Formation Of Permanent Teeth Research Articles

DENTAL AGENESIS OF UPPER LATERAL INCISORS: Case report in a patient from the city of Mato Verde - MG

Dental agenesis or also known as hypodontia, is established as a numerical anomaly that implies a lack of tooth development. The most frequently encountered agenesis, with the exception of third molars, is the upper lateral incisors. The objective of this study was to report a clinical case of agenesis of upper lateral incisors in a patient from the city of Mato Verde-MG. This is a qualitative study with observational/descriptive objectives. The research will be carried out in the municipality of Mato Verde-MG at Faculdade Verde Norte (FAVENORTE). Female patient, Caucasian, ten years old, attended the FAVENORTE clinic, together with her guardian, with the main complaint being: “Assessing the formation of permanent teeth, as she had already been diagnosed with agenesis of the deciduous upper lateral incisors”. On clinical examination it was observed that there was a lack of permanent upper lateral incisors. The radiographic examination confirmed the absence of the germs of the permanent upper lateral incisors, thus confirming the agenesis of these dental elements. Therefore, the patient was referred to the orthodontist, who prepared an individualized treatment plan for the patient. Early diagnosis is extremely important in cases of tooth agenesis, where professionals must pay attention to its characteristics, targeting treatment options for each case, thus obtaining a favorable prognosis and a better quality of life for the patient.

A Cross-Sectional Study Looked into the Incidence of Early Missing Primary Teeth in Children Aged 6 to 12 in the Southern Iraqi City of Nasiriya

Objectives: One of the potential risk factors for poor dental arch length growth, which in turn affects the formation of permanent teeth, is the early loss of primary teeth, which is common in childhood dental disease. For the formation of permanent teeth, the dental arch must be the proper length. The length of the weak arc may cause crowding, preterm birth, or impaction of these teeth, which could harm the student's health and development throughout the course of their life. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of early primary tooth loss in students aged 6 to 12 years old. Materials and Methods: 259 students made up the study group, 135 boys and 124 girls. An expert examiner performed the dental examination in an environment with enough artificial light. The age of the patient and the number of lost teeth were recorded. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, and based on the findings, Chi-square tests were conducted at a level of significance of 5% (P 0.05). Results: Boys lost their primary teeth at a rate of 49%, while girls of the same age lost their teeth at a slightly higher rate of 51%. The study also revealed that first molars (42.6%) are the dental arch's most often missing teeth. Conclusion: In the study group, there was a high prevalence of early loss of primary teeth, students could retain a healthy primary dentition and eventually avoid disruptions in the development of appropriate occlusion with the support of effective educational and preventive programs for oral health. Reducing malocclusion issues would be made possible with the early detection and treatment of the space issues brought on by the early loss of primary teeth.

The dental phenotype of primary dentition in SATB2-associated syndrome: a report of three cases and literature review

BackgroundSATB2-associated syndrome (SAS; OMIM: 612,313) is an autosomal dominant inherited multisystemic disorder caused by several variants of the SATB2 gene. SAS is characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, severe speech anomalies, craniofacial anomalies, and dental abnormalities. Here, we report the dental phenotype of primary dentition of three Chinese children with SAS.Case presentationAll three cases with SAS showed intellectual disability, speech and language anomalies, and palate anomalies. For the dental phenotype, all three cases showed macrodontia, crowded dentition, extensive caries, periapical abscesses and fistulas. Radiographs showed the wide-open root apex of deciduous teeth, loss of mandibular second bicuspids, delayed root formation of permanent teeth, rotated teeth, and taurodontism. Sanger sequencing of case 1 showed that there was a heterozygous code shift variation, c1985delT (p.F662Sfs*9) in the SATB2 gene, which has not been reported in literature. Root canal therapy, carious restoration, and teeth extraction were managed promptly, while preventive dental care was given regularly.ConclusionsThe dental phenotype of primary dentition in SAS may show macrodontia, crowded dentition, severe caries, wide-open root apex of deciduous teeth, loss of mandibular second bicuspids, delayed root formation of permanent teeth, rotated teeth, and taurodontism. Regular oral hygiene instructions and preventive dental care are both required.

