Permanent Magnet Direct Current Research Articles

TMS320F28379D microcontroller for speed control of permanent magnet direct current motor

<p><span>This paper aims to study the behavior of the <a name="_Hlk169245133"></a>proportional integral derivative (PID) and the fuzzy-based tuning PI-D controller for speed control of a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor. The proposed method used a fuzzy-based tuning PI-D controller with a MATLAB/Simulink program to design and real-time implement a TMS320F28379D microcontroller for speed control of a PMDC motor. The performance of the study designed fuzzy-based tuning PI-D and PID controllers is compared and investigated. The fuzzy logic controller applies the controlling voltage based on motor speed errors. Finally, the result shows the fuzzy-based tuning PI-D controller approach has a minimum overshoot, and minimum transient and steady state parameters compared to the PID controller to control the speed of the motor. The PID controllers have poorer performance due to the non-linear features of the PMDC motor.</span></p>

A novel higher-order sliding mode control for DC-DC boost converter system in PMDC motor exploring mismatched disturbances

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to stabilize the rotating speed of the permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor driven by a DC-DC boost converter under mismatched disturbances (i.e.) under varying load circumstances like constant, frictional, fan type, propeller and undefined torques.Design/methodology/approachThis manuscript proposes a higher order sliding mode control to elevate the dynamic behavior of the speed controller and the robustness of the PMDC motor. A second order classical sliding surface and proportional-integral-derivative sliding surface (PIDSS) are designed and compared.FindingsFor the boost converter with PMDC motor, both simulation and experimentation are exploited. The prototype is built for an 18 W PMDC motor with field programmable gate arrays. The suggested sliding mode with second order improves the robustness of the arrangement under disturbances with a wide range of control. Both the simulation and experimental setup shows satisfactory results.Originality/valueAccording to software-generated mathematical design and experimental findings, PIDSS exhibits excellent performance with respect to settling speed, steady-state error and peak overshoot.

Improving speed control characteristics of PMDC motor drives using nonlinear PI control

This paper introduces a nonlinear PI controller for improved speed regulation in permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor drive systems. The nonlinearity comes from the exponential (Exp) block placed in front of the classical PI controller, which uses a tunable exponential function to map the speed error nonlinearly. Such a configuration has not been studied till now, thus meriting further investigation. We consider an exponential PI (EXP-PI) controller and to attain the best performance from this controller, its parameters are optimized offline using salp swarm algorithm (SSA), which borrows its inspiration from the way of forage and navigation of salps living in deep oceans. To indicate the credibility of SSA tuned EXP-PI controller convincingly, numerous experiments on speed regulation in PMDC motor have been implemented using DSP of TMS320F28335. The results obtained are also compared to similar results in the literature. It is shown that the proposed approach performs well in practice by ensuring tight tracking of the speed reference and superb torque disturbance rejection for the closed loop control. Furthermore, superior performance is achieved by the proposed nonlinear PI controller with respect to a fixed-gain PI controller.

Improvement of the linear quadratic regulator control applied to a DC-DC boost converter driving a permanent magnet direct current motor

This article discusses a new robust control technique that enables the DC-DC boost converter driving a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor to operate in high static and dynamic performances. The new technique is based on the design of a both linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and linear quadratic regulator-proportional integral (LQR-PI) type controllers, which have the advantage of eliminating oscillations, overshoots and fluctuations on different characteristics in steady-state system operation. In order to increase the output voltage, the LQR regulator is combined with a first-order system represented in the form of a closed-loop transfer function, the latter raising the output voltage to 24 volts, this voltage is enough to drive the permanent magnet direct current motor. The contribution of this paper is the creation of a robust control system represented in the form of a hybrid corrector able to regulate steady-state and transient disturbances and oscillations as well as to increase DC-DC boost converter output voltage for the PMDC motor to operate at rated voltage. The results of the three control techniques are validated by MATLAB Simulink.

