Permanent Mandibular Canines Research Articles

Orthodontic management of bilaterally impacted mandibular canines in a growing patient

KK, an 11.9-year-old male patient, presented with the chief complaint of forwardly placed upper front teeth. Diagnosis revealed a Class II subdivision right malocclusion on an underlying Class I skeletal base with a horizontal growth pattern, bimaxillary proclination, crowding in the lower arch, over retained deciduous canines in the upper right and lower quadrants, an unerupted maxillary right permanent canine, and bilaterally impacted mandibular permanent canines, an increased overjet, and a deep overbite. He had a mild convex profile, a toothy smile with a nonconsonant smile arc and mildly protrusive lips. Treatment with a nonextraction treatment plan, which included surgical uncovering and orthodontic eruptive guidance of the impacted mandibular canines, with multibracket metallic fixed appliances, solved the patient's complaints and achieved an esthetically pleasing and functionally adequate occlusal result.

Hypo-hyperdontia: a case report

The occurrence of hypodontia (absence of teeth) and hyperdontia (presence of supernumerary teeth) in the same patient is a rarely seen condition in dental practice. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are very important when addressing this abnormality in the mixed dentition. The approach will depend on the severity of the case and the timing of diagnosis. This paper reports the case of an 11-year-old patient with absence of the permanent maxillary lateral incisors and the mandibular second premolars, with concomitant presence of a supernumerary tooth in the region of the right mandibular lateral incisor. Based on physical and radiographic examination findings, a diagnosis of hypo-hyperdontia was made. The diagnostic and therapeutic management of the case is discussed. The treatment adopted was surgical removal of the supernumerary teeth and esthetic restoration to transform the permanent mandibular canines into lateral incisors.

Kissing Canines Associated with a Dentigerous Cyst: Case Report and Mini Review

Dentigerous cyst is the most common developmental odontogenic cyst of the jaws that encloses the crown of an unerupt- ed tooth; however, involvement of more than one unerupted tooth in a single dentigerous cyst is extremely rare. In this report, we present a rare case of a single dentigerous cyst associated with the imapcted mandibular permanent canines. Literature is briefly reviewed and etiopathogenesisis hypothesized.

Incidental finding of dentigerous cyst-a case report

In the jaws, the most common type of developmental odontogenic cyst is dentigerous cyst, mostly affecting the impacted mandibular third molars and permanent maxillary canines. They are often noted as an incidental finding on radiographs as unilocular radiolucency with well-defined sclerotic border which encircles the crown of an unerupted tooth as most of these dentigerous cysts are clinically asymptomatic. Long standing cases of dentigerous cysts can progress to either ameloblastoma or squamous cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Henceforth, an early clinical and radiographic detection of the cyst plays a vital role so that apt treatment modalities can be carried out which will prevent or decrease the morbidity. With this above background, we hereby report an enticing case of dentigerous cyst which was incidentally observed in conventional radiographs and to evaluate further extension and nature of lesion, a conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) of jaw was taken. Key words: Dentigerous cyst, Impacted mandibular third molars, Incidental finding, Cone beam computed tomography

Evaluation of validity of Tanaka-Johnston analysis in Mumbai school children.

Introduction:Estimation of the mesiodistal dimensions of the unerupted canines and premolars in the early mixed dentition is a necessary diagnostic aid in space management. Tanaka-Johnston analysis was developed for North American children. Anthropological study reveals that tooth size varies among different ethnicities. The present study was performed to evaluate the validity of Tanaka-Johnston method of mixed dentition arch analysis in Mumbai school children.Aims:(1) To determine the correlation between the sum of the mesiodistal widths of the permanent mandibular incisors and combined mesiodistal widths of the permanent mandibular and maxillary canines and premolar in Mumbai school children. (2) To examine the applicability of Tanaka-Johnston method of prediction.Materials and Methods:Dental casts of maxillary and mandibular arches of 300 children, 147 boys and 153 girls within the age group of 12–15 years, with permanent dentitions were fabricated. The mesiodistal crown dimensions of teeth were measured with a dial caliper. Tanaka-Johnston method of mixed dentition arch analysis was performed for the study population, and statistical analysis was done.Statistical Analysis Used:Descriptive statistics including the mean, standard deviation, range, and standard error were calculated and tabulated.Results:Tanaka-Johnston's equation when applied to the data available for Mumbai school children, it was observed that it slightly overestimates the tooth size.Conclusions:(1) There was a positive correlation between the width of mandibular incisors and mandibular and maxillary canines and premolars. (2) The Tanaka-Johnston prediction method was not accurate for a sample of Mumbai school children.

