Permanganate Method Research Articles

Fluorescence and metallic valency states: Part II. Determination of manganese

Manganese is selectively and simply determined through the oxidative reaction of permanganate, formed by catalytic oxidation of manganese(II), upon oxine-5-sulphonic acid to produce a highly fluorescent product; the method is 100 times more sensitive than the conventional permanganate method. The fluorescence intensity attains a maximum after 10 min, is constant for 1 h, and is linear for 2.5 p.p.b. to 2.5 p.p.m. of manganese. Few ions interfere and manganese can be accurately determined in steels and other alloys.

Electron microscopic evidence for the presence of barley stripe mosaic virus in cells of barley embryos

Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) was demonstrated in thin sections of fully developed barley embryos ( Hordeum vulgare L.) with the electron microscope. Embryos dissected from seed produced on either greenhouse-grown Atlas barley artificially infected with the type strain of BSMV or field-grown Compana, Unitan, or Hypana barley infected naturally with a field strain of BSMV were cut into half portions. One portion was assayed for BSMV antigen by immunodiffusion in agar gel while the other was held in distilled water at 4° for 12–24 hours prior to its fixation by either the aldehyde-osmium or the potassium permanganate method. Embryos similarly prepared from noninfected Atlas barley grown in the greenhouse served as controls. When sections of parenchyma cells from half-embryos which corresponded to half-embryos shown to contain BSMV antigen were viewed, aggregates of tubular-shaped structures identified as BSMV particles or virions were detected in the ground cytoplasm. No membrane surrounded the aggregates. BSMV was not seen in nuclei. The type strain of BSMV in Atlas barley embryos was indistinguishable from a field strain of BSMV in all other barley embryos studied. No virus particles were visible in cells of embryos in which BSMV antigen could not be demonstrated. Eight of 16 half Hypana barley embryos, corresponding to halves previously shown to contain BSMV antigen, caused barley stripe mosaic symptoms when inoculated to Hypana barley seedlings. The aldehyde-osmium and the potassium permanganate methods of fixation to demonstrate BSMV in embryo cells are evaluated for their possible usefulness in the study of embryo infection and seed transmission in barley.

Experiments on terminal disinfection of cubicles with formaldehyde

The conditions for satisfactory fumigation with formaldehyde were investigated using suspensions of Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa dried as drops on strips of polythene or after mixing with cotton dust. In laboratory experiments with controlled concentrations of formaldehyde and water vapour, satisfactory results were obtained at 86 % humidity, but at 32 % humidity the formaldehyde was virtually inactive.Measurements under field conditions showed that the permanganate method of vaporizing formaldehyde did not vaporize enough water to produce optimum conditions for sterilization, and that great care was necessary in the sealing of rooms. When sterilization was incomplete the surviving organisms were not uniformly distributed within the room.In the limited circumstances in which fumigation with formaldehyde is thought to be essential, the process should be controlled by estimating the formaldehyde and water vapour concentrations initially and after 3 hr.

鋼スケール中の金属鉄，FeO, Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>，およびFe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>の分離定量法

The rational analysis of M.Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 in an iron scale was carried out using a magnetic separator. From microscopic observations, it was found that the mixed layer of fine particles of FeO and Fe3O4, existed as the third layer in the scale produced by heating iron in air. Therefore, as a part of FeO was not dissociated from Fe3O4 by the magnet on separation, the following method of calculation was proposed.(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.) \ oindentwhere M.Fe is Fe determined by the mercuric chloride method, T.Fe is Fe determined by the potassium permanganate method, ΣFe(II) is Fe determined by a potassium permanganate titration after dissolving a sample in hydrochloric acid in an atomosphere of carbon dioxide, T.Fe′ is Fe in the part attracted by a magnet, and which is determined by the potassium permanganate method, ΣFe (II)′ is Fe in the part attracted by a magnet which is determined by the same manner as at ΣFe(II).By this means, M.Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 in synthetic samples were determined within the absolute error of 1% and a good reproducibility was obtained in the result of analysis of the iron scale.

AN EXTENSION OF THE METHOD OF SELECTIVE OXIDATION TO THE RESOLUTION OF MIXTURES OF BARBITURATES WITH SATURATED SIDE-CHAINS.

The use of permanganate oxidation in the resolution of mixtures of barbiturates with unsaturated side-chains, which are encountered in cases of poisoning, was previously reported in this Journal (Stevens, 1962). This work is here extended to include barbiturates with saturated side-chains which were not amenable to the permanganate method. A note is also included on the behaviour of Primidone in this scheme, and suggestions made as to the nature of barbiturate oxidations.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Microgram Quantities of Manganese in Uranium and Aluminum with 8-Hydroxyquinaldine.

Microgram quantities of manganese were determined using the extraction of the 8-hydroxyquinaldine (2-methyl8-quinolinol) complex with chloroform and the spectrophotometric measurement of the extract. The method is applied successfully to traces of manganese in uranium after most of the uranium is removed by tributyl phosphate extraction. This method, without preliminary separation of the metal, is used also for the determination of microgram quantities of manganese in aluminum. With both metals, the procedure is more sensitive, precise, and accurate than the usual permanganate method, and is useful for determining manganese down to the 1-ppm level.

