identifying potential therapeutic and vaccine targets for tuberculosis prevention.