Etiology Study of Acquired Developmental Defects of Enamel and Their Association with Dental Caries in Children between 3 and 19 Years Old from Dolj County, Romania.

Background: Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) are frequently encountered in primary and permanent teeth, yet their etiology is not completely known. Enamel hypoplasia is considered a predisposing factor for early caries. The objective of this study was the evaluation of several risk factors potentially causing DDE and the possible association between DDE and dental caries. Methods: This study was performed on a group of 213 rural children from Romania. It combined a thorough dental examination for all children, and a questionnaire filled in by their mothers, regarding the evolution of their pregnancy and the child’s health status in the first years of life. Results: There was no statistically significant association between DDE presence and data regarding the evolution of pregnancy, mothers’ health status or children’s conditions during early childhood. There was a significant association between the use of amoxicillin, ibuprofen, and cephalosporin during the period of formation of permanent teeth, and one environmental factor (water source), and the presence of DDE (Chi Square, p < 0.05). Also, DDEs were associated with the presence of caries (Fisher, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Children who consumed water from private wells and children who received medication during early childhood developed more enamel defects, presenting a higher risk of caries development.

Dental fluorosis among people and livestock living on Gihaya Island in Lake Kivu, Rwanda

BackgroundDental fluorosis is caused by prolonged exposure to excessive fluoride during the period of permanent tooth formation and is characterized by tooth discoloration, pitting, and loss of shape. Communities living near Lake Kivu in Western Rwanda exhibit a high prevalence of dental fluorosis; however, data on prevalence and risk factors are scarce.MethodsThis cross sectional, quantitative study used a One Health approach to investigate dental fluorosis prevalence among people and livestock and to measure fluoride content in the environment. In 2018, oral health examinations were conducted to assess the prevalence of fluorosis in children (aged 9 to 15 years), cattle and goats residing on Gihaya Island (Rwanda, East Africa). All children and cattle/goats meeting basic eligibility criteria (e.g., island residence) were invited to participate. Presence and severity of dental fluorosis was categorized according to the Dean’s Fluorosis Index. Samples of local foods, water, soil and grass were collected from communal sources and individual households and analyzed for fluoride content using standard laboratory techniques. Descriptive and binomial analyses (Fisher Exact Test) were used to assess this dataset.ResultsOverall, 186 children and 85 livestock owners (providing data of 125 livestock -23 cattle and 102 goats) participated. Dental fluorosis was recorded in 90.7% of children and 76% of livestock. Moderate to severe fluorosis was observed in 77% children while goats and cattle most often exhibited mild or absent/questionable severity, respectively. Water from Lake Kivu (used primarily for human cooking water and livestock drinking water) contained fluoride levels that were consistently higher than the maximum threshold (1.5 mg/L) recommended by the World Health Organization. Other sources (borehole and rainwater) were within safe limits. All food, soil and grass samples contained fluoride. The highest levels were observed in porridge (0.5 mg/g) and small fishes (1.05 mg/g).ConclusionsAltogether, dental fluorosis was highly prevalent among children and goats on Gihaya Island with various food and water sources contributing a cumulative exposure to fluoride. An immediate and coordinated response across human, animal and water professionals is needed to reduce fluoride exposure within safe limits for island residents.

