Extraction Of Permanent Teeth Research Articles

Efficacy of Celecoxib and Naproxen Sodium After Non-Surgical Extraction of Permanent Teeth: A Randomized Control Study

Objective: To compare the level of pain relief that two NSAID salts offer following a simple closed tooth extraction technique, as well as to assess patient adherence to the prescribed dosage schedule. Methodology: This Randomized Control Design study was conducted at Islamabad medical & dental college, from 2018-2019. 150 patients made up the sample, who were split into two equal groups using a computerized lottery system: the experimental group and the control group. Following tooth extraction under local anesthesia, participants in the experimental group were told to take one 200 mg tablet of celecoxib orally for two days, while the control group was administered two 550 mg tablets of Naproxen Sodium orally twice a day. The standard Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess post-extraction pain after 24 and 48 hours. Patients' adherence was verified by having them fill out a Performa form by phone call after 48 hours. After collection of Data, analysis was done with the help of SPSS version 21.0. Results: After tooth extraction, both medications were similarly effective in reducing pain, although participants adhered to the OD dose of celecoxib substantially more than the BD dose of naproxen sodium. Conclusion: There was statistically insignificant difference in pain relief provided by Celecoxib and Naproxen Sodium after 24 and 48 hours of single tooth extraction.

Протокол междисциплинарного взаимодействия остеопата и стоматолога в процессе ортодонтического лечения

Contemporary approaches to orthodontic treatment are complex: in complicated cases, they combine removable/fixed orthodontic appliances and surgical treatment, i.e., extraction of permanent teeth. In order to prevent negative outcomes and complications that can follow correction of dentofacial abnormalities and deformities, children and adults alike need to be thoroughly examined and prepared to the orthodontic stage of treatment. Many studies point to the relationship between orthodontic treatment and development of somatic dysfunctions. The purpose of this work was to develop an osteopathic disorders correction algorithm that can be introduced to an interdisciplinary protocol uniting efforts by an osteopath and an orthodontist with the aim to improve the quality of specialized orthodontic medical care.

The Effect of Bismuth as A Local Hemostatic Material Post Extraction of Permanent Mandibular First Molars Teeth

Background: Bleeding is a post-extraction complication that is often found in dentistry. Normally post-extraction bleeding stops 12-24 hours after surgery, but it is often found for more than 24 hours. The post-extraction bleeding usually stops by pressing the area with sterile gauze but there is an obstacle due of the large volume of blood. Objective: to evaluate the bismuth subgallate as an effective local hemostatic agent. Methods: This study conducted on patients who came to the Oral Surgery Clinic, Nala Husada Hospital Surabaya, population aged 18-60 years, with permanent mandibular first molars diagnosed with chronic apical periodontitis et causa pulp gangrene or radix gangrene without systemic disorder and planned for extraction teeth with close method. It was divided into 2 groups by simple random sampling group design; the control group and the treatment group. After tooth extraction with the close method, a local hemostatic agent will be applied at the socket. The control group used a paste containing vaseline, while the treatment group used a paste containing bismuth subgallate. This paste contains 2.25% bismuth subgallate mixed with Peruvian balsam. After the application of local hemostatic agents, both the control group and the treatment group will be calculated the bleeding time, bleeding volume, and whether or not the secondary bleeding occurs. Conclusion: of this study is that bismuth subgallate has an effect as a local hemostatic agent after extraction of the mandibular first permanent molars.

