Abstract
Introduction: Many studies conducted in different countries or geographic locations had reported different reasons as a major cause for permanent teeth extractions. Many patients report to our OPD for extraction and refuse other treatment options. This had led to early edentulism and decreased quality of life in our population.
 Methods: A sample size of 1000 who had tooth extracted in Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur and consented to take part were included in this study from April 2019 to March 2022. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS) Version 25 and Chi-square test was used to compare between different variables.
 Results: A total of 1000 (male 346(34.6%) and female 654(65.4%)) patients underwent extractions of 1306 teeth. The mean age of the patient was 44.27±17.488. Teeth were extracted most commonly in 4th decade of life and third molars were the most commonly extracted teeth. The most common reason for tooth loss is dental caries 939(71.9%). The most common cause for preventable tooth loss were Patient unwillingness to save the tooth 104(37.54%). Complications occurred in 61(4.7%) of cases intra-operatively and 21 (1.6%) cases postoperatively.
 Conclusions: Dental caries and its sequelae is the most common reason for extraction of all teeth and in all age group. Most patient visited clinic at the advanced stage where teeth cannot be saved. Failed endodontic treatment had also contributed for negative attitude towards teeth conservation among which majority of treatment has been performed by practitioner not registered in Nepal Medical Council.
Highlights
The unprecedented Covid-19 pandemic crisis has created a chaotic situation worldwide where many nations are still struggling to understand and respond to this complex situation
This paper presents a review of published articles in an attempt to understand gender-based violence (GBV) and poor mental health among Nepalese women in the context of Covid-19
These factors intersect each other and present compounded risks that put women at more vulnerable position than others, which is further exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic putting Nepalese women at risks of GBV and poor mental health compared to men in the society
Summary
The unprecedented Covid-19 pandemic crisis has created a chaotic situation worldwide where many nations are still struggling to understand and respond to this complex situation. One of the most concerning issues in this pandemic is that the pre-existing mental health gender gap has exceeded significantly, with women worst affected than men.[1] The intersection of women’s position in the society[2] and experience of gender-based violence may further. Risk of Gender-Based Violence and Poor Mental Health Among Nepalese Women During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review. Risk of Gender-Based Violence and Poor Mental Health among Nepalese Women during COVID-19. While attempting to address the issues of mental health and GBV against women in Nepal, we need to understand the social position of women in terms of education, employment, health service accessibility, and their experience of increasing GBV in the Nepalese society. 4 Throughout this paper, we attempt explore the impact of Covid-19 on the risk of GBV and mental health of women in the context of their social position within the Nepalese society The issue of GBV has been paid little or no attention due to socio cultural norms of the society. 4 Throughout this paper, we attempt explore the impact of Covid-19 on the risk of GBV and mental health of women in the context of their social position within the Nepalese society
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