What is the effect of preterm birth on permanent tooth crown dimensions? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BackgroundThe permanent tooth formation process may be disrupted in preterm infants with potential discrepancies in size and subsequent occlusal disturbances.ObjectiveTo systematically analyse and quantitively synthesize the available evidence regarding the impact of preterm birth on permanent tooth crown dimensions.Search methodsUnrestricted searches in 6 databases and manual searching of the reference lists in relevant studies were performed up to March 2021 (Medline via PubMed, CENTRAL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global).Selection criteriaObservational studies investigating permanent tooth crown dimensions in preterm and control full-term born individuals.Data collection and analysisFollowing study retrieval and selection, relevant data were extracted, and the Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the selection, comparability, and outcome domains. Exploratory synthesis and meta-regression were carried out using the random effects model.ResultsThree studies were located from the initially retrieved records and the assessments with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale identified issues regarding the selection and comparability domains. Overall, the mesiodistal and the buccolingual dimensions of the permanent teeth in both dental arches tended to be smaller in children born prematurely than full term children. Subgroup analyses showed statistically significant differences for the extremely preterm to control group comparisons for the incisors and the first molars. Meta-regression showed a modificatory effect of gestational age and racial background but not of birth weight and gender on tooth size. The quality of available evidence was rated at best as moderate.ConclusionsPremature birth could potentially be associated with reduced tooth-crown dimensions in some permanent teeth especially in children born extremely preterm. Although the results from these observational studies should be approached with caution until more information becomes available, the possible clinical implications in terms of diagnosis and treatment planning should be considered.RegistrationPROSPERO (CRD42020182243).

Evaluation the relationship between hypodontia and asymmetry of permanent tooth formation using panoramic radiographs

Evaluation the relationship between hypodontia and asymmetry of permanent tooth formation using panoramic radiographs

Management of trauma to the anterior segment of the maxilla: alveolar fracture and primary incisors crown and root fracture

Background: An injury to both the primary and permanent teeth and the supporting structures is one of the most common dental problems seen in children. Splinting is usually difficult or impossible to perform in the primary dentition (due to diminutive room size and lack of patient cooperation). Healing must, therefore, occur despite mobility at the fracture line, usually resulting in interposition of connective tissue. In some instances, infection will occur in the coronal pulp. The present study reported a case of trauma to the anterior primary teeth and alveolar bone in a four year old child. The trauma has caused fracture to the crowns and roots of the primary anterior teeth. The following case was managed in a procedure that may provide primary teeth subjected to trauma a better chance than extraction with a better prognosis. Case presentation: a 4 and a half year old child was subjected to trauma in anterior segment of maxilla. Suturing of the torn soft tissue was the first step followed by pulpotomy for the left primary lateral incisor. Fixation of the right primary central and lateral incisors was done by acid etch wire fixation. Both clinical and radiographic follow up was carried out for 6.4 years. Results: healing of the soft tissue was observed after one week and completed after two months. Fixation of the teeth continued for ten months. The fracture lines in the roots remained in position. Clinically there was no sign of any pulpal inflammation or necrosis. Radiographically, no signs of infection to the surrounding tissues could be seen, no resorption in the alveolar bone, external or internal resorption of the root did not happen also. After ten months fixation ended and the wire was removed. At that time there was normal resorption of the roots of the primary incisors in relation with the normal development of the permanent incisors. After 3 years both permanent central incisors erupted in their normal position. After 6.4 years all four permanent incisors erupted into occlusion in their normal position. Conclusion: primary teeth with root fractures and severely mobile coronal fragments can be treated by a conservative approach. The severity of the sequels is directly related to the degree of permanent tooth formation (child’s age), type of dental trauma and extent of the impact.

The phenomenon of dental pulp sensitivity in the formation of permanent teeth

Aim. То carry out a comparative assessment of the change in the pain threshold (in terms of electroodontometry), the X-ray width of the root canal in the apex area and the nature of the pain sensation of the central incisors in children aged 6.5-15 years.Materials and methods. We examined 280 teeth in 280 children from 6.5 to 15 years old (central incisors). Patients are divided by age into 5 groups: 1 - 6.5-7 years old; 2 - 7-8 years old; 3 - 9-10 years old; 4 - 11-12 years old; 5 - 13-15 years old. The patients underwent electroodontometry (EOM), to measure the sensitivity threshold of the studied tooth, the subjective sensations with EOM were assessed, and the width of the apical part of the root canal was determined, according to the data of intraoral sighting radiography.Results. The study studied the process of teething and formation of teeth in dynamics from 6.5 to 15 years in 5 age groups. Changes in electrodontometry (EOM) are significant from 140.38 цА (4.5 years) to 24.38 цА (15 years) - average data. The relationship between age and the width of the root canal in the area of the apex, which is also characterized by a gradual narrowing, has been traced. Pulp pain with EOM becomes clearer and more short-lived with age. The correlation between age and pain threshold is less pronounced (41%) than between age and apical canal width (72%). Conclusions. The main role in the sensitivity of the tooth is played by the A-delta and C nerve fibers of the pulp. The phenomenon of a decrease in the pain sensitivity threshold of permanent teeth during electrodontometry in the process of root formation due to the reaction of C-fibers was established.