Common Reasons for Permanent Tooth Extraction and Its Correlation with Demographical Factors in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The aim of this survey was to investigate the main reasons for extraction of permanent teeth, and its correlation with age, gender, education level, smoking habits, and time of last dental visit, family income, and professions in Kabul, Afghanistan. The study proposal was approved by Research Ethics Committee of Khatam AL Nabieen and was conducted over a period of 5 months; its population consisted 594 patients, aged 10-70 years, who underwent extraction. The frequency distribution was calculated using X2 test, ANOVA and t-test for differences in mean number of patients. A total of 594 patients underwent extraction. The highest rate (53.8%) of extraction occurred for those 21-40 years old. Females compromised 51.3% of patients. Two hundred (33.6%) patients were uneducated. Tooth loss due to caries was 30.1%; patient-request was 18.3%; impacted teeth was 14.4%. Other causes were periodontal reasons, failed root canal therapy (RCT), Tooth mobility, and Root fractures. The result of this survey indicated that caries, patient request, and impaction were the leading reasons for tooth extraction. The majority of patients were uneducated, and had insufficient family income. Most of the patients were housewives and laborers.

Unit Cost Perawatan Gigi di Klinik Fanisa Kota Pariaman dengan Metode Activity Based Costing

Objective: To find out unit cost of dental health service in Pariaman City Fanisa Clinic using the Activity Based Costing method in era of national health insurance. Method : This research was a quantitative descriptive study that used was Activity Based Costing (ABC) used mathematical calculations. Results : The results of this study indicated there was 8 dental health service in Fanisa Clinic in Pariaman City in 2018 and the unit cost for each service was consultation Rp.55.945, permanent tooth extraction Rp.127.825, extraction of deciduous teeth Rp.79.311, composit resin patching Rp.156.384, GIC patching Rp.145.843, scalling Rp.131.358, premedication Rp.61.291 and pulp capping Rp.107.729. Conclusion: The highest unit cost for dental health services at the Fanisa Clinic in Pariaman City was composite resin patching service and the lowest was consulting services. The average unit cost of dental health services at the Fanisa Clinic in Pariaman City was Rp.108.211. The biggest cost in the production unit was the cost of employee salary.

Characterization of Oral Pathology in Cats Affected by Patellar Fracture and Dental Anomaly Syndrome (PADS).

Patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome (PADS) is a congenital bone disease of cats that is characterized by atraumatic bone fractures (most commonly the patella), the persistence of deciduous teeth, and impaction of permanent teeth. Jaw swelling due to osteomyelitis is often the reason that cats with PADS are presented for veterinary dental care. The clinical history, oral examination findings, dental radiological findings, and histopathology were evaluated for 13 cats with dental and skeletal pathology consistent with PADS, including 9 with osteomyelitis. Cats in this study were predominantly domestic shorthair (12 of 13 cats), and there was no apparent sex predilection. All cats had multiple persistent deciduous teeth and multiple impacted permanent teeth, although the number of persistent and impacted teeth varied. Osteomyelitis of the jaw typically occurred within the first 4 years of life. Osteomyelitis of the mandible was 4 times more common than osteomyelitis of the maxilla. Histologically, osteomyelitis was chronic, neutrophilic, and osteoproliferative. Necrotic bone was confirmed in 67% of osteomyelitis lesions. Histological evaluation of jaws without inflammation demonstrated abnormal amounts of unmodeled bone, abnormally dense bone, and retention of cartilage in the caudal mandible. Three cats in the study had mandibular distoclusion and 2 had concurrent paronychia. To obtain a favorable clinical outcome in PADS cats with jaw swelling, prompt and aggressive surgical treatment of osteomyelitis is required. Extraction of persistent deciduous teeth and impacted permanent teeth is recommended when there is associated periodontitis or osteomyelitis.

The influence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome on the orthodontic treatment decision in children and adolescents. Part 2: Which orthodontic treatments for children with apnea?

