Permanent Repair Research Articles

Design and Optimization of Elliptical B-shaped Sleeve Configuration for Oil&Gas Pipeline

Abstract Affected by external loads or pipeline corrosion, oil & gas transmission pipelines may encounter safety hazards during service. In terms of defect repair, both domestic and foreign standards currently stipulate that the permanent repair method is B-type sleeve or tube replacement. Compared to the costly tube replacement, B-type sleeves are undoubtedly the preferred choice for economy and safety. However, due to installation size limitations, conventional sleeves are difficult to repair large deformation defects such as wrinkles and buckling in oil and gas pipelines. This study aims at developing, designing, and optimizing a B-type sleeve for welding repair of irregular defects in oil and gas pipelines. By designing irregular B-shaped sleeves with different curve configurations, the stress levels and concentration coefficients of irregular sleeves at different defect heights and sleeve lengths are calculated. The optimal pumpkin shaped and elliptical curve sleeve configurations are selected as the repair solutions for irregular sleeves. Under the existing limitations of machining and detection accuracy, pumpkin shaped irregular sleeves can be prioritized for application in engineering, while elliptical curve sleeves are considered as alternative solutions.

Double Outlet Right Ventricle with Non-Committed Ventricular Septal Defect and Other Complex Associated Anomalies in an Infant: Overview of the Surgical Management Approach

In the first place, the right ventricle is the primary or only point of origin for both main arteries in a patient with double outlet right ventricle (DORV). In order to guarantee proper repair, a wide variety of surgical approaches, considerations, and procedures are required for the wide spectrum of disorders that make up DORV. A functional classification based on physiological characteristics is one technique to classifying it, which might help determine the appropriate surgical strategy. Presentation of the case: Our case study focused on a female newborn infant who was 2 months old when she arrived at the hospital complaining of worsening shortness of breath and anorexia. The patient was diagnosed with pulmonary over-circulation, an abnormal accumulation of blood flowing into the lungs, through the following cardiac abnormalities: double outlet right ventricle (DORV) with a non-committal ventricular septal defect (VSD), no pulmonary stenosis (PS), mitral atresia, atrial septal defect (ASD), single ventricle dominance (SVD), anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (APVD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). After a palliative procedure including the closure of the PDA and the implantation of a PA band, the patient was to have a surgical procedure known as univentricular repair. During the surgical meeting, this course of action was agreed upon. Conclusion: Different atrial configurations, atrioventricular connections, ventricular morphologies, and spatial interactions between the main arteries may all contribute to the wide anatomical spectrum of DORV. In order to decide between biventricular repair and univentricular palliation, several anatomical features must be present in the patient. In addition, palliative treatments may be necessary for certain patients before they may have a permanent surgical repair.

Prime Editing and DNA Repair System: Balancing Efficiency with Safety.

Prime editing (PE), a recent progression in CRISPR-based technologies, holds promise for precise genome editing without the risks associated with double-strand breaks. It can introduce a wide range of changes, including single-nucleotide variants, insertions, and small deletions. Despite these advancements, there is a need for further optimization to overcome certain limitations to increase efficiency. One such approach to enhance PE efficiency involves the inhibition of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, specifically MLH1. The rationale behind this approach lies in the MMR system's role in correcting mismatched nucleotides during DNA replication. Inhibiting this repair pathway creates a window of opportunity for the PE machinery to incorporate the desired edits before permanent DNA repair actions. However, as the MMR system plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, it is important to consider the potential risks associated with manipulating this system. The new versions of PE with enhanced efficiency while blocking MLH1 are called PE4 and PE5. Here, we explore the potential risks associated with manipulating the MMR system. We pay special attention to the possible implications for human health, particularly the development of cancer.

Management of bilateral lower eyelid entropion in a black Angus bull by temporary tacking and modified Hotz Celsus

AbstractThe objective was to evaluate the progression and management of eyelid tacking sutures before permanent eyelid surgical correction. A 1‐year‐old Aberdeen black Angus bull presented with a 1‐month history of bilateral corneal ulcers. Ophthalmic examination revealed an infected stromal corneal ulcer on the left eye and bilateral lower eyelid entropion. Lower eyelid tacking sutures were placed bilaterally to allow corneal healing, prevent recurrent corneal ulceration and allow resolution of concurrent moist dermatitis. Approximately 2 weeks after eyelid tacking, permanent entropion repair using a modified Hotz Celsus technique was performed on both lower eyelids. This report details the successful treatment of bilateral lower eyelid entropion in a bull using temporary tacking sutures to stabilise corneal and eyelid disease before permanent eyelid surgical correction.