POLR3A-related hypomyelinating leukodystrophy: case report and literature review

Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (HL) is a group of genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a lack of brain myelin deposition. One of the most common autosomal recessive HL is HL type 7 caused by mutations in the POLR3A gene. We reported the first clinical case of a Russian patient with HL type 7.Proband is a 7‑year‑old patient with HL type 7. The diagnosis was confirmed by genealogy, neurological examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging and molecular genetic testing. Two compound‑heterozygous variants in the POLR3A gene were revealed in the patient. Each variant was described earlier in patients with variable clinical manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases. The peculiarities of clinical manifestations in our patient were the manifestation of the disease in the first year of life, the predominance of cerebellar symptoms, a movement limitation of the jaw, leading to worsening of dysarthria, a delay in the formation of permanent teeth and short stature. The course of the disease was moderate that could be explained by different effect of the variants in the POLR3A gene.POLR3A‑related disease is a group of clinically heterogeneous disorders manifesting from early childhood to adulthood and characterized by isolated spastic ataxia or ataxia combined with oligodontia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, isolated or complicated spastic paraplegia, as well as a combination of ataxia with extrapyramidal symptoms. Our case report demonstrates the complexity of diagnostic process in the absence of a peculiar clinical picture and specific changes in brain imaging.

Applying multivariate methods to dental development sequences for subadults from archaeological samples

AbstractDentition has been traditionally used to estimate the age of subadults from archaeological samples. However, age estimations face some difficulties related to the factors that affect tooth preservation and the lack of standards with adequate references for past populations. Moreover, the differences within and among populations associated with the origin of the population, the sex of the individuals, and other factors make it difficult to develop standards in samples with no adequate references. The aim of this work was to explore a procedure that allows sequencing individuals according to their degree of dental development by employing simultaneously the information available of the target individual and the rest of the sample. The information of dental development as well as post‐mortem tooth loss was recorded in computed tomography images and by macroscopic examination in subadults from two archaeological samples from South America. Then, we performed a multiple imputation to estimate the degree of development of missing teeth and carried out a principal component analysis for summarizing the information of the formation of permanent teeth. The first principal component was used to obtain a dental development score and to establish a continuous sequence of the individuals on the basis of their degree of dental maturation. Our results show that multivariate analysis can be applied for ordering individuals according a sequence of maturation in archaeological studies, even in the presence of post‐mortem tooth loss. Furthermore, multivariate methods allow to evaluate the contribution of each tooth to maturation sequences. As a whole, the procedure proposed here is a promissory tool for cases where the use of chronological age sequences built from nonpopulation‐specific standard can lead to misrepresentations of data.

Does nutrition have an effect on the timing of tooth formation?

The effect of nutritional status on the timing of permanent tooth formation is not well understood, despite clear evidence that systemic stresses result in enamel defects during tooth formation. This study investigated the effect of nutritional status (measured as BMI, height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference, and head circumference) on permanent tooth formation. This was a prospective cross-sectional study involving 642 (270 males, 372 females) healthy Black South African participants aged 5-20 years. The height and BMI were converted to z-scores using WHO z-score for age tables. The participants were grouped into underweight/short for age (<-2), normal (≥ - 2 to 2.0) and overweight/obese/tall for age (>2). Panoramic radiographs of the children were assessed using Demirjian's eight stages of permanent tooth formation and age was estimated using Demirjian's method. Probit regression analysis was used to calculate the mean age of attainment of the developmental stages for the left mandibular teeth (I2-M2). There was significant advancement in the age of attainment of the final (H) stage for the majority of permanent teeth in the overweight (mean male BMI 22.9; female 27.94) group compared to the underweight (p < .05). Negative binomial regression indicated that age, height, and BMI were significant predictors of the dental maturity score for males (p < .05), while age, height, weight, BMI and HC were significant predictors for females (p < .05). Nutritional status had a significant effect on the timing of tooth formation in males and females in the study population. The effect was mainly noticeable for children in the extremes of the spectrum of BMI z-scores.