Application of atomic absorption spectroscopy to the determination of calcium in saliva.

THE importance of salivary calcium concentration of the environment in the solubility of tooth and enamel is readily apparent. As with other biological fluids, numerous methods, ranging from classical oxalate–permanganate titration and emission flame photometry to the more recent complexometric and colorimetric techniques, have been used to estimate the calcium content of saliva. Unfortunately most of these methods have certain disadvantages. The oxalate–permanganate method requires relatively large amounts of saliva, time-consuming centrifugation, washing and titration within a narrow temperature-range. Its accuracy has been questioned because of incomplete precipitation of the oxalate or loss of some calcium oxalate during the washing process1. Another devious procedure involves a complexometric analysis of calcium and magnesium in saliva followed by a separate colorimetric determination of magnesium, calcium being obtained as the difference2. Several complexon-titration techniques using erio-chrome black T, murexide or plasmo corinth indicators were tested on saliva. They were found unsatisfactory because the colour shift at the end-point was either too gradual and indistinct or, in the case of murexide, the colour faded too rapidly.

Cerimetric Determination of Molybdenum in High Chloride Media Using Molybdenum Blue Reaction

A new volumetric method of determining molybdenum in a high chloride media is described. After passage through a Jones reductor the reduced molybdenum is caught under a receiver solution of sodium molybdate whose pH is so adjusted that an equivalent amount of molybdenum blue is formed. The molybdenum blue is then titrated to a colorless equivalence point with standard ceric sulfate solution. The formation of molybdenum blue serves two purposes: the oxidationreduction reaction between Mo(III) and Mo(VI) forms an intermediate oxidation state that is stable against air oxidation and the intermediate oxidation state, molybdenum blue, serves as its own indicator in the titration. The results obtainable by this method are comparable to those obtained by the use of the permanganate method in sulfuric acid. (auth) The fluorescent x-ray determination of tantalum in riobium is described A concentration range of 0.05 to 0.70% is covered The oxide-cellulose pellet is placed in the sample holder and the surface irradiated. The fluorescent x radiation from the pellet is dispersed and the integrated intensity of the analytical line is compared to that of a non- dispersed beam from an external standard. The recorded intensity ratios are referred to an appropriate analytical curve to obtainmore » the tantalum concertration (auth)« less

The effect of hemorrhage on the noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of the adrenal gland in the cat.

The present investigation was attempted to know the influence of bleeding on the adrenal noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of the cat. Noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of the adrenal gland were estimated by the permanganate method of Suzuki and Ozaki. After the bleeding of two-fifths of the total blood quantity a decrease in adrenaline content of the adrenal gland was found. However, there was no modification of adrenal noradrenaline content. In cats, in which the bleeding of two-fifths plus one-fifth of the total blood quantity was performed, a marked depletion of adrenaline content and a slight decrease in noradrenaline content of the adrenal gland were found.

Effect of acute hypothermia upon the noradrenaline and adrenaline content of the adrenal gland in the cat.

The noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of the adrenal gland in cats were estimated by the permanganate method of Suzuki and Ozaki. Hypothermia was induced by immersing the animals into cold water. After application of cold to the animal body a marked decrease in adrenaline content of the adrenal gland was found, whereas there was no definite alteration in adrenal noradrenaline content.

Estimating Earthworm Populations by Using Formalin

WHILE investigating the removal of leaves by earthworms from the soil surface of some apple orchards at Wisbech (Cambs.) an estimate of the population of Lumbricus terrestris was needed because it seemed to be the only species present that pulled apple leaves into its burrows. L. terrestris burrows deeply in the light, well-drained soil of the Wisbech area, and a population estimate made by removing and hand-sorting soil samples was impracticable because of the depth of the burrows into which the worms retreat when soil samples are removed. The permanganate method used by Evans and Guild1 has been shown by Svendsen2 greatly to under-estimate the population and my tests at Wisbech confirmed this.

Descending Spinal Pathway Subserving Adrenaline Secretion of the Adrenal Gland in the Toad

In toads the transection or hemisection of the spinal cord was made at the level of the second spinal roots. After 4 days insulin was given. The adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of the adrenal gland were estimated by the permanganate method. The decrease in the adrenaline content of the adrenal gland causable by insulin hypoglycemia was found to be prevented by the transection of the spinal cord. By the hemisection of the spinal cord it was also abolished in the ipsilateral gland but not in the contralateral gland. Thus it is concluded that in the toad the descending spinal pathway subserving adrenaline secretion of the adrenal gland does not decussate.