Sleep-disordered breathing could affect 10% of an orthodontic population. The integration of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) diagnosis could influence the choice of orthodontic techniques or their implementation, with the aim of improving ventilatory function. The author summarizes the clinical studies using dentofacial orthopedics, alone or in combination with other interventions, in pediatric OSAS or the repercussions of orthodontic interventions on upper airways. For the same orthodontic anomaly, in particular, transverse maxillary deficiency, the temporality and the modality of treatment could be modified by a diagnosis of OSAS. It could be recommended to propose early orthopedic maxillary expansion, seeking to potentiate its skeletal effect, to reduce the severity of OSAS. Class II orthopedic devices have shown interesting results but the evidence value of the studies is not yet sufficient to recommend them widely and as an early treatment. Extractions of permanent teeth do not significantly reduce the upper airway. OSAS in children and adolescents includes several endotypes and phenotypes for which orthodontics may or may not be indicated. It is not recommended to orthodontically treat an apneic patient with no significant malocclusion, for the sole purpose of having an effect on the respiratory tract. The orthodontic therapeutic decision is likely to be modified by a diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing underlining the interest in systematic screening.

Correlation between the Extraction of Permanent Teeth in Children and Future Growth of Third Molar

Background: permanent molar (M3) formation, morphology, and agenesis vary greatly between individuals. This study examines how removing the lower first permanent molar affects the position and angle of the developing third molar in 7- to 10-year-olds. Method: Radiographs of Two groups from southern Iraq were identified: those who had one or more first permanent molars extracted between ages 7 and 10 and those who did not. Both groups had panoramic radiographs taken at 8.5 and 10 years before extraction. 80 third molars were extracted, and 50 had retained first permanent molars. Comparing groups used independent sample tests. Results: The third molar moved significantly more mesially in the group of extraction (P <0.05), and the angle righted itself significantly more in the group of extraction than it did in the group of non-extraction (P <0.05). Both of these results were significantly different from what was seen in the group of non-extraction. These two findings presented a striking contrast to the findings obtained from the control group that did not undergo extraction. When it came to the movement of the third molar downward, there's not a statistical significant difference between two groups in terms of a vertical movement of the 3rd molar. Conclusion: An extraction of the lower first permanent molar encouraged mesial movement and up righting of the developing third molar while the dentition was still in the process of developing. Because of this, the probability of the third molar erupting in the future may increase.

Frequency and etiological denominators of alveolar osteitis at Northern Province of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia-An observational study.

Alveolar osteitis is a painful complication that often arises after tooth extraction, presenting a significant clinical challenge. It is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of both its occurrence and the contributing factors to enhance the quality of dental care. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and prevalence of alveolar osteitis among patients and compare these variables based on demographic characteristics (age and sex), the number of teeth extractions, operator experience, health status, and smoking habits in the target population. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted from May 2019 to April 2020. It included all patients above 16 years of age, of both genders, who underwent permanent tooth extraction for various reasons. Patient demographics, smoking habits, health status, operating dental surgeon's clinical experience, extraction technique, and the number of teeth extracted were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Chi-square test and regression analysis were used to assess differences between age, sex, smoking habit, dentist category, and the number of teeth extractions in relation to alveolar osteitis. A total of 679 permanent tooth extractions were performed in 438 patients. Alveolar osteitis was observed in 107 cases (15.7%) following tooth extractions. Among these, 36 cases (33.6%) occurred in single tooth extraction cases, while 71 cases (66.4%) were present in patients with multiple extractions. Moreover, 67 cases (62.6%) of alveolar osteitis were found in cigarette smokers. In addition, 61 cases (57%) of dry sockets were reported after tooth extractions performed by dental interns, while 46 cases (43.0%) were noted in extractions performed by experienced dental surgeons and specialists. The study found a 15.7% incidence of alveolar osteitis in tooth extraction patients in the Al-Jouf region. Alveolar osteitis was more prevalent in males and the age group of 56-77 years. Multiple tooth extractions were associated with higher alveolar osteitis incidence, while operator inexperience increased post-extraction complication risks. In addition, a promising novel protocol and risk assessment scoring system have been devised which require further validation and future research.