DETERMINATION OF DENTAL AGE OF 10-13 YEAR-OLD CHILDREN OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION OF UKRAINE BY THE CAMERIERE METHOD IN COMPARISON WITH THEIR CHRONOLOGICAL AGE

Purpose: to evaluate the chronological and dental age of children in Lviv and the Lviv region aged 10-13 years with the help of the modified formula Cameriere. &#x0D; Methods. Оrthopantomograms 46 children (26 boys and 20 girls) aged 10-13 years from Lviv and Lviv region have been used for this study. A questionnaire was developed for the submission of individual patient data and a standardized format for making their indicators derived from orthopantomograms (OPG). The examination of the area of the lower seven teeth on the left was done using the Cameriere method and the age of the child was evaluated, which was further compared with the chronological age. &#x0D; Results.The obtained results of the study showed a high accuracy and reliability of the estimation of dental age in children up to 10-13 years with the help of the Cameriere formula modified by us. The research is based on the detection of physiological changes (the rate of formation of the roots) in the permanent teeth of children using the X-ray method. Evaluating the results obtained by two methods, among girls and boys of the selected age group, a statistically significant strong correlation between the chronological age and the age calculated by the Cameriere method was revealed. Cameriere research has been carried out in many countries around the world and, in particular, in European countries, by implementing the general formula.&#x0D; Children in the period of occlusive bite remain the most critical in terms of age and, therefore, the determination of the correct time for dental interventions. In this age group, the development of permanent teeth passes through different stages and depends on many factors of the environment, genetic, geographical and food factors. The process of teething also affects many local factors, such as space and space for a permanent tooth in the dental artery and the loss of temporary precursors. Even with a large number of factors affecting the eruption and formation of permanent teeth in children, this method showed high accuracy and independence.&#x0D; In order to assess the Cameriere method among the children under study and its further practical application, a comparison was made between the age obtained using this methodology and the chronological age of the children under study in different age groups, both among boys and girls.&#x0D; Analyzing the obtained data, it was found that the mean of chronological age among the studied boys aged 10-11 (n = 14) was 11.02 ± 0.59 years, and the Cameriere method was 10.63 ± 1.03 years. Student's assessment did not reveal a significant difference between the data (p = 0.22) for the age group of 10-11 years. Further analysis among the studied boys revealed that in the age group 12-13 years the average chronological age was 12.94 ± 0.49 years, and the age was determined by the Cameriere method 12.59 ± 0.63 years, and no significant difference was established between them (p = 0.14).&#x0D; The results of the studies have shown the suitability of the Cameriere formula modified during the process, based on the assessment of open tops and the number of teeth with completed root formation as a marker for the physiological development of the child and one that can be used to determine the child's age.Since studies had a limited age range on a particular sample of dental patients, further studies should evaluate the utility of this method in a larger sample of children in the extended age range of the given region of Ukraine and, if possible, adjust the formula we modified for the stability of the averaged indicators in different samples by age and sex.