Controlling the operation of the dc motor by using pid with metaheuristic technology

This paper presents an investigation into precise trajectory tracking and synchronization of two-axes direct current (DC) motor control, with an emphasis on a cascade proportional-plus-integral (P-PI) controller to regulate the speed and position of a single-axis permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor. Various methods were explored for the controller’s design process, including classical methods (CM) and three optimization strategies: genetic algorithm (GA), dandelion optimization algorithm (DOA), and butterfly optimization algorithm (BOA), with the latter found to be the most effective. Simulation was a crucial component in assessing the efficiency of these methods. A comparative analysis of four tuning strategies (CM, GA, BOA, and DOA) was conducted to ascertain optimal settings for the P-PI cascade controller. The DOA outperformed the others, providing accurate tracking with no deviation from the reference location or speed overshoot. Moreover, DOA ensured safety by limiting voltage and current to prevent potential damage to the motor. The findings thus suggest that the proposed P-PI controller with DOA can serve as a reliable solution for speed and position control in single-axis PMDC motors.

Design and Analysis of Permanent Magnet DC Machines with FEM Based ANSYS-MAXWELL

In this paper, permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor was designed and analyzed; The obtained speed, efficiency, torque and air gap flux distributions were examined and the results were compared with literature for the motor type. In order to compare the designed machine with literature, magnets made of the same materials and having the same geometric dimensions were used, as well as the basic motor features. The rated current, voltage, speed, torque and efficiency of two surface magnet motors with different rotor structures, including the eddy current effect, torque-speed characteristics and magnetic analysis, were investigated using the ANSYS-MAXWELL program, which performs a solution based on the Finite Element Method (FEM). This study will be a useful study for the literature in terms of examining the basic structure, electromagnetic properties, speed-torque values, efficiency of motor with surface permanent magnet (PM) rotor and comparing with literature.

GWO-Based Multi-Stage Algorithm for PMDC Motor Parameter Estimation.

During the design of a wheeled mobile robot, the problem of the proper selection of the parameters of its motor controllers was encountered. Knowing the parameters of the robot's Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motors, precise tuning of the controllers can be performed, which then results in improved robot dynamics. Among many methods of parametric model identification, optimization-based techniques, particularly genetic algorithms, have gained more and more interest recently. The articles on this topic present the results of parameter identification, but they do not refer to the search ranges for individual parameters. With too wide a range, genetic algorithms do not find solutions or are time-inefficient. This article introduces a method for determining the parameters of a PMDC motor. The proposed method performs an initial estimation of the range of searched parameters to shorten the estimation time of the bioinspired optimization algorithm.

Characterization of the Direct Current Micromotor by Simscape

Direct current (DC) micromotors play a key role in micro robotic systems. The DC micromotor has a large market demand but there is a lack of theoretical research for it. The DC micromotor is still usable in many applications, despite the main problem that arises at the level of the connection between the brushes, or "carbons" and the rotary commutator. Mainly because their power circuit is simple to build. The main objective of this work is the evaluation by simulation under Simscape of the performance of Faulhaber permanent magnet DC micromotor and the study of its characteristics. Simulation results on MATLAB/Simscape software showed that a Simscape test bench is ultra-efficient for the study of electric drives. Students of engineering schools are thus prepared for the latest developments and real industrial requirements.

Modelling and Simulation of Acceleration Model of Small Electric Motor Vehicle

This paper presents the development of a mathematical model for tractive effort and acceleration of a small electric motor vehicle/car which is propelled by a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor. The proposed vehicle acceleration model is obtained from torque-speed characteristics of the (PMDC) motor. The model is simple and it has only two vehicle parameters Ka, Kv. The vehicle parameters used in simulation are predetermined considering floor slopes. The acceleration model is simulated in MATLAB for various floor slopes and simulation performance results are presented for the vehicle that is moving on floors like flat, upslope, downslope, etc. The vehicle parameters Ka and kv are determined with consideration of various forces that are acting on the vehicle when it is moving on different slopes. These parameters can be used in mobile robot or automated guided vehicle (AGV) navigation and also for prediction of the vehicle path

Design and Simulation of a PID Neural Network Controller for PMDC Motor Speed and Position Control

Direct current (DC) motors have many difficulties when controlling angular velocity in a variety of applications. The perfect controller cannot be carried out by traditional control alone due to the nonlinear properties of DC motors, design constraints, and mechanical variations caused by the operation conditions. This study proposes a design for an artificial neural network based PID controller (ANNPID) to control the speed of a permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC) in two methods. A detailed analysis is performed based on the simulation results of both methods. The proposed controllers are numerically simulated for various test conditions including; set-point changes, step changes in the load torque, and parameter variations, then the suggested techniques were compared in a comparative study with a traditional PID controller based on the transient response specifications and the performance indices to validate the performance of the controllers. The simulation results demonstrated that the controllers have improved dynamics, static performance, and less overshoot. The methods described here achieve control more effectively than the conventional control approaches under both nominal and disturbed test conditions over different operating ranges.