Endodontic management of bilateral mandibular canines with an unusual root canal anatomy

This case report describes the endodontic management of bilateral mandibular canines with unusual root canal anatomy in a patient. The right mandibular canine had two separate roots (buccal and lingual), each root having a single canal. The left mandibular molar had two separate canals coronally joining into a single canal in the apical 3 rd (Vertucci Type II). While the presence of two roots and two canals in one root is not uncommon, finding a combination of these morphological variations in the same patient has not been reported previously. This emphasizes the perception of the clinician that a given tooth will contain a specific number of roots and/or root canals canal should be changed, and such variations should be kept in mind during the endodontic treatment of permanent mandibular canines.

Dentigerous Cyst Associated with Bilaterally Impacted Permanent Mandibular Canines: A Report of a Rare Case

Dentigerous Cyst Associated with Bilaterally Impacted Permanent Mandibular Canines: A Report of a Rare Case

학습목표에 따른 치아형태학 교재 내용 비교

Purpose: This study will examine the differences among the college dental morphology textbooks in light of their contents and learning objectives through which we will propose an optimal way of consolidating those differences found. Methods: Five college textbooks adopted in the dental related departments were selected by random and the overview and subdivisions of contents were compared and closely analysed with regards to the learning objectives. Results: Firstly, all of the dental morphology textbooks cover the learning objectives of the dental morphology subject, especially in the area of the overview of dental morphology, the permanent tooth, deciduous tooth. Only the dentistry textbooks explain the learning objective of the occlusion. Secondly, differences in content were found in the area of component tissue and around tissue, dental formula of deciduous teeth, spinous process, buccal pit, enamel projection, curve symbol, tip of cusp position of proximal surface of permanent mandibular canines, buccal cusp position of permanent mandibular second premolars. Conclusion: It is imperative to delineate some meaningful and critical differences in contents among the dental morphology textbooks and reflect this to each and every textbook to be published as a supplementary information guide or index.

Root canal morphology of permanent maxillary and mandibular canines in Indian population using cone beam computed tomography.

Aim. To investigate the root canal anatomy of single-rooted permanent maxillary and mandibular canines in an Indian population using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methodology. A total of 250 permanent maxillary canines and 250 permanent mandibular canines were selected and scanned using CBCT. The root anatomy of each tooth was evaluated for the following parameters: the pattern of the root canals, anatomic length of the crown and the root, the presence of accessory canals, the shape of the access cavity, the position of the apical foramina, root diameter, and dentin thickness of the root. Results. Majority of the teeth had a Type I canal configuration in both maxillary canines (81.6%) and mandibular canines (79.6%). In maxillary canine the other canal patterns found were Type III (11.6%), Type II (2.8%), Type V (2%), Type XIX (1.2%), and Type IV (0.8%). In mandibular canines the various other canal patterns found were Type III (13.6%), Type II (3.2%), Type V (2%), and Type XIX (1.6%). Apical foramina were laterally positioned in the majority of the teeth, 70.4% and 65.6% in maxillary and mandibular canines, respectively. 12% of the maxillary canines and 12.8% of the mandibular canines had accessory canals. Conclusion. The root canal anatomy of permanent maxillary and mandibular canines varied widely in an Indian population.

Mandibular permanent first molars and incisors as predictors of mandibular permanent canine and premolar widths: Applicability and consistency of the method

Estimating the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular permanent canines and premolars is an essential aspect of mixed dentition analysis. A method is proposed to predict the sum of the mandibular permanent canine and premolar widths based on the sum of the mandibular permanent first molars and incisors. In this study, we aimed to test the applicability and reliability of this method in a population in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The methods of Moyers and of Tanaka and Johnston were also tested. The sample consisted of 200 orthodontic study models, obtained from white Brazilian patients (123 female, 77 male). The mesiodistal widths of the teeth were measured with an analog caliper. Paired Student t tests with a significance level of 5% were used to compare the actual and predicted values. No statistically significant differences were found between the predicted and actual values of the sum of the mandibular permanent canine and premolar widths when using the new method. The differences were 0.6 mm for the male sample, 0.5 mm for the female sample, and 0.6 mm for the total sample; the standard deviations were 1.9, 2.1, and 2.2 mm, respectively. However, overestimated predicted values with differences of 1.4 and 1.9 mm (male and female) in the Moyers method and 1.9 and 3.3 mm (male and female) in the Tanaka and Johnston method were found. The new method is consistent and applicable to the population of Belo Horizonte. The other 2 methods tended to overestimate the actual values of the permanent canines and premolars.