AN EVALUATION ON THE METHODS FOR SELECTING AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS FOR ASPERGILLUS FUNGI

As methods for selecting auxotrophic mutants of filamentous fungi, two methods were re-examined and two methods were newly divised. The screening effects of these methods were evaluated by a reconstruction test as well as by a practical test. As a result, the permanganate method and the heating method devised by the author were proved to be as useful as the sulfite method and the filtration method. Details of the procedures are described.

A Bleaching Method for Melanin and two Staining Methods

ABSTRACT An acidified permanganate method can be used for bleaching melanin in mammalian skin and eyes. It allows good staining to be performed later. Microfilariae in nitrocellulose sections can be stained by a modified phloxine tartrazine method. Elastic fibres can be selectively stained by using a diluted solution of synthetic orcein.

Investigation on the Contents of Tannin and Total Nitrogen of Market Black Tea

We have investigated the tannin and total nitrogen contents of the market black teas.Tannin was estimated by three methods, i. e. Lowenthal, nepherometric, and alkaline permanganate method, and total nitrogen by micro-Kjeldahl method.As the result, it was found that a very close correlation was observed between the tannin content and the qualities of tea, especially color of liquor, taste, and color of infused leaf. And also total nitrogen has closely correlated with the qualities of tea, but less than tannin.Among the tannin values estimated by the three methods, very close correlationships were observed.

Activity ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline in various colour reactions.

Activity ratios of adrenaline to noradrenaline in various chemical methods, such as the permanganate, the corrosive sublimate, the iodine, the phosphotungstic acid and arsenomolybdic acid methods were estimated. The mean value (adrenaline: noradrenaline) obtained was 1.16:1 in the permanganate method, 1.31:1 in the corrosive sublimate method, 2.4:1 in the iodine method, 2.17:1 in the phosphotungstic acid method and 7.6:1 in the arsenomolybdic acid method.

Noradrenaline in the adrenals of young dogs.

In dogs of 2-7 days old as well as those of 20-30 days old, the nor-adrenaline and adrenaline contents of the adrenals were estimated by means of the permanganate method. It was found that the relative noradrenaline content of the adrenals in young dogs was invariably larger than that in adult dogs. The auther wishes to acknowledge the helpful suggestions of Prof. T. Suzuki.

Predicting Nitrogen Fertilizer Needs of Iowa Soils: IV. Evaluation of Nitrate Production as a Criterion of Nitrogen Availability

AbstractPreceding papers in this series have traced the development of a suitable method for assessing the relative nitrogen‐supplying power of soils and its correlation with crop response to nitrogen fertilization in the field. This method has been shown to be of value in predicting the need for nitrogen fertilizer in Iowa soils.The present study, conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions, was designed to evaluate critically the utility of soil nitrate release as a basis for establishing the relative nitrogen status of soils. The 21 soils used in this investigation represent a wide range in nitrogen‐supplying capacity. Four levels of nitrogen fertilizer were applied to pots and German millet was grown.The relation between total nitrogen uptake by the crop and level of applied nitrogen was linear for all soils studied. Extrapolation of the linear regressions provided values which reflected the relative contents of available nitrogen in the soils. These values which have been termed “N‐values” are expressed in units of applied nitrogen. Also, N‐values correlated highly with the total nitrogen uptake of the check pots. Both N‐values and nitrogen uptake by the plants were highly correlated with nitrate nitrogen released during a 2‐week period of incubation. Considerably lower correlations were found in relating these criteria to total soil nitrogen or to values obtained by the alkaline permanganate method.

Noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of suprarenal glands in various species of animals.

By using the permanganate method, noradrenaline and adrenaline contents of suprarenal extracts in pigs, goats, dogs, cats and rabbits were assayed. It was estimated that the relative amount of noradrenaline in the suprarenals was 43 (30-52) per cent of the total active substances in pigs, 36.5 (21-68) per cent in goats, 18.5 (7-29) per cent in dogs, 45.1 (38-53) per cent in cats and 1.8 (0-11) per cent in rabbits, respectively. My thanks are due to Prof. T. Suzuki for his advice given during the course of this work.

On the activities of the medullary extract of the bovine adrenal gland estimated by some biologic tests, using the adrenaline-noradrenaline mixture as the standard.

The present investigation was designed with the desire to know whether the active principles other than adrenaline and noradrenaline are presented in the adrenal medulla in a significant amount or not. The medullary tissue of the bovine adrenal gland was extracted with trichloracetic acid. At first, the noradrenaline and adrenaline contents were estimated chemically by means of the permanganate method reported by Suzuki and Ozaki. The adrenaline-noradrenaline mixture was then prepared so as to contain just the same percentage of noradrenaline and adrenaline as the chemical estimates of the extract. Using this mixture as the standard the activity of the extract in three biologic tests was estimated quantitatively. In five out of six specimens, the estimates obtainable by the three different methods were in every case almost similar each other. In one specimen, however, the estimate given by the blood pressure method was definitely smaller than those given by the intestine segment method and the pupil method. Thus it can not yet be concluded that the active principles of the adrenal medulla are always soley two hormones, i.e. adrenaline and noradrenaline.