Feedback Linearization Based Flow Rate Control for Centrifugal Pump in Coupled-Tank Water Meter Testing System

A permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor centrifugal pump is intended to be used as the water supply unit in a feedback linearization based coupled-tank water meter testing system. Flow rate generated by the pump corresponds to the input variable for implementing the input-output feedback linearization to this single-input-single-output (SISO) system. The pump motor is driven by an Arm Cortex M7 based microcontroller applying the pulse-width modulation (PWM) strategy at various frequencies and pwm methods. It is aimed to determine a suitable PWM frequency and driving method in order to provide a stable flow rate at the desired duty cycle values. An H-Bridge driver integrated circuit (L298N) is used in both fast decay and slow decay modes for driving the pump motor. Flow rate measurements are carried out at 4 range of frequencies between 100 Hz and 20 kHz for each mode. Fast decay mode in low pwm frequency (100Hz) results in higher deviations at the steady-state flow rate. However, slow decay mode provides a faster reduction in motor speed despite the slower current decay, which improves the flow rate stability and minimize deviations at constant pwm duty cycle values. High pwm switching frequencies increase the energy losses resulting in a lower driving voltage range, which reduces the effective range of selection for pwm duty cycle setting of flow rate adjustment. 1 kHz PWM frequency combined with the slow-decay driving mode achieves good performance in terms of linear regression and wider range for pwm duty cycle to flow rate transformation.

The Effect of Road Slope on Parameters of Disabled Vehicle Driven by PMDC Motor

In this study, the effect of road slope on the electrical and mechanical parameters of a disabled vehicle and regenerative braking was investigated on a 4 wheel disabled vehicle driven by a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor. For this purpose, the test system, which was designed by the authors in order to test such vehicles in a laboratory environment, was developed in a way that allows the vehicle to be tested in external environments. This test system consists of a data acquisition card (DAC), related sensors, and an interface prepared in the C# program. Using the DAC, currents, voltages, speed, road slope, and temperatures were measured instantaneously during the test process and then transferred to the computer instantly. Using these data, the motor's speed, the motor's torque, the motor's shaft power, the yields of the motor and the driver, the vehicle's instantaneous speed, and the total covered distance were calculated during the experiment in real-time by the interface. At the same time, these data were graphed and saved. Tests were carried out on roads with a positive and negative slope. Finally, the data obtained from these tests were analyzed and the alterations in the electrical and mechanical parameters of the disabled vehicle depending on the road slope were clearly demonstrated by numerical data.

A Simulation and Experimental Study on Identification of an Electromechanical System

The current applications in electromechanical energy conversion demand highly accurate speed and position control. For this purpose, a better understanding of the motion characteristics and dynamic behavior of electromechanical systems including nonlinear effects is needed. In this paper, a suitable model of Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motor rotating in two directions is developed for identification purposes. Model is parameterized and identified via simulation and using real experimental data. Linear and nonlinear models for the system are built for identification, and the effective nonlinearities in the system, which are Coulomb friction and dead zone, are integrated into the nonlinear model. A Weiner- Hammerstein nonlinear system description is used for identification of the model. MATLAB is selected as the investigating tool, and a simulation model is used to observe the error between the simulated and estimated outputs. Identification of the linear and nonlinear system models using experimental data is performed using the least squares (LS) and recursive least squares (RLS) methods. Performance of the model and identification method with the real time experiments are presented numerically and graphically, revealing the advantages of the proposed nonlinear identification approach.

Superior transient and stability performance of voltage regulation by battery-fed bidirectional converter for supporting various operational modes of PMDC machine

This paper presents a systematic procedure to design a voltage controller for achieving superior dynamic performance of a battery-fed bidirectional converter for supporting both motoring and regenerative operations of a permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) machine. In this respect, derivation of a small signal model of overall system is given. Next, the condition for absolute stability is calculated from the model on the basis of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. Then, gains of the proportional-integral (PI) controller have been tuned using the Ziegler-Nichols tuning chart as per the conventional approach. But, the calculated gains from Ziegler-Nichols tuning chart do not provide satisfactory dynamic performance and sound stability margin under variable voltage conditions. Thus, performance of voltage regulation is deeply investigated and redesign of the voltage controller is emphasised through further mathematical analysis for achieving both superior dynamic performance and significantly stronger stability margin. Superiority of this proposed approach is verified in MATLAB-SIMULINK software based modelling of the physical system and also, in experimental platform.

