Permanent Wind Research Articles

Design and analysis of a tethered-glider for generating electrical-renewable energy using the pumping cycle method

The issue of energy generation from wind is considered one of the main ways to develop renewed energy in some areas worldwide. The important point in generating energy from wind is the permanent wind availability, which is called the existence of effective wind. According to studies, there is no effective wind at ground level in many areas of the world, while this wind is available at altitude. The Accessibility of wind in altitude has led to the development of various technologies in energy production from airborne systems. In this research, airborne wind energy systems technologies have been investigated, and a tethered-glider was designed and analyzed using analytical methods for energy generation at a 200-meter altitude. The main factor in designing a glider is the optimal ratio of lift to drag coefficient; For calculating lift to drag coefficient, the vortex lattice method (VLC) is used in this paper. The results illustrate that a glider with a wingspan of 5.2 meters can produce a maximum of 10 kilowatts of energy over one cycle. Increasing this ratio can increase energy production efficiency.

Composition and Performance of Autologous Engineered Skin Substitutes for Repair or Regeneration of Excised, Full-Thickness Burns.

Prompt and permanent wound closure after burn injuries remains a requirement for patient recovery. Historically, split-thickness skin autograft (STAG) has served as the prevailing standard of care for closure of extensive, deep burns. Because STAG availability may be insufficient in life-threatening burns, alternatives have been evaluated for safety and efficacy of wound closure. Since the 1970s, alternatives consisting of cultured epidermal keratinocytes, and/or acellular dermal substitutes were studied and translated into services and devices that facilitated wound closure, survival, and recovery after major burns. Cultured epithelial autografts (CEA) promoted epidermal closure of wounds but were not stable during long-term recovery. An acellular dermal substitute consisting of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (C-GAG) provided more uniform dermal repair, and reduced needs for epidermal harvesting but was subject to loss from microbial contamination. More recently, an autologous engineered skin substitute (ESS) has been reported and includes a C-GAG polymer populated with fibroblasts and keratinocytes which form basement membrane. ESS can be applied clinically over a vascularized dermal substitute and generates stable wound closure that is smooth, soft, and strong. Despite these advances, no current alternatives for permanent wound closure restore the anatomy and physiology of uninjured skin. Current alternatives act by mechanisms of wound healing, not by developmental biology by which skin forms in utero with pigment, hair, sweat and sebaceous glands, microvasculature, and nerve. Until full-thickness burns are restored with all of the normal structures and functions of uninjured skin, regenerative medicine of skin will remain an ambitious aspiration for future researchers and engineers to achieve.

Triple-speed coaxial magnetic gear for wind turbine applications: introduction and comprehensive analysis

PurposeThis paper aims to introduce a new structure for coaxial magnetic gears.Design/methodology/approachThe study discusses the design and electromagnetic modeling of a triple-speed coaxial magnetic gear (TSCMG) for three different levels of torques in special applications such as wind energy conversion and electrical vehicles. The proposed TSCMG consists of inner, middle and outer rotor, which has one rotor more than its conventional counterpart. The suggested TSCMG’s related equations such as transform ratio and torque are calculated, then TSCMG is simulated in a finite element environment. A comprehensive study has been done on TSCMG, and results are compared with two other magnetic gears with the same volume but two speeds.FindingsThe obtained results show that the proposed structure for TSCMGs is significantly practical and applicable in higher ranges of torques. Finally, an experimental TSCMG is prototyped to verify the results.Originality/valueThe achievements are excellent and confirm that TSCMG can be used as powerful equipment in a wide range of application like permanent wind turbines to generate electricity in 24 h per every single day.

Use of single-layer artificial dermal template in patients with trauma and burns.