Reasons behind permanent tooth extraction at a dental university hospital in Morocco: a survey among patients of the International Faculty of Dental Medicine of Rabat.

this cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the factors contributing to tooth extractions and possible correlations between tooth loss and various variables. the study took place at the dental university hospital affiliated with the International University of Rabat over a period of two months (December 15th, 2020, to February 15th, 2021). The data collected has been recorded from patients who had tooth extraction procedures. The variables analyzed included age, gender, and the reason for extraction. To analyze the significance of the variables Chi-square test was used, and to investigate the variance in the mean number of teeth extracted per patient ANOVA was used. in 159 patients with different ages, a total of 586 permanent teeth were extracted. Men had an extraction rate of 54.5% while women formed 45.5%. Overall, the most frequent reason for tooth extraction was caries (46.28%), and periodontal diseases (44.90%). Other reasons for extraction included prosthetics (4.31%) and aesthetics (2.7%). However, orthodontics reasons were not observed. The topmost tooth extraction rate per patient was seen in the 41 to 50-year-old age group with a mean of 4.22 teeth. Analysis of the reasons for extraction by gender did not show a statistically significant difference (p>0.29). caries and periodontal disease were the main causes of tooth extractions. Improving oral prevention health programs can help patients maintain healthier and functional oral health throughout their lives.

Risk of post-extraction bleeding with direct oral anticoagulant compared with warfarin: Retrospective cohort study using large scale claims data in Japan

IntroductionComparative safety of direct oral anticoagulants vs. warfarin in patients undergoing tooth extraction remains unclear. We compared the incidence of post-extraction bleeding between patients taking warfarin and those taking direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) using administrative claims data. Materials and methodsWe identified outpatients on anticoagulant therapy who underwent permanent tooth extraction between 2015 and 2020 and categorized them into the warfarin and DOAC groups based on medication prescribed within six months prior to tooth extraction. We used the overlap propensity score weighting method to balance the baseline characteristics between the groups and compared the incidence of post-extraction bleeding within seven days after tooth extraction. ResultsAmong 5253 eligible patients, those in the DOAC group (n = 3696) were older and less frequently prescribed antiplatelets than those in the warfarin group (n = 1557). The distribution of tooth extraction type and number of teeth extracted in a single procedure did not differ between the groups. The unadjusted incidences of post-extraction bleeding in the warfarin and DOAC groups were 35 (2.2 %) and 71 (1.9 %), respectively. Moreover, the overlap weighting analysis showed that the adjusted odds ratio of post-extraction bleeding in the DOAC group in comparison with that in the warfarin group was 0.84 (95 % confidence interval, 0.54–1.31). ConclusionThe incidence of post-extraction bleeding in patients taking DOACs was comparable to that in patients taking warfarin. The findings suggest that dentists and physicians should exercise the same degree of caution when extracting teeth in patients on DOACs and those on warfarin in terms of post-extraction bleeding.

Patients Knowledge and Perception about Orthodontic Extraction of Sound Permanent Teeth

BACKGROUND
 There are many beliefs & misconceptions of patients associated with the orthodontic extraction of sound teeth. The decision to extract creates a cycle of doubts in the patients' minds. So, the purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and perception of patients undergoing extractions of sound permanent teeth for orthodontic reasons in a dental teaching institute.
 METHODS
 This prospective study involved patients who were advised and indicated for orthodontic extraction of sound permanent teeth. A questionnaire which was content, and face validated was used to measure the patients’ responses, which included questions about the knowledge and perception of patients regarding the extraction of sound permanent teeth for orthodontic reason. The returned questionnaires were analysed, and responses were tabulated and subjected to various statistical tests.
 RESULTS
 The overall level of knowledge was 38.18 % above average and the level of perception was 45.45 % above average. There was no statistically significant association between age groups with the level of knowledge (P=0.4980). Percentagewise: higher the age group, the higher the knowledge. While there was a statistically significant association (P=0.0490) between age groups with the level of perception. Percentagewise in ≤19 yrs. it was 38.10 % as compared to 69.23 % in ≥20 yrs. age who had an above average level of perception. A statistically significant association between the ANOVA test (F=8.0794, P=0.0009) and Tukey's post hoc test was seen between education level with mean perception level. Subjects with a higher degree had above-average perception levels followed by secondary and higher secondary education levels. Knowledge level was significantly higher in subjects residing in an urban area as compared to rural area (t=-2.9097, P=0.0053), percentage wise also urban area had more level of mean knowledge (53.33 %) as compared to rural area (20 %).
 CONCLUSIONS
 The overall level of knowledge and perception in patients reporting for orthodontic extraction of sound teeth was less. The study concluded the need for more awareness about the orthodontic extraction of sound teeth which can lead to more satisfaction and less anxiety, especially in lower age groups and rural populations.