Determinants of Surgical Outcomes in Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis

BackgroundCurrent treatment guidelines for infective endocarditis focus on left-sided infective endocarditis. Because right-sided infective endocarditis has different presentations and outcomes, it is crucial to further delineate surgical outcomes for isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis (TVE). MethodsThis retrospective study reviewed 374 surgically treated patients with isolated TVE from January 2012 through April 2022 who underwent isolated tricuspid valve surgical procedures. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, permanent pacemaker need, and postsurgical inotropic support. ResultsThe in-hospital mortality was 4% (n = 15). Patients with liver disease had 3.81-times higher odds of death vs no liver disease (odds ratio [OR], 3.81; 95% CI, 1.22-12.17). A pacemaker was required in 17% of patients without a prior pacemaker, which was 4.07 times the odds with tricuspid valve replacement (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.72-11.60) vs tricuspid valve repair. Each yearly increase in patient age demonstrated lower odds of permanent pacemaker requirement by 7% (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.97). The odds for postoperative inotropic support increased 2.55-times higher in patients receiving preoperative inotropic agents (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.29-5.05), 2.27-times higher with renal failure (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.38-3.74), and 86% higher in patients administered preoperative heparin (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.14-3.02). ConclusionsMortality of surgical treatment for TVE was 4%, with higher risks with liver disease. Tricuspid valve replacement was associated with higher odds for permanent pacemaker vs repair. Renal failure, preoperative inotropic support, and preoperative heparin were associated with higher odds for postoperative inotropic support. These findings further illustrate surgical outcomes with TVE.

Outcomes of posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release for repair of abdominally based breast reconstruction donor site hernias.

Abdominally based autologous breast reconstruction (ABABR) is common after mastectomy, but carries a risk of complex abdominal wall hernias. We report experience with posterior component separation (PCS) and transversus abdominis release (TAR) with permanent synthetic mesh repair of ABABR-related hernias. Patients at Cleveland Clinic Foundation and Penn State Health were identified retrospectively. Outcomes included postoperative complications, hernia recurrence, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs): Hernia Recurrence Inventory, HerQLes Summary Score, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Intensity 3a Survey, and the Decision Regret Scale (DRS). Forty patients underwent PCS/TAR repair of hernias resulting from pedicled (35%), free (5%), muscle-sparing TRAMs (15%), and DIEPs (28%) from August 2014 to March 2021. Following PCS, 30-day complications included superficial surgical site infection (13%), seroma (8%), and superficial wound breakdown (5%). Five patients (20%) developed clinical hernia recurrence. At a minimum of 1year, 17 (63%) reported a bulge, 12 (44%) reported pain, median HerQLes Quality Of Life Scores improved from 33 to 63/100 (p value < 0.01), PROMIS 3a Pain Intensity Scores improved from 52 to 38 (p value < 0.05), and DRS scores were consistent with low regret (20/100). ABABR-related hernias are complex and technically challenging due to missing abdominal wall components and denervation injury. After repair with PCS/TAR, patients had high rates of recurrence and bulge, but reported improved quality of life and pain and low regret. Surgeons should set realistic expectations regarding postoperative bulge and risk of hernia recurrence.

Progress in the Application of Biomimetic Mineralization for Tooth Repair

The tooth, including enamel and dentin, is a prominent biomineral that is produced by the biomineralization of living organisms. Although the mechanical performance of the tooth is outstanding, caries easily develop in a complex oral environment. The analysis of the chemical composition and the relationship between the mechanical properties and the structure is of great importance in solving caries. In this review, the multilevel structure and mechanical properties of enamel and dentin are briefly introduced, along with caries formation and the limitations of clinical dental restoration. Furthermore, the progress of the application of a wide range of biomimetic strategies for tooth remineralization is highlighted, including the use of calcium phosphate ionic clusters to construct the mineralization front, ensuring the oriented epitaxial growth of enamel crystals and replicating the complex structure of the enamel. Moreover, compared with the current clinical treatment, in which the resin composite and glass ionomer cement are the main repair materials and the high incidence of secondary caries leads to imperfect restorations, the remineralization tactics could achieve excellent repair effectiveness in reconstructing the complicated structure, restoring mechanical strength and gaining permanent repair. A basic understanding of enamel and dentin, their potential for restoration, and hopeful prospects for tooth repair that can be applied in the clinical setting, not just in the laboratory, is provided by this review.