Artificial dermal templates (ADTs), were designed initially to provide extracellular matrix and skin substitute for extensive burn injuries. Use of ADTs in a variety of other indications, has also been described in the literature. In this study, we describe our experience of using ADTs for different indications in burn contractures and wound coverage. In this retrospective study, patients requiring burn scar contracture release, permanent wound coverage for acute traumatic wounds and temporary wound coverage to prepare for complex reconstructions, and where the ADT Pelnac (Gunze Ltd., Japan) was applied, were evaluated. Data regarding patient sex, age, type and location of injury, comorbidities, operations and complications were recorded. A total of 24 patients were included in the study, of whom 12 patients were operated on for burn contractures. ADTs were used with split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) or Z-plasties in a single-stage procedure. In six patients, ADT and STSGs were used to cover defects with exposed bone or tendon. Of the patients, six had their wounds covered temporarily while they were stabilised for complex reconstructions or were awaiting definitive histopathological results. Revisional surgeries due to graft failures or insufficient contracture releases were required by 12 patients. All temporary wound coverage patients had successful flap reconstructions after stabilisation of their general status, had tumour-free margins in the histopathological examination, and no necrosis or infection was seen on follow-up. In this study, ADTs had positive effects on selected patients, but comprehensive and comparative clinical studies are needed for different indications to choose between these templates.

804 Catastrophic Burn Management: A case series using autologous skin cell suspension

IntroductionCatastrophic thermal injury treatment is complex due to the lack of autologous donor site, which is imperative for permanent wound closure. Historically, our burn unit has relied on application of cultured epithelial autografts for wound closure in this patient population. Lab grown skin requires a significant time investment. Therefore, in our most recent subset of large burn injuries, we have transitioned to the use of autologous skin cell suspension over widely meshed autograft utilization almost exclusively.MethodsA case series of four thermally injured patients with injuries greater than 75% TBSA was reviewed. Patient length of stay, operative interventions, skin coverage, mortality and cost were examined.ResultsBurn size ranged from 75-85% TBSA in four patients. Early excision was implemented for all four patients in the case study. One of the four patients was treated with a combination of lab grown skin and autologous skin cell suspension. The three other patients were treated exclusively with autologous skin cell suspension for wound coverage. All patients underwent widely meshed autograft with the autologous cell suspension for wound coverage. All four patients survived to discharge and their initial follow up. Cost of operative interventions were less expensive for autologous skin cell suspension than for cultured epithelial autografts. Length of stay varied from 66-179 days. Discharge location varied from acute rehabilitation, to a homeless shelter, to another burn facility with inpatient psychiatric services.ConclusionsAutologous skin cell suspension is a safe and efficient treatment modality to obtain permanent wound closure in catastrophic thermal injuries.

The effect of warning signs on the presence of snare traps in a Ugandan rainforest.

Since chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) conservation often involves local human populations, conservation strategies must consider psychological factors that impact their behavior. In Budongo Forest, Uganda, for example, local communities commonly engage in snare trap (hereafter: snare) setting for wild meat. This illegal activity posits a substantial threat to wild chimpanzees, causing permanent wounds or death for those who are snared. Despite various schemes previously implemented to address snare setting—an activity that is fueled by poverty, the problem and its detrimental impact on chimpanzees persists. Here, we experimentally tested a novel intervention, a systematic display of specially designed warning signs aimed at local poachers. We monitored the presence of snares before and after introducing these signs over a total period of two years and compared it with that of a similar sized control area with no intervention. Results show that snares were less likely to be present during the “sign” period than during the “non‐sign” period in the experimental but not in the control area. We discuss the potential of this cost‐effective intervention for limiting illegal activities that pose a severe threat to chimpanzees and other species inhabiting tropical forests.

A Review about Flux-Weakening Operating Limits and Control Techniques for Synchronous Motor Drives

This paper deals with motor design aspects and control strategies for the flux-weakening (FW) operation of synchronous motors. The theory of FW is described by taking into account different control schemes. The advantages and drawbacks of each one are discussed, as well. Moreover, some motor design considerations for achieving an effective FW operation are illustrated for permanent magnet (PM), wound rotor (WR) and reluctance (REL) synchronous machines, using the per unit approach. The distinguishing characteristic of this review provides two-fold attention on both machine design and control strategies obtained by several collaborations with industrial and commercial companies.

INDICATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF FORMALDEHYDE CONTENT IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR OF MYKOLAEV

The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of using indicative measurements of formaldehyde (CH2O) content in the atmospheric air of the cities exposed to active vehicular transit flows. Motor transport is a fundamental factor of increased formaldehyde levels in the atmospheric air of such cities. Regional peculiarities affecting the increase of formaldehyde content and dispersion process in the surface layer of the atmosphere are added to the current situation, such as climatic and meteorological conditions, especially in summer, when high temperatures are combined with a lack of permanent winds; and the presence of a large unregulated automobile transit flow through the city. Within the framework of the Directive 2008/50/EU implementation into the national legislation of Ukraine it is necessary to introduce the ecological monitoring of the atmospheric air quality from the expansion of the fixed measurements by means of indicative measurements of air quality indices. The article raises the question of the consistency of the results of indicative and fixed measurements of formaldehyde content in the atmospheric air of cities. The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of the application of indicative measurements of formaldehyde content in the atmospheric air in the cities with heavy traffic, on the example of the city of Mykolaiv. The materials of the study are the results of measuring the formaldehyde content in the atmospheric air of the city by 7 stations of indicative measurements in Mykolaiv, as well as the results of determination of formaldehyde content at 4 stationary reference stations of atmospheric air monitoring in the city of Mykolaiv. It has been proved that there is a chronic excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of formaldehyde both during indicative measurements and at the fixed air monitoring stations in the airspace of the city of Mykolaiv. It has been shown that the results of indicative measurements of formaldehyde content in atmospheric air exceed in 1.5-1.6 times the corresponding values at fixed measurements, and the maximum values at fixed measurements exceed in 1.6-1.8 times the maximum values at indicative measurements. The necessity of calibration of indicative measurement stations in accordance with local conditions has been substantiated. The requirement of compulsory supplementing with indicative measurements of ecological monitoring of atmospheric air in the cities with intensive traffic flows has been shown.

Congenital Absence of Skin on the Right Leg and Nail Abnormalities-Epidermolysis Bullosa or Bart’s Syndrom ?

Abstract Children born with the epidermolysis bullosa (so-called “butterfly children”) can eat only liquid or soft food due to the blisters on their mouth, tongue and esophagus. Due to their inactivity and permanent wounds, their fingers are curved and grown with a fist. Their eyes, anus and genitals are not spared either. The digestion is usually poor, so they often suffer from the constipation, and sometimes the intestine discharge can be performed only surgically. Due to frequent and numerous wounds, infections may develop, which can lead to sepsis. Wounds are caused by any kind of the pressure and re-bandaging of wounds is the most painful. These children can later be susceptible to other diseases, especially the skin cancer. More than 80% of children diagnosed with this disease become disabled in the first years of their lives, and some of them pass away immediately after birth. The average lifespan of the diseased is about 28 years. Here we have presented a rare case of a newborn male infant with a dystrophic epidermolysis bullousa, a congenital skin aplasia on the right leg and a nail dystrophy. Based on a typical clinical presentation, we think that it is Bart’s syndrome.

A study into the viability of Synbone® as a proxy for Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs for use with 7.62 × 51mm Full Metal Jacket ammunition in ballistic testing.

Forensic reconstructions and ballistic testing requires the use of consistent and repeatable simulants. Synthetic bone has been developed to be mechanically similar to human bone; however, it does not have the same viscoelastic properties. Bone acts as brittle and stiff material and fails instantly under high-energy events such as ballistic impacts. Consequently, bone simulants for use in ballistic testing should show comparable energy deposition to mammalian bones. This study aims to determine if Synbone® flat plates could be a viable proxy for Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs in ballistic testing with 7.62 × 51mm Full Metal Jacket ammunition. 5mm, 6mm and 12mm quartered Synbone® plates were embedded into 10% ballistic gelatin and shot using 7.62mm ammunition. The models were then analysed to compare the Synbone® to a previous Sus Scrofa (domesticus) rib study and focused on energy deposition, the number of fragments within the block, angle of deviation, onset of yaw, the temporary cavity, and the permanent wound channel. No significant difference was seen between the Sus Scrofa (domesticus) and the 5mm Sybone®. There were significant differences observed between Sus Scrofa (domesticus) ribs and 6mm Synbone® for the number of fragments, energy deposition and projectile tract diameter, and significant differences seen between Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs and 12mm Synbone® for the depth of onset of yaw, energy deposition and projectile tract diameter. This study indicates that the 5mm Synbone® plate is a suitable proxy for Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs for use with 7.62 × 51mm FMJ ammunition in ballistic testing.