Success rates of different management techniques for impacted mandibular canines and associated complications in children and adolescents

The aim of the present study was to investigate the success rate of various treatment modalities and complications associated with the occurrence and treatment of impacted mandibular permanent canines. Seventy-four southern Chinese children and adolescents who received treatment for impacted mandibular canines over a 27-year period were included in the analysis. Treatment modalities and complications that had been recorded in the clinical and surgical notes and that could be diagnosed from the available radiographs were noted. The most commonly-performed treatment for the correction of an impacted mandibular canine was surgical removal of the impacted tooth (n = 59). In cases where surgical exposure of the impacted canine followed by bonding an attachment was performed (n = 7), the average time required for the canine to erupt postoperatively through the soft tissue was 12.2 months (±10.2 months). Lack of movement of the tooth after traction was the only complication reported in these patients (n = 3). The most frequently-reported postoperative sequela observed for all treatment modalities was swelling of the soft tissues around the surgical site (n = 6), and this was persistent even after 48 h. The success rate after surgical intervention and orthodontic traction was 57.1%.

Mixed dentition space analysis in kodava population: a comparison of two methods.

To evaluate the reliability of Tanaka and Johnston and Moyer's (75th percentile) mixed dentition prediction methods in Kodava population sample, to formulate regression equations for predicting the mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars and to construct probability tables for the Kodava population. Data was obtained from Kodava subjects visiting the clinics for routine dental check up. Dental models of 30 male and 30 female Kodava subjects (age range is 16 - 23 yr) were used. Teeth measured included mandibular permanent incisors, maxillary and mandibular permanent canines, first and second premolars. Digital caliper calibrated to 0.01mm was used to record mesiodistal dimensions. The actual teeth measurements were then statistically compared with the predicted values derived from the Tanaka and Johnston's equations and Moyers probability tables at the 75(th) percentile. Descriptive statistics including means, standard deviations were calculated for the actual and predicted tooth sizes. Student's t-tests were performed to compare the differences between the measured mesiodistal widths of canine, first and second premolars and the predicted values derived from Moyers. Correlation and regression analysis were performed to formulate standard regression equations. Tanaka and Johnston prediction equations overestimated the mesiodistal widths of permanent canines and premolars in both the arches. Moyers 75(th) percentile also overestimated the actual measurements except for the maxillary arch in female subjects. The percentage of overestimation was more for Tanaka - Johnston prediction method than that of Moyers (75(th) percentile). Correlation and regression analysis were performed between the predicted and actual tooth size and standard regression equations were developed for the Kodava population. Probability tables were also constructed from the data obtained. The data from present study illustrates the limitation of Tanaka and Johnston regression equations and Moyer's (75(th) percentile) chart when applied to Kodava population. From this data, regression equations and probability tables were derived for tooth size prediction for Kodava population. This would be more accurate when applied to local children of Kodava community.

Mandibular Canine Dimorphism in Establishing Sex Identity in the Lebanese Population

Background and Objective. In forensic investigations, mandibular canines provide excellent materials to identify gender since they are more likely to survive disasters. The objective of this study was to investigate gender dimorphism by comparing the mesiodistal width of mandibular permanent canines and intercanine distance in a group of Lebanese population. Methods. Participants consisted of undergraduate students from the School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, for two academic years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Canine widths and intercanine distance were measured by one operator directly on dental casts using a digital caliper. Results. One hundred thirty-three Lebanese dental students (54 males and 69 females) aged 18–25 were included in the study. The intercanine distance was significantly greater in males (P value < 0.0001). The right and the left canine widths were significantly greater in males than in females (P value < 0.0001). However, no significant difference was found between left and right canines for males (P value > 0.05) and females (P value > 0.05). The mean width of canine was greater than 7.188 mm for males. Conclusion. The parameters measured in the present study are of great help in sex identification in forensic investigations in the Lebanese adult population.