Immediate implant placement for chronic peri-apical periodontitis in the molar region: a randomised controlled trial

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of immediate implantation for chronic peri-apical periodontitis in the molar region. Seventy-four molars were selected and allocated randomly to two groups. The experimental group (n = 38) received immediate implantation by flap surgery and the control group (n = 36) received delayed implantation. CBCT was performed immediately after surgery (T1) and 12 months after the permanent repair (T3). The implant survival rate at T3 was 100% in both groups. There was no significant difference in buccal or lingual vertical marginal bone loss between the groups (P = 0.515, P = 0.736). However, the buccal horizontal margin bone loss was significantly greater in the experimental group: 0.98 ± 0.34 mm vs 0.77 ± 0.27 mm in the control group (P = 0.003). In the experimental group, the highest point of buccal and lingual implant–bone contact increased at T3. The buccal and lingual jump gap widths were 3.21 ± 1.10 mm and 2.92 ± 1.01 mm at T1, and CBCT showed no jump gap around the implants at T3. The clinical outcomes showed immediate implantation to be feasible for chronic peri-apical periodontitis in the molar region.

2700kW主機関クランク軸に発見された溝状欠陥の疲労強度評価

A grooved defect of 0.43mm depth x 7mm width x 370mm length = 1/3 circle caused on crank shaft of 2700kW main diesel engine was found during CMS inspection of special survey dock. At first permanent repair by machining the crank pin to remove 1.0mm depth all around with fitting oversized crank pin metal have been discussed. However it is expected for 3 months at least to make up oversize crank pin metal. So, the vessel was sailed out after removing notches from the defect carefully with confirming safety condition by stress calculation with fatigue strength evaluation of the crank shaft contained the defect and checking lubricating flow condition. This time, its summary is shown in this paper.

Stratifying Disaster: State Aid, Institutional Processes, and Inequality in American Communities

Abstract Disaster aid is an increasingly costly form of social spending and an often-overlooked way that welfare states manage new forms of risk related to climate change. In this article, I argue that disaster aid programs engender racial and socioeconomic inequalities through a process of assistance access constituted by distinct state logics, administrative burdens, and bureaucratic actors. I test this claim empirically by analyzing 5.37 million applicant records from FEMA’s Individuals and Households Program (IHP) from 2005 to 2016. Results demonstrate that key institutional features—the conditions of eligibility and sufficiency, burdens of proof, and assessments by contracted inspectors—combine in a stepwise process to funnel permanent repair resources to homeowners in whiter communities, while temporary rental aid is granted disproportionately to households in communities of color. Analyses of denial codes suggest racial disparities in appraisals of disaster damage. Among those approved for aid, more benefits accrue to those from comparatively higher income communities, and a decoupling of permanent and temporary housing aid further stratifies socioeconomic growth during recovery. Theoretically, this research advances an account of institutional processes transferable to other analyses of social programs, and it introduces climate risk as a new form of social risk against which welfare states insure citizens.

Structural and Functional Adaptive Artificial Bone: Materials, Fabrications, and Properties

AbstractIt is an urgent need that defect repair can develop from simple device fixation to living tissue reconstruction, from short life function replacement to permanent regeneration repair. At present, bone transplantation has become the second largest transplantation surgery after blood transfusion, and artificial bone transplantation generates great hope for the repair and treatment of bone defect. In order to repair bone defect, artificial bone must have good biological properties and sufficient mechanical properties, and it should also have the shape matching to bone defect site and the connected porous structure. For structures and properties requirements of artificial bone, in this review three major challenges faced by artificial bone transplantation are systemtically analyzed and current methods and strategies to address these issues are discussed: 1) the need for developing a type of bone scaffold material with both biological and mechanical properties, 2) the need for realizing the controllable fabrication of individual shape and multistage pore structure of bone scaffold, 3) the need for realizing the transformation from man‐made structure to biological structure. Besides, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and discusses the potential future directions of structural and functional adaptive artificial bone for bone defect regeneration.