Comparing Expansion of Maxillary Antrum between Periapical Surgery and Extraction of Permanent Maxillary First Molar in Pediatric Patients Using CBCT

To compare the expansion of maxillary antrum between periapical surgery and extraction of permanent maxillary first molar in pediatric patients using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In this study, 136 participants in the age-group of 11-18 years were included. The participants were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of patients who underwent extraction of the permanent maxillary first molars. Group B consisted of patients who underwent endodontic microsurgery in the periapical area. Group A included 68 participants while group B also included 68 study subjects. The expansion of the maxillary antrum was obtained after evaluating the change in volume of maxillary antrum at 6 months and 24 months in relation to the volume of maxillary antrum at the time of the procedure (baseline). For calculating the volume of the maxillary antrum, three parameters were taken into consideration. These parameters were an anteroposterior (AP) dimension, mesiodistal dimension (MD), and superoinferior (SI) dimension. Cone-beam computed tomography was used for carrying out these measurements with the help of Dolphin software. An expansion of 675.27 ± 32 mm3 was observed in group A between baseline and 6 months of extraction, while the expansion of 765.47 ± 24 mm3 was observed between 6 months and 24 months of extraction. This intragroup difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). On the other hand, an expansion of 652.28 ± 43 mm3 was observed in group B between baseline and 6 months after periapical surgery and expansion of 969.43 ± 12 mm3 was observed between 6 months and 24 months after periapical endodontic surgery. This intragroup difference was statistically significant. In the control group, an expansion of 152.11 ± 12.101 mm3 was observed between baseline and 6 months after procedures while an expansion of 347.01 ± 6.781 mm3 was observed between 6 months and 24 months of procedures. The intragroup difference was significant statistically. In this study, expansion of maxillary antrum was observed in both extraction of the maxillary permanent first molar in pediatric patients and the periapical endodontic surgery, and the expansion of maxillary antrum was more in cases of periapical endodontic surgery; however, the difference was non-significant statistically. Maxillary antrum expansion is clinically important during maxillary permanent tooth extraction or endodontic periapical surgery in pediatric patients because the growth of maxillary bones is in the growing stage in these patients. There are certain limitations of conventional two-dimensional (2D) radiographic techniques such as shortening, elongation, and superimposition of images. Recently, three-dimensional technique (3D) such as CBCT has been introduced in which these disadvantages have been eliminated.

Oral Health Behaviours, Knowledge, and Literacy of Expectant Mothers: A Cross-Sectional Study among Maternity Ward Patients.

Maternal knowledge, literacy, and behaviours in the area of oral health may greatly influence the risk of caries and the oral health status of children from the youngest age. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate paediatric oral health knowledge and literacy as well as maternal oral health behaviours and outcomes among expectant mothers. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among 400 pregnant inpatients aged 17–48 years (mean age 29.5 ± 5.3 years) in 31 public maternity wards in the Wielkopolska region, Poland. An anonymous, self-designed questionnaire was prepared on the basis of current oral health recommendations. Pregnancy complications were reported by 195 (48.8%), and permanent tooth extractions by 158 (39.5%) women. Knowledge and literacy scores were associated with, among other things, maternal education, selected oral hygiene practices, and reported extractions of permanent teeth. Although participants had some correct information regarding oral health, they had insufficient awareness of caries as an infectious disease and of the appropriate timing for the child’s first dental visit. Their self-assessment of oral health status and belief that they were under dental care tended to be overly optimistic, given their self-reported outcomes. These aspects should be considered in future health education efforts among expectant women.