The management of palatally displaced maxillary canines: Considerations and challenges

This article opens with a recognition that ectopic maxillary canines may lead to frank impactions requiring a coordinated and multidisciplinary approach to their surgical/orthodontic management and the potential benefit of managing canine ectopia, particularly palatally displaced canines, more conservatively in their pre-eruptive ectopic positions in an effort to avoid impaction. The prevalence of palatally displaced canines (PDC) in various populations and corroborating as well as competing or conflicting opinions of etiology are briefly reviewed. Some of the traditional as well as relatively newer strategies and associated investigations of managing pre-eruptive palatally displaced maxillary canines are discussed, and the imaging techniques utilized to identify and locate ectopic maxillary canines are also discussed. Early detection of ectopic canines must include at the very least panoramic and/or periapical radiographs as part of any mixed dentition orthodontic examination and assessment. The sometimes unpredictable continued path of the ectopic maxillary canine poses clinical and ethical issues to the clinician when developing treatment strategies as part of any overall orthodontic treatment plan for young patients presenting with maxillary canine ectopia. The need for more thoughtful and carefully designed randomized clinical trials with a greater emphasis on subject sample scrutiny is strongly recommended to add much needed clarity to the clinical management of ectopic maxillary canines.

Amelogenesis imperfecta associated with dental follicular-like hamartomas and generalised gingival enlargement

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is an inherited disorder characterised by generalised defects of dental enamel, but has been associated with other dental and medical conditions. It affects the appearance and structure of teeth, both in the primary and secondary dentition. AI in the presence of dental follicular hamartomas and gingival hyperplasia is rare and the management presents several challenges to the clinician. This article describes a case of a girl who presented to the paediatric department at the age of 7 years complaining of discomfort when eating and that she was unhappy with the appearance of her anterior teeth. The patient was born in the UK but she and her family were African and of Kenyan origin. She was otherwise fit and well. Investigations included clinical, radiographic and pathological examination as well as cone beam computed tomography imaging and X-ray Microtomography of extracted primary teeth. A diagnosis of AI in the presence of dental follicular hamartomas and generalised gingival hyperplasia was made, which had resulted in the delayed eruption of permanent teeth and an associated anterior open bite. There was no family history of dental defects. Initial treatment included preventative advice and the application of preformed metal crowns on all primary molars. Extraction of all remaining primary incisors was carried out followed by gingivectomy around the maxillary permanent incisors, mandibular central incisors and maxillary left second primary molar. Composite resin reconstruction of all permanent incisors and mandibular primary canines was complicated by the poor quality of enamel. Orthodontic extrusion of the anterior incisors was carried out to improve surface area for bonding with some success. A multidisciplinary team managed this case and decided that no surgical intervention of the dental follicular hamartomas was warranted. The patient coped well with treatment and attended for regular review over an 8-year period. She was reviewed at 6 monthly intervals clinically by a paediatric dentist and radiographs were taken as required to monitor the hamartomas, maintain the restorations and monitor her dental development. She was also seen on the multidisciplinary clinic once a year. This is the first case of its kind to be reported in the UK and the 8th worldwide. While this condition is rare, it is important that paediatric dentists are made aware of it.

Applicability of Tanaka &amp; Johnston Analysis and Prediction of New Equation for Contemporary Nepalese Sample

Objective: To examine applicability of Tanaka &amp; Johnston prediction in Nepalese sample. Materials &amp; Method: A total of 100 samples of the age ranging from 14-24 years were selected for the measurement of mesio-distal widths of mandibular permanent incisors, and maxillary and mandibular permanent canines and premolars. Descriptive statistics was calculated and paired t-test was carried out to find the difference between predicted and actual values of canine and premolar mesio-distal widths. The linear regression equation was performed to develop new equation for Nepalese sample. Result: Mean differences were observed in actual and predicted values between the present study and the reports of Tanaka &amp; Johnston. Coefficient of correlation was found for maxilla, r=0.52 and mandible, r =0.51. Conclusion: The equations and charts used for other ethnic sample do not accurately predict for Nepalese sample. The linear regression equation developed in this study can be used for orthodontic treatment for Nepalese patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v3i1.9269 Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol.3, No.1, 2013: 14-18

Masculinization of the eruption pattern of permanent mandibular canines in opposite sex twin girls