Period-doubling bifurcation analysis and chaos control for load torque using FLC

Chaotic phenomena are observed in several practical and scientific fields; however, the chaos is harmful to systems as they can lead them to be unstable. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to analyze the bifurcation of permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor and develop a controller that can suppress chaotic behavior resulted from parameter variation such as the loading effect. The nonlinear behaviors of PMDC motors were investigated by time-domain waveform, phase portrait, and Floquet theory. By varying the load torque, a period-doubling bifurcation appeared which in turn led to chaotic behavior in the system. So, a fuzzy logic controller and developing the Floquet theory techniques are applied to eliminate the bifurcation and the chaos effects. The controller is used to enhance the performance of the system by getting a faster response without overshoot or oscillation, moreover, tends to reduce the steady-state error while maintaining its stability. The simulation results emphasize that fuzzy control provides better performance than that obtained from the other controller.

Modeling and Simulation Performance of a Small Electric Vehicle on Different Floor Slopes

This paper presents the development of a mathematical model of a small electric vehicle which is propelled by permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor. The tractive force required to drive the vehicle is obtained from (PMDC) motor. The torque-speed characteristics of the motor are used to obtain tractive force at given vehicle load and floor conditions. The simulation model of the vehicle for acceleration is developed, considering various forces that are acting in favour and opposite to the vehicle acceleration and also floors having different slopes. The vehicle parameters used in the simulation are determined beforehand. The vehicle acceleration model is simulated in MATLAB for various floor slopes and simulation performance results are presented for the vehicle that is moving on floors like flat, upslope, downslope, and more.

Examination of Control Parameters for Medical Grade Insulin Pump

In this work, an attempt has been made to identify the appropriate parameters of Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motor for infusion pump. PMDC motor plays important role in medical devices. In this, selection of parameters such as rotor inertia, armature resistance, armature inductance and back electro motive force constant is crucial that help to achieve the required speed. The proposed work uses PID controller (Proportional Integral Derivative) and LQG (Linear-Quadratic Gaussian) control algorithm to evaluate the parameters for transient response of the PMDC motor. It is demonstrated that the chosen parameters are able to reach the required speed with quick rise time by 0.691 seconds by employing LQG.

Microprocessor-based performance indices analysis of individual systems distributed motion control strategies

This paper objective is to analyze individual systems performance indices of a developed synchronization control for bi-axial system speed control/speed synchronization by using two strategies (cross-coupling technique and master–slave technique) with two permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motors. Two prototypes of the previously developed microprocessor-based PMDC motor are used. The control algorithms are implemented using ARDUINO Mega board after installing MATLAB supporting package for it. First, the system identification procedure is carried out using a pseudo-random binary sequence test and the transfer function is derived. Then, optimal tuning of the Proportional-Integral controller is performed based on the multiple-application Simpson’s 1/3 rule with the performance indices as objective functions of the tuning algorithm. After that, both cross-coupling and master–slave speed synchronization algorithms are implemented. Finally, a comparison is made for their performance indices. The integral absolute error, integral square error, integral time absolute error and integral time square error performance indices are used for the comparison purpose. Introducing the analysis of the performance indices values for individual systems is the main contribution of this paper. Larger values of the performance indices resulted in master–slave strategy on slave PMDC motor due to the time delay needed for this motor to follow the master speed.

Fractional-order PID controller for permanent magnet DC motor based on PSO algorithm

<span>This paper proposes the fractional-order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller, as a speed controller for permanent magnet direct current (PMDC) motor, instead of the traditional integer-order PID controller. The FOPID controller is the general form of the integer-order PID controllers, which found wide applications in all engineering fields. In this work a hybrid M-file and SIMULINK program is developed to simulate the overall system, the FOPID controller has five associated parameters. The optimum values of those parameters are found out by using particle swarm optimization technique. Simulation results show excellent command speeds tracking and superior dynamic response in conjunction with that of the integer-order PID controller. The proposed controller shows a high ability to overcome any external disturbance the system may be exposed; also, it performs a high degree of robustness to control the system in motoring and regenerative operating modes.</span>

High performance PV system based on artificial neural network MPPT with PI controller for direct current water pump applications

<span lang="EN-US">This paper presents a new design of a standalone photovoltaic