Predictors of Preventable Tooth Loss due to Extraction- A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Dental extraction is an irreversible treatment and knowledge about patient’s perspective to submit an extraction request is essential to help develop guidelines that support oral surgeons in describing the ethical and legal issues, guiding them in decision-making, and responding to extraction requests. This study was planned to investigate the potential correlations between the predictors and extraction of permanent tooth that could be saved, in our area of practice.
 Methods: The patients were divided into two categories; Group 1: teeth can be saved and Group 2: teeth cannot be saved. Habits of the patients, their socio-demographic variables, medical history, reasons for a dental visit, reason for teeth extraction, and anatomical location of teeth were analyzed as a risk factor for preventable teeth loss using student t-test or chi-square test where appropriate.
 Results: Preventable tooth loss occurred more commonly at the age of 41 to 50 years of life. Low educational level and anatomic location of the tooth (anterior/posterior positioning) were more significantly associated with the loss of tooth that can be saved at the time of the visit. Extraction of the mandibular right first molar tooth was significantly more on patient request compared to other teeth. Social disbelief was a major factor in opting for patients to choose extraction over teeth preservation.
 Conclusions: Additional care and counseling are required whenever risk factors such as: age group (41 to 50 years), low educational level, attrition and abrasion, endodontic failures, and treatment of first molars are present.

Reasons for Extraction of Permanent Teeth in Tertiary Care Hospital of Nepal

Introduction: Many studies conducted in different countries or geographic locations had reported different reasons as a major cause for permanent teeth extractions. Many patients report to our OPD for extraction and refuse other treatment options. This had led to early edentulism and decreased quality of life in our population.
 Methods: A sample size of 1000 who had tooth extracted in Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur and consented to take part were included in this study from April 2019 to March 2022. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) Version 25 and Chi-square test was used to compare between different variables.
 Results: A total of 1000 (male 346(34.6%) and female 654(65.4%)) patients underwent extractions of 1306 teeth. The mean age of the patient was 44.27±17.488. Teeth were extracted most commonly in 4th decade of life and third molars were the most commonly extracted teeth. The most common reason for tooth loss is dental caries 939(71.9%). The most common cause for preventable tooth loss were Patient unwillingness to save the tooth 104(37.54%). Complications occurred in 61(4.7%) of cases intra-operatively and 21 (1.6%) cases postoperatively.
 Conclusions: Dental caries and its sequelae is the most common reason for extraction of all teeth and in all age group. Most patient visited clinic at the advanced stage where teeth cannot be saved. Failed endodontic treatment had also contributed for negative attitude towards teeth conservation among which majority of treatment has been performed by practitioner not registered in Nepal Medical Council.

Prevalence, Predictors, and Reasons for Permanent Tooth Extraction Among High School Students in Saudi Arabia: A National Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundTooth loss is a major dental health concern that has adverse consequences on the remaining dentition and on the patient’s general well-being. This present study aimed to assess predictors and causes of permanent tooth extraction among students.MethodsThis national cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia included a random sample of school students of both genders from grades 10 to 12 (15-18 years of age) and spanned the period of September 2012 to January 2016. Demographic, social, and medical history were recorded. Moreover, a list of possible reasons for tooth extraction was discussed with participants and their parents. The questionnaire was divided into two parts. They first asked for the patient's gender, age, marital status, education level, history of smoking, and the time of the last dental visit. Periodontal and dental examinations were performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of tooth loss among the sample.ResultsA total of 2,435 school students were included in the study. Notably, 24% of the students had extractions of at least one permanent tooth. Nearly 27% of female students had a permanent tooth extraction compared with only 21.7% of male students, which was statistically significant. Students who visited dentists regularly had significantly more tooth extractions (39%) than students who did not (20.6%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the significant predictors for permanent tooth extraction were age, regular dental visits, and mean probing depth (PD). Caries (15%) followed by orthodontic treatment (6%) were the main reason for permanent tooth extraction among the sample.ConclusionCaries was responsible for most of the tooth loss among the study population. Significant predictors for permanent tooth extraction were age, regular dental visits, and mean probing depth. It follows that there is a need for intensified oral health education and awareness programs in the population with an emphasis on the prevention of dental caries.