The aim of this study is to explore the effect of prenatal androgenization on the clinical eruption of permanent teeth expressing dimorphism and bimaturism. The eruption curves of permanent teeth (except third molars), including those that make up the canine complex (permanent canines, lower first premolars), are compared among opposite sex twins (OS twins) relative to single-born boys and girls. The comparisons are made with regard to three phases of eruption (pierced mucosa, half- erupted, and completely erupted) from a cross-sectional sample of dental casts, using Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyzes. The casts were collected from 2159 school children from the US Collaborative Perinatal Project, including 39 pairs of OS-twins, of which 12 pairs (30.8%) were Euro-Americans and 27 pairs (69.2%) were of African-American ancestry. The eruption patterns of the incisors, upper first molars, and lower canines were found to be significantly masculinized (delayed) among OS twin girls. The differences in most other teeth were either not significant, or the number of observations of active eruption phases were too few, such as in the upper first molars and incisors, to yield strong evidence and meaningful results. The masculinization of the tooth eruption pattern in OS twin girls is intriguing because of the lower canine responses during puberty, as well as canine primordial formation during early fetal androgenization of their co-twin during the 8th to 14th gestational weeks. The present results offer a challenge for future research exploring tooth eruption mechanisms, and may also highlight some cases of delayed or ectopic canines, which are biased toward females.

Spolni dimorfizam kod trajnih mandibularnih očnjaka: istraživanje provedeno na albanskoj populaciji na Kosovu

Spolni dimorfizam kod trajnih mandibularnih očnjaka: istraživanje provedeno na albanskoj populaciji na Kosovu

Applicability of regression equation using widths of mandibular permanent first molars and incisors as a predictor of widths of mandibular canines and premolars in contemporary Indian population

Predicting the size of unerupted teeth during the mixed dentition period is a critical factor in managing the developing occlusion. Different studies found that the combined width of only the four mandibular permanent incisors is not a good predictor of the sum of unerupted mandibular permanent canines and premolars (SPCP). In 2007, Melgaço et al. developed a new method for SPCP by measuring the sum of the mandibular first permanent molars and four mandibular permanent incisors (SMI). It was aimed to evaluate the accuracy of this new method in comparison with Moyers' mixed dentition analysis table in contemporary Indian population. Sixty boys and 60 girls from Gandhinagar district (age ranged from 12 to 14 years) were included. The mesiodistal crown widths of all fully erupted teeth were measured with digital vernier callipers and the odontometric values obtained were then subjected to statistical and linear regression analysis. Student's unpaired t-test gave statistically significant difference between the original values of teeth and the values obtained by Melgaço's prediction equation as well as Moyers' mixed dentition analysis table (P < 0.001). High values of correlation (r = 0.77) and determination coefficients (r2 = 0.59) were found while considering Melgaço's method. Also, no statistically significant difference was found between the tooth sizes of males and females. From this study, it can be evaluated that Melgaço's method gives better prediction and a simplified equation Y = 0.925X can be suggested for the present population.

A new proposed regression equation for mixed dentition analysis using the sum of permanent mandibular four incisors and first molar as a predictor of width of unerupted canine and premolars in a sample of North Indian population.

Objective:The objective of this study was to establish a new regression equation for North Indian and to compare and correlate the predicted width of unerupted canine and premolars obtained from the proposed regression equation of the present study in the North Indian population sample, Moyer's prediction table and also from Melgaco regression equation with the actual width; in order to check the applicability of various methods of mixed dentition analysis for the North Indian population.Materials and Methods:The sample consisted of 200 dental casts obtained from the North Indian patients and students which consists of 100 males and 100 females with the average age of 20.12 ± 4.70 years for males and 19.54 ± 3.16 years for females. Mesiodistal tooth widths of mandibular arch from permanent right first molar to left first molar were measured with an electronic digital caliper. Student t-test was used for comparison and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to correlate the actual sum and the predicted width of the permanent mandibular canines and premolars obtained from various methods.Results:The difference between the actual and predicted width was statistically insignificant using the regression equation obtained for the North Indian sample population (correlation r = 0.78) in contrast to the significant difference with predicted width obtained from Melgaco equation (r = 0.61) and Moyer's prediction table (r = 0.42).Conclusions:A new proposed regression equation for the North Indian population was established. Amongst the three regression equations devised, the proposed regression equation formulated in the present study; gave the most accurate results confirming racial variation in tooth size. This method is considered as an easy and practical way to predict the size of unerupted canines and premolars.