Investigating the Age of the Formation of Permanent Teeth in the Mandible in 5- to 16-Year-Old Children; A Study in Mashhad, Iran

Background: The study of tooth mineralization is one of the most reliable approaches to determining the age of individuals. Given the presence of various ethnicities in Iran, this study aimed to determine the exact age at different stages of the development of permanent mandibular teeth in children aged 5-16 years in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 235 digital panoramic radiographs of children aged 5-16 years were assessed. Maturation of the permanent teeth was evaluated according to Demirjian’s classification system. Data was analyzed using SPSS 16.0. T-test was performed to compare the homologous teeth of the same arch as well as boys and girls in different stages of tooth calcification. Results: The mean age of participants was 9.78 ± 2.53 years. Homologous teeth were not significantly different in terms of maturation time in all cases. In some stages, certain teeth developed more quickly in girls while some others developed faster in boys. These differences were statistically significant only in certain stages and for certain teeth. Conclusions: As far as developmental stages were concerned, girls were at a significantly lower age. The dental charts presented in this article includes information that could be beneficial for dental clinicians in making appropriate diagnosis and planning for orthodontic and surgical procedures. These charts also provide datasets for estimation of dental age for a sample of Iranian children.

The timing of permanent tooth development in a Black Southern African population using the Demirjian method.

Many aspects of growth have been documented for Black Southern African children, yet their dental development has not been comprehensively investigated. The present study was designed to provide information on age of attainment of dental development stages in Southern African children and to compare the findings with other populations. This was a community-based cross-sectional study of 642 children (270 males and 372 females). Panoramic radiographs of children aged 5 to 20years were assessed using Demirjian's eight stages of permanent tooth formation and age was estimated using Demirjian's method. Resulting dental ages were compared to the chronological ages. Probit regression analysis was employed to calculate the mean age of attainment of the developmental stages for the seven left mandibular teeth. Maturity scores and age of attainment were compared by sex and with published data on other populations. Females show significantly advanced dental maturity and dental ages, as well as earlier attainment of all stages of mineralization, compared to males (p < 0.05). The Demirjian method overestimated dental age in both males (0.8 ± 1.02years) and females (1.0 ± 0.98years). Cross-population comparisons illustrate that Black Southern African children are generally advanced in dental maturity compared to children of European and Asian ancestry. The Demirjian method significantly overestimated the chronological ages of Black Southern African males and females. Southern Africans attain dental maturity earlier than South Korean, Canadian, and Belgian children. These differences in dental maturity clearly illustrate the need for population-specific, rather than global, dental maturity standards.

The WITS Atlas: A Black Southern African dental atlas for permanent tooth formation and emergence.

To develop a population-specific atlas of permanent tooth emergence and formation for age estimation of Black Southern Africans. Using data from a cross-sectional study of 642 school children aged 5-20 years, panoramic radiographs taken during routine dental examination in a mobile treatment van were analyzed using the Demirjian method of eight (A-H) tooth formation stages. Tables of the stages of tooth development for each tooth, including the third molars, were generated separately for age cohorts and by sex. The most frequently occurring (modal) stage of tooth formation was considered the signature developmental stage for the age. The relationship of the third molar occlusal surfaces with occlusal tables on the radiographs were checked and compared with the findings recorded during intra oral examination. Comparison with the London atlas shows that at age 9.5 years, the canine and premolar emergence are at least one year ahead and the third molar formation completes four years earlier in the WITS Atlas. Similarities in advancement in tooth formation and emergence across sub-Saharan Africa suggest that the WITS Atlas can be used for those populations as well.

Влияние жидкостей с различным окислительно-восстановительным потенциалом на течение кариеса и пародонтита

The defeat of dental caries leads to premature loss of teeth and violates the chewing function, which affects the development of the dental system in the period of formation of permanent teeth and is the reason of the formation of anomalies of maxillofacial area.&#x0D; Materials and methods: 30 mature white rats of both sexes (with a mass 257-272 gr.) and 30 three-month-white rat pups (with a mass 87-92 gr.), having healthy teeth without pathological changes in tissues of the teeth and periodontitis. &#x0D; Results and discussion. 35-day observation in the experiment showed that the reduction of the area of caries was in 14 day – by 23%, 21 day – by 41%, at 28 days – 59%, 35 day – by 69% at the use a liquid with a positive redox potential. The remaining liquid didn’t cause changes in the dimensions of zones of caries in time. White rat pups were given oral liquids with negative redox potential during 8 weeks and the subsequent 30-days sucrose-lactose diet, the defeat of dental caries was only 3% (in the control group – 86%).&#x0D; In the paper the authors suggest that liquid with positive and negative redox potential doesn’t have a damaging effect on the mucous membrane of the mouth cavity and the hard tissue of teeth, but they optimize recovery processes at the chronic generalized periodontitis average degree. Liquid with negative redox potential reduces degree of the dental defeat during long-term prophylactic use and activates the healing of the injured mucous membranes of the oral cavity. The liquid with a positive redox potential stimulates the recovery processes in experimental caries.&#x0D;