Frequency and causes of extraction of first permanent molar tooth in patients presented to a teaching hospital, Multan.

Objective: To know the frequency and causes of extraction of first permanent molar tooth in patients presented to a teaching hospital, Multan. Study Design: Retrospective Cross Sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Dental Outdoor Department of Ibn-e-siena Hospital. Period: July 2019 to September 2021. Material & Methods: Patients between the age of 5 years to 15 years, Age, gender, fate of the first permanent molar and the cause of decay of first permanent molar were recorded. Results: Out of 4200 patients 490 patients have decayed first permanent molar. Majority of the children were below 10 years with mean age was 8.6±05. Caries was the most frequent cause of decay. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the study that rate of extraction of first permanent molar is quite high and it is mostly due to caries and periodontal disease. It is mostly in children below ten years of age and has almost equal gender distribution.

EFFECTIVENESS OF WEARING STERILE GLOVES ON PREVENTING MOUTH IRRITATION POST TOOTH EXTRACTION

The use of gloves in dental practice is imperative to prevent cross-infection between the patient and the operator or vice versa, besides that the use of gloves can prevent irritation of the oral cavity after permanent tooth extraction. The research method used a quasi-experiment with a pre-test and post-test approach with 40 samples. The results showed that 2 people experienced irritation and 28 people who did not experience irritation after permanent tooth extraction using sterile gloves while using non-sterile gloves experienced irritation as many as 3 people out of 10 control samples. Based on the T-test calculation, it was found that the difference was not significant (p>0,05). In the study, the t-count value was 3,808 with a p value of 0,001. Conclusion: The use of sterile gloves can prevent the risk of irritation in permanent tooth extraction patients.

Do children get dry socket?—The incidence and pattern of presentation of alveolar osteitis in children and adolescents following dental extractions

AbstractBackgroundAlveolar osteitis (AO) is widely reported as the most common post‐operative complication following surgical and non‐surgical exodontia. Despite being one of the most studied complications in dentistry, there is no established consensus on its aetiology, alongside a relative paucity of studies looking exclusively into AO incidence in children and adolescents.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence, risk factors and pattern of presentation of AO in children and adolescents following exodontia, as well as identifying concepts and theories to provide a basis regarding why such a common post‐operative complication reportedly manifests so rarely in the paediatric population.MethodsThis cross‐sectional analysis forms part of a prospective service evaluation of the exodontia service provided by Newcastle Dental Hospital. All patients aged 5–16 who underwent dental extractions of deciduous and/or permanent teeth under general anaesthetic (GA) between 15 June 2020 and the 15 July 2020 were telephoned 1 week following their procedure to determine if any had developed post‐operative complications. Data were cleaned manually and analysed using descriptive statistics, exploratory analysis with chi‐squared tests and multivariable analyses. A scoping review was performed using the PubMed, OVID Medline and Scopus databases.ResultsFour of 150 patients (2.8%) developed AO and reported extreme pain which began 2–3 days after removal, lasted 2 days after onset, and were all associated with the non‐surgical removal of lower first permanent molar teeth. All patients who developed AO were female and aged between 9 and 10 years old. Mandibular sockets were significantly associated with development of AO (p = 0.026).ConclusionsDespite the belief that AO rarely manifests in children, the incidence of paediatric AO in this study is in line with that of AO found in the adult literature. The literature is inconsistent and conflicting regarding current understanding of AO. As far as possible, an atraumatic approach to exodontia should be adopted. We have proposed four underlying concepts which may benefit from future research given the paucity of research exclusively into dry socket in children and adolescents.