Clinical evaluation of antral septal maxillary sinus floor elevation by the disk-up sinus reamer

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of disk-up sinus reamer (DSR) in maxillary sinus floor elevation with maxillary sinus septum. Methods: Twenty-four patients were included between January 2019 to January 2020 in Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University. There were 10 males and 14 females with the age of (39.3±11.7) years old (range 22-56 years). Pre-operative(T0) cone-beam CT (CBCT) was taken for measurement and analysis. All patients were divided into group E (easy situations, septum located anterior to the zygo-matic process), group M (moderate situations, septum located pos-terior to the zygo-matic process) and group D (difficult situations, sagittally oriented septum). The maxillary sinus floor was grafted through the crestal approach by DSR and implants were placed simultaneously. Permanent repair was performed 6-8 months after operation. All patients underwent CBCT before surgery, after surgery immediately (T1), 6 months after surgery(T2), 1 year after surgery(T3), 2 year after surgery(T4). The residual bone height (RBH) and the vertical bone height (VBH) were analyzed. The mucosal perforation rate, implant survival rate were counted. Results: All the 24 patients completed the Maxillary sinus lift surgery successfully and 24 implants were placed simultaneously. All patients had no headache, dizziness. The mucosal perforation rate was 0. The survival rate of implants during the healing period was 100%(24/24). The RBH was (5.81±2.56) mm pre-operation, the VBHT1, VBHT2, VBHT3 and VBHT4 were (11.82±1.09), (10.98±0.52), (10.66±0.44) and (10.40±0.33) mm, respectively. The differences between the groups by pairing test were statistically significant (F=187.70, P0.001), expect VBHT3 and VBHT4 (P=0.071). Bone resorption and remodeling mainly occurred 1 year after surgery. One patient developed peri-implantitis 18 months after surgery. Conclusions: With the RBH of implant site>2 mm and existence of maxillary sinus septum, using DSR for sinus floor elevation has a high success rate. It can obtain enough bone height and complete the simultaneous implantation to form a good osseointegration. The DSR is simple, safe and controllable, and can shorten the operation time.

OC-020 INCISIONAL HERNIA REPAIR WITH MESH REIMAGINED: PILOT STUDY USING ABDOMINOPLASTY AS PERMANENT AUTOLOGOUS BIOLOGICAL REINFORCEMENT IN HERNIA REPAIR

Abstract Aim EHS consensus recommends mesh implantation for all incisional hernia (IH) repairs, regardless of size. We propose considering abdominoplasty in the algorithm for IH repairs wherein the plicated fascia functions as a permanent autologous biologic onlay repair over the primary repair of the IH. Materials &amp; Methods Four patients with midline IHs underwent abdominoplasty. Their IHs were first closed primarily with #2–0 permanent suture. Next, a two-layer anterior plication of the overlying fascia was performed with permanent suture. No mesh was implanted. Patients were followed up post operatively to monitor for hernia recurrence. Results All patients were female with average age 51 years. All had at least one midline IH (1cm-1.7cm wide). Three (75%) had recurrent IHs. Three (75%) had diastasis recti. Patients were followed at 1 year, with no (0%) recurrence. Conclusion Abdominoplasty may be a safe and effective alternative for IH repair compared to traditional mesh-based repair. In effect, the patient's own plicated fascia functions as a permanent autologous biologic onlay reinforcement to the IH repair. Meanwhile, the plication may reduce tension off the primary defect closure, thus reducing recurrence. Our pilot study in small IHs showed no hernia recurrence one-year postoperatively after abdominoplasty. Thus, abdominoplasty may serve as an alternative surgical option to a subset of patients with IH. We aim to judiciously expand indications for abdominoplasty for IH repair to address wider defects in select candidates. We hope our experience will supplement the current algorithm for IH repairs by providing a non-mesh alternative.

Post-strengthening rapid repair of damaged RC columns using CFRP sheets for confinement and NSM-CFRP ropes for flexural strengthening

RC columns have been upgraded and strengthened with FRP confinement all around the globe. Future cases of repair will likely encounter RC columns that were strengthened previously with FRP confinement. However, studies on repairing damaged columns that were enhanced by confinement before damage are not currently available. Moreover, there is a vital need for an emergency repair technique that can be used to rapidly repair damaged columns of essential structures after a seismic event. In this study, the time required to complete the repair was a key factor to propose a rapid CFRP-based repair technique. A total of four specimens, each one consisted of two columns, were fabricated and tested. All parameters were kept the same except the difference in using CFRP between the control specimen and the strengthened and repaired specimens. The technique was applied to half-scale square RC columns subjected to combined axial and cyclic lateral loads. NSM-CFRP ropes were used for flexural strengthening and EB-CFRP sheets were used for lateral confinement. It was found that the repair technique was completed in three days. Test results showed that the proposed repair technique was effective not only by restoring the original strength, but also by improving the strength significantly. A strength improvement of at least 65% and a ductility ratio of at least 6.12 were observed. The measured and idealized load–displacement response showed that the ductility of the repaired column was reasonably acceptable. The proposed technique appears promising and may be considered as a permanent repair technique.