Влияние жидкостей с различным окислительно-восстановительным потенциалом на течение кариеса и пародонтита

The defeat teeth multiple caries leads to their premature loss, violates the chewing function, which affects the development of the dental system in the period of formation of permanent teeth and leads to the formation of anomalies of maxillofacial area. In experiment were 30 white rats of both sexes and 30 three months white rat pups with a healthy, without pathologically changed tissues of the teeth and periodontium. In experiments on rats 35-day monitoring damaged by caries white rats showed that when using liquid with a positive redox potential is reduction of the area of the zones carious lesions on the 14th day – by 23%, 21 day – 41%, at 28 days – 59%, 35 day – 69%. The remaining liquid didn’t cause changes in the dimensions of zones of caries in time. For long (8 weeks) oral use a white rat pups liquids with negative redox potential and the subsequent 30-day getting glucoso-lactose diet the incidence of dental caries was only 3% in the control group 86%. The article shows that the liquids with positive and negative redox potential doesn’t have a damaging effect on the mucous membrane of the mouth cavity and the hard tissue of teeth, however optimize the recovery processes in case of chronic generalized periodontitis moderate.

Consequences of dental trauma to the primary teeth on the permanent dentition

Dental trauma to primary teeth or to the jaws may cause disorders on the development of permanent successor teeth. The alterations may either occur at the time of accident or be caused by post-traumatic consequences. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present cases of alterations on permanent dentition following dental trauma to primary teeth. Case reports: Three cases are presented in this paper. The severity of the post-traumatic sequels shown by the permanent teeth kept a direct relationship with the extent of the impact and patient’s age at the accident. These sequels resulted in whitish or brownish opacities, enamel hypoplasia, root dilacerations, and total arrest of root development. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the protocols for patients who had experienced dental trauma must observe a systematic clinical and radiographic follow-up as well as alternatives of treatment for the primary and permanent teeth involved. Prognostics and treatments related to the sequels in permanent teeth may be obtained from a close analysis of clinical and radiographic aspects, avoiding more damages to the stomatognathic system. The severity of the sequels is directly related to the degree of permanent tooth formation (child’s age), type of dental trauma and extent of the impact.

Dental age assessment: The applicability of Demirjian method in southwestern of eastern Anatolia region Turkish children

Objectives: Age estimation plays an important role in forensic medicine and orthodontics. Many methods of age estimation have been suggested. Demirjian method is the most frequently used one of these. In the literature, there is a little known about applicability of this method in Turkish children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reliability of Demirjian method of dental age estimaiton and for description of mandibular permanent tooth formation in Turkish children from the southwest Eastern Anatolia region. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed on 1015 panoramic radiographs and 5-15 years of age South western of Eastern Anatolia Regionof Turkish children. The stages of dental maturity of the mandibular left seven permanent teeth for each subject using the eight radiographic dental maturity stages demonstrated by Demirjian’s method were evaluated. A pired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean difference between the chronological and dental ages ranged 0,28 to 1,10 years in boys and from 0,18 to 0,68 years in girls. South western of Eastern Anatolia Region ofTurkish children were generally delayed in dental maturity compared with children in Demirjian sample. The differences between the chronological and dental ages were statistically significant in 6-6.9, 8-8.9, 9-9.9, 10-10.9, 11-11.9 years in boys and in 8-8.9, 9-9.9,11-11.9 years in girls. Conclusions: Turkish children from the southwest Eastern Anatolia region are significantly more delayed in dental maturity compared to Demirjian’s French-Canadian sample. The applicability of Demirjian data is not suitable for Southwestern of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkish children.