Reducing aeolian sand transport and beach erosion by using armour layer of coarse materials

A man-made dune-beach-spit system at the south-east side of the island of Texel (Prins Hendrik site) has been built in 2018–2019 to strengthen the traditional dike. The core of the dune-beach-spit system consists of medium fine sand with a d50 of 0.25–0.3 mm. The beach is covered with an armour (protection) layer of coarse materials with relatively large gravel and shell fractions to reduce wind erosion and thus maintenance costs. In the design phase of the project the aeolian sand transport model of Bagnold was used to estimate the long-term erosion losses of sand at the new dune-beach system. This transport model was validated in the design phase by using detailed sand transport and bed roughness measurements at a nearby site called The Hors. This site is a wide natural beach plain of sand (d50 = 0.23 mm), where 147 high-quality datasets have been collected using a wind mast equipped with 5 cup anemometers and various sand traps. It is shown that the measured sand transport rates at the Hors can be reasonably well represented by the modified Bagnold-equation for dry sand. After completion of the new dune-beach system, a field experiment was performed at the Prins Hendrik site to verify the sediment transport predictions and erosion loss of sand. Data from two permanent wind masts and one short, mobile wind mast were used to derive the effective roughness of (stationary) bed forms. Sand transport rates were measured at various locations using a new trap sampler. The measured sediment transport in the armoured beach zone can be reasonably well represented by the Bagnold-equation using a multi-fraction approach with hiding-exposure coefficient. The predicted transport rates have been used to estimate the annual loss of sand from the Prins-Hendrik site.

Modeling of trees failure under windstorm in harvested Hyrcanian forests using machine learning techniques

In managed forests, windstorm disturbances reduce the yield of timber by imposing the costs of unscheduled clear-cutting or thinning operations. Hyrcanian forests are affected by permanent winds, with more than 100 km/h which cause damage forest trees and in result of the tree harvesting and gap creation in forest stands, many trees failure accidents happen annually. Using machine learning approaches, we aimed to compare the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network, radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and support vector machine (SVM) models for identifying susceptible trees in windstorm disturbances. Therefore, we recorded 15 variables in 600 sample plots which are divided into two categories: 1. Stand variables and 2.Tree variables. We developed the tree failure model (TFM) by artificial intelligence techniques such as MLP, RBFNN, and SVM. The MLP model represents the highest accuracy of target trees classification in training (100%), test (93.3%) and all data sets (97.7%). The values of the mean of trees height, tree crown diameter, target tree height are prioritized respectively as the most significant inputs which influence tree susceptibility in windstorm disturbances. The results of MLP modeling defined TFMmlp as a comparative impact assessment model in susceptible tree identification in Hyrcanian forests where the tree failure is in result of the susceptibility of remained trees after wood harvesting. The TFMmlp is applicable in Hyrcanian forest management planning for wood harvesting to decrease the rate of tree failure after wood harvesting and a tree cutting plan could be modified based on designed environmental decision support system tool to reduce the risk of trees failure in wind circulations.

Investigation of Novel Doubly Salient Hybrid Excited Machine With Non-Overlapped Field Winding

Hybrid excited machines, with synergies of permanent magnet (PM) and wound field (WF) excitations, exhibit high torque density as well as controllable flux and are perceived as promising candidate for variable speed application. A novel doubly salient hybrid excited (DSHE) machine with non-overlapped field winding is presented in this paper. It inherits simple structure of conventional doubly salient PM (DSPM) machine and facilitates the regulation of magnetic field by field winding. The electromagnetic performances of the proposed machine with different stator and rotor pole number combinations are investigated by finite element method (FEM), confirming these advantages. Furthermore, the effect of iron bridge on the hybridization between PM and WF excitations is analyzed to obtain a trade-off between high torque density and wide flux regulation range with the frozen permeability method (FPM). It is revealed that the proposed DSHE machine possesses higher power and fault tolerance at flux weakening region compared with the DSPM machine, albeit with sacrificed torque density and efficiency with introduction of field winding. Finally, a prototype is fabricated and tested to validate the theoretical analyses.

Research status and prospect on autologous tissue-engineered skin as permanent graft

To date, skin substitute that can provide permanent wound closure is still autologous tissue-engineered skin using autologous skin cells as seed cells. The development of cultured epithelial autograft has experienced a long and tortuous process. Autologous tissue-engineered composite skin is closer to autologous split-thickness skin graft in terms of structure, function, and efficacy, which has become a research focus in recent years. Based on the actual status of research on tissue-engineered skin application, this paper reviewed the main research progresses and existing problems, and the prospect of research and development and clinical application of autologous tissue-engineered skin as permanent graft in order to provide a reference for the improvement and application of autologous tissue-engineered skin.

Noninvasive 7\xa0tesla MRI of fatal craniocerebral gunshots \u2013 a glance into the future of radiologic wound ballistics

Compared to computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides superior visualization of the soft tissue. Recently, the first 7 Tesla (7 T) MRI scanner was approved for clinical use, which will facilitate access to these ultra-high-field MRI scanners for noninvasive examinations and scientific studies on decedents. 7 T MRI has the potential to provide a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a characteristic that can be directly exploited to improve image quality and invest in attempts to increase resolution. Therefore, evaluating the diagnostic potential of 7 T MRI for forensic purposes, such as assessments of fatal gunshot wounds, was deemed essential. In this article, we present radiologic findings obtained for craniocerebral gunshot wounds in three decedents. The decedents were submitted to MRI examinations using a 7 T MRI scanner that has been approved for clinical use and a clinical 3 T MRI scanner for comparison. We focused on detecting tiny injuries beyond the wound tract caused by temporary cavitation, such as microbleeds. Additionally, 7 T T2-weighted MRI highlighted a dark (hypo intense) zone beyond the permanent wound tract, which was attributed to increased amounts of paramagnetic blood components in damaged tissue. Microbleeds were also detected adjacent to the wound tract in the white matter on 7 T MRI. Based on the findings of radiologic assessments, the advantages and disadvantages of postmortem 7 T MRI compared to 3 T MRI are discussed with regard to investigations of craniocerebral gunshot wounds as well as the potential role of 7 T MRI in the future of forensic science.

A study into the viability of Synbone® as a proxy for Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs for use with 5.56-mm open tip match ammunition in ballistic testing.

In ballistic testing and forensic reconstruction, there is a need to use repeatable and consistent simulants. While synthetic bone is mechanically similar to human bone, it does not have the same viscoelastic properties. In high-energy impact such as ballistic impacts, bone acts as a stiff, brittle material and fails instantaneously. Therefore, a suitable simulant for use in ballistic testing should have comparable energy deposition to mammalian bones. This preliminary study aims to determine if Synbone® could be a viable proxy for Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs in ballistic testing. Three thickness of Synbone® were embedded into 10% ballistic gelatin and shot using 5.56-mm ammunition. The models were then analysed to compare the Synbone® to a previous Sus scrofa (domesticus) rib study and focused on the number of fragments within the block, energy deposition, onset of yaw, angle of deviation, the temporary cavity as a percentage of the block and the depth to the temporary cavity centre, depth to maximum gelatin disruption and the permanent wound channel, including shear planes and wound tract diameter. There was no significant difference in the metrics that were compared between Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs and the three thicknesses of Synbone®, except for a significant difference in the depth to maximum gelatin disruption between the 6mm (p= 0.009) and 12mm plate (p= 0.007) and the Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs. This study indicates that the 5-mm Synbone® plate is a suitable proxy for Sus scrofa (domesticus) ribs for use with 5.56-mm OTM ammunition in ballistic testing.

Case volume and complications after thyroid gland surgery in Germany: an analysis of routine data from 48,387 AOK patients

Many studies showed that hospital and surgeon volume have a significant influence on the complication rates of thyroid surgery. The present study investigates whether this relationship applies in subtotal as well as total lobe resections. Furthermore, it is still unclear which threshold for the hospital-related case volume can be determined, above which the risk of complications lies below the current national average. The study was based on nationwide routine data for persons insured with the Local General Sickness Fund (AOK) who had undergone thyroid surgery in 2014-2016. Permanent vocal cord palsy, bleeding and wound infection needing revision were recorded using indicators. The effect of the case volume on the indicators and the case number threshold was determined using logistic regression. Permanent vocal cord palsy was observed in 1.3% and bleeding or wound infections needing revision in 1.6% and 0.3% of the cases. Compared to hospitals with >450 surgeries per year, the risk of permanent vocal cord palsy in hospitals with fewer than 201, 101 and 51 surgeries was significantly increased (OR [95% CI]: 1.5 [1.1-2.1]; 1.5 [1.1-2.1]; 1.8 [1.3-2.5]). The threshold needed to achieve a risk for permanent vocal cord palsy below the national average (1.3%) was 265 thyroid surgeries per year (95% CI: 110-420). For bleeding or wound infection in need of revision, no association between volume and outcome was found. The present study showed that the risk of postoperative permanent vocal cord palsy decreased with increasing case volume. The broad confidence interval of the threshold makes clear case volume recommendation difficult. In order that the risk for a postoperative permanent vocal cord palsy is not likely above the national average, the annual case volume should reach 110 thyroid interventions.

A vibration‐based electromagnetic and piezoelectric hybrid energy harvester

This work presents the fabrication and testing of a vibration-based single energy hybrid harvester (VSEHH). Electromagnetic and piezoelectric transduction mechanisms are utilized for energy extraction in the developed harvester. Electromagnetic portion of the device composed of a permanent magnet, planar coil and wound coil, however, for piezoelectric portion polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane is used. In the harvester the PVDF membrane having the magnet is kept loose in order to exploit the spring softening nonlinearity. At lower base excitation levels (less than 0.5g) the response of the VSEHH is linear, however, from 0.5 to 2.5g the harvester exhibits spring softening nonlinearity and at acceleration levels greater than 2.5g, the spring hardening nonlinearity is invoked. Because of nonlinear behavior of the harvester, the shift of resonant frequency, the sudden jump-up and jump-down phenomena result in the enhancement of the harvester's frequency bandwidth. Under sinusoidal excitation and at 123 Hz frequency and 4g acceleration, the electromagnetic portion of the harvester produced 40.6 mV load voltage and 212.7 μW with planar coil and 73.5 mV load voltage and 319.1 μW power with wound coil. Moreover, under the same vibrations condition a load voltage of 2930 mV and power of 57.6 μW is generated by the piezoelectric portion of the harvester. Collectively, the harvester is capable of producing a power of 589.4 μW and a power density of 334.13 μW/cm3. Furthermore, when subjected to broadband random vibrations, two central frequency peaks are produced, one is due to spring softening and the other corresponds to the spring hardening of the membrane.

Cogging Torque Reduction in Double-Rotor Hybrid Excited Axial Switched-Flux Permanent Magnet Machine

In this paper, a novel double-rotor hybrid excited axial switched-flux permanent magnet (DRHE-ASFPM) machine incorporating the advantages of the axial switched-flux permanent magnet (PM) machine and wound field synchronous machine is investigated. Similar to the switched-flux PM machine, there is a large undesired cogging torque in the DRHE-ASFPM machine because of high air-gap density and strong flux-focusing effect. This paper presents and compares three cogging torque reduction techniques in the DRHE-ASFPM machine, including stator/rotor teeth notching, stator slot chamfering, as well as stator slot chamfering and teeth notching (SCTN). The analytical expression of the cogging torque is derived and three methods are analyzed and compared in detail. As verified by 3-D finite element (FE) method, the SCTN technique can effectively reduce the cogging torque extremely, but slightly decrease the output torque under both PM and hybrid excitation modes. Finally, an optimized prototype machine with SCTN structure is manufactured, and the experiment is performed to validate the FE predicted results.

Model Predictive Torque Control of a Hybrid Excited Axial Field Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machine

Hybrid excited axial field flux-switching permanent magnet (HEAFFSPM) machine is a novel stator excitation hybrid excited synchronous machine, which combines the advantages of the axial field flux-switching permanent magnet machine and wound field machine. In this paper, two model predictive torque control (MPTC) methods with flux-adjusting strategy implementation for the HEAFFSPM machine, including the MPTC and MPTC with duty cycle control (MPTC-DCC) by optimizing the active voltage vector duration to reduce the torque and flux ripples, are proposed and comparatively investigated. Based on the theoretical analysis, a discrete-time model of the HEAFFSPM machine is established. Considering the flux-enhancing/-weakening strategies, the different multi-objective cost functions are designed. The multiple right weight coefficients are analyzed and chosen to optimize the operating performance of the drive system. The results indicate that the proposed MPTC-DCC method reduces the torque and flux ripples significantly compared with MPTC method, and the drive system has better steady performance. Meanwhile, the load capability in the whole speed region is improved and the constant power operating range is broadened by using the proposed flux-adjusting strategy.