Therapeutic Options in Postoperative Enterocutaneous Fistula-A Retrospective Case Series.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to present the results obtained in our experiment regarding the management of postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas (PECF). Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on 64 PECF registered after 2030 abdominal surgeries (1525 digestive tract surgeries and 505 extra-digestive ones) over a period of 7 years (1st of January 2014–31th of December 2020) in the 1st and 2nd Surgery Clinics, Clinical County Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Romania. The group included 41 men (64.06%) and 23 women (35.34%), aged between 21–94 years. Of the cases, 71.85% occurred in elderly patients over 65 years old. Spontaneous fistulas in Crohn’s disease, intestinal diverticulosis, or specific inflammatory bowel disease were excluded. Results: The overall incidence of 3.15% varied according to the surgery type: 6.22% after gastroduodenal surgery, 1.78% after enterectomies, 4.30% after colorectal surgery, 4.28% after bilio-digestive anastomoses, and 0.39% after extra-digestive surgery. We recorded a 70.31% fistula closure rate, 78.94% after exclusive conservative treatment and 57.61% after surgery; morbidity was 79.68%, mortality was 29.68%. Conclusion: PECF management requires a multidisciplinary approach and is carried out according to an algorithm underlying well-established objectives and priorities. Conservative treatment including resuscitation, sepsis control, output control, skin protection, and nutritional support is the first line treatment; surgery is reserved for complications or permanent repair of fistulas that do not close under conservative treatment. The therapeutic strategy is adapted to topography, morphological characteristics and fistula output, age, general condition, and response to therapy.

Evolution of technique and results after permanent open repair for pectus deformities.

ObjectiveOpen correction of pectus deformities has evolved since its origin. We performed a Ravitch type repair using a permanent titanium plate fixed with screws and describe the procedure with outcomes after our modifications.MethodsA retrospective review of 61 pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum cases from August 2013 to April 2021 was performed. Data were extracted from medical records and reported. In January 2016, we began administering satisfaction surveys at the 6-month postoperative visit; results are reported.ResultsThe mean age of our cohort was 24.5 years; 43 (70%) were male. Fifty-four underwent pectus excavatum repair, 6 pectus carinatum repair, and 1 mixed repair. Median Haller index was 3.8. Mean operative duration was 98 minutes; mean blood loss was 116.4 mL. Median chest tube duration was 5.0 days; median hospital stay was 4 days. Reexploration for bleeding was 30% in the first 10 patients. Protocol changes including postponing chemical deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, using intraoperative hemostatic agents, and using shorter implantation screws decreased this to 0% for the remaining cases. The most frequent complication was urinary retention (21.3%). Postoperative surveys were completed for 37 of 50 patients. Seventy-five percent reported health improved, 65% reported exercise capacity improved, 75% reported breathing improved, and 59% reported chest pain improved. Self-esteem improved from 6.6 ± 2.5 (of 10) before surgery to 8.2 ± 2.1 after surgery. Ninety percent were satisfied and 86% would have the operation again.ConclusionsRavitch type repair with permanent titanium plate fixation is a safe and effective procedure for correction of pectus excavatum and carinatum. Most patients experience improvement in preoperative symptoms.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BULKHEAD PATCH REPAIR DUE TO HEAT DAMAGE

The integrity of the aircraft structure after a permanent repair requires thorough engineering analysis. In this study, the aircraft’s defective Bulkhead was damaged due to heat exposure and repaired with a patching technique known as a bulkhead patch repair. The study aimed to analyse the repair carried out using numerical calculation and finite element analysis. The first result of the numerical calculation shows that the repair part (stainless steel) will restore the original part (AA7050) strength capability. The second result from the LS-Dyna analysis shows that heat damage had caused the material (AA7050) strength to deteriorate significantly. The final loads testing using LS-Dyna analysis on components shows the patch repair scheme conducted was capable of strengthening the damaged part by transferring the applied loads to repair part. The outcome of this study justified that for better maintenance action (structural integrity consideration), the damaged Y453 Bulkhead needed to be replaced instead of conducting permanent repair.

A Non-Invasive Determination of Ketosis-Induced Elimination of Chronic Daytime Somnolence in a Patient with Late-Stage Dementia (Assessed with Type 3 Diabetes): A Potential Role of Neurogenesis.

Background:The study involved a female patient diagnosed with late-stage dementia, with chronic daytime somnolence (CDS) as a prominent symptom.Objective:To explore whether her dementia resulted from Type 3 diabetes, and whether it could be reversed through ketosis therapy.Methods:A ketogenic diet (KD) generating low-dose 100 μM Blood Ketone Levels (BKL) enhanced by a brief Ketone Mono Ester (KME) regimen with high-dose 2–4 mM BKLs was used.Results:Three sets of data describe relief (assessed by % days awake) from CDS: 1) incremental, slow, time-dependent KD plus KME-induced sigmoid curve responses which resulted in partial wakefulness (0–40% in 255 days) and complete wakefulness (40–85% in 50 days); 2) both levels of wakefulness were shown to be permanent; 3) initial permanent relief from CDS with low-dose ketosis from 6.7% to 40% took 87 days. Subsequent low-dose recovery from illness-induced CDS (6.9% to 40%) took 10 days. We deduce that the first restoration involved permanent repair, and the second energized the repaired circuits.Conclusion:The results suggest a role for ketosis in the elimination of CDS with the permanent functional restoration of the awake neural circuits of the Sleep-Wake cycle. We discuss whether available evidence supports ketosis-induced bioenergetics alone or whether other mechanisms of functional renewal were the basis for the elimination of CDS. Given evidence for permanent repair, two direct links between ketosis and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain are discussed: Ketosis-induced 1) brain-derived neurotrophic factor, resulting in neural progenitor/stem cell proliferation, and 2) mitochondrial bioenergetics-induced stem cell biogenesis.

RESEARCH OF CONDITIONAL DIAGNOSTIC ALGORITHMS MANY SOURCE OBJECTS

Without regard to the swift increase of reliability of element base of modern special communication means actual is a question of providing of their a fitness is to repair, of value of indexes of that regulated by leading documents. Considerable time of permanent repair of special communication means occupies the search of defective elements, that is why important enough improvement of the diagnostic providing. It is arrived at by the use of effective algorithms of searching activity of masters that abbreviate the necessary amount of verifications of the damaged apparatus. It is set that to 30 percent of refuses of special communication means conditioned by disrepairs their sources of secondary power supply, that behave to the class of many source objects. In the article with drawing on modern accomplishments of technical diagnostics and metrology, that was not taken into account before, research possible variants of construction of conditional diagnostic algorithms. Also research their indexes of quality dependin g on the structural features of object of diagnosticating and the brought results over of comparison. The terms of repressing choice of algorithms of search of defects are set on the criterion of a minimum of mean time of renewal, the order of decision of this task is formalized. The got results it is expedient to draw on during development of the diagnostic providing of perspective special communication means, and also and at the improvement of existing. Thus, taken off part of limitations that is used in the known methodologies, that allows to promote efficiency scientifically reasonable practically implemented recommendations in relation to time of proceeding in special communication means at the refuse of their sources of secondary power supply

On Demographic Processes and Prospects for Development of Rural Areas of the Novgorod Region

In rural areas in the North-West of Russia, including those in the Novgorod region, there is a negative trend of reduction of permanent residents, especially of working age. Using the example of the Novorakhinsky rural settlement of the Krestetsky municipal district, a study was carried out of the dynamics of the number of residential buildings and their residents, including school-age children, over the past 123 years. A sharp decrease in these indicators was found in almost all rural settlements, some of them were depopulated and eliminated, which is confirmed by statistical data. A significant decrease in the population in villages led to the closure of kindergartens, schools, institutions of health care, trade and culture. The authors attempted to identify some of the reasons for these demographic changes. Rural population was alienated from forest resources, problems arose with the provision of firewood. At the legislative level it is proposed to allocate local forests near rural settlements to villagers and preferentially provide them with timber and other forest products. It is necessary to use the historical experience of the 19th-20th centuries and developments of modern scientists. To interest the local bodies of self-government, it is necessary to include into the assessment of their work and remuneration the following indicators: the dynamics of the number of permanent rural residents, construction and repair of residential housing, improvement of the territories of rural settlements, including high-quality water supply, heating, marketing of agricultural and forest products, and other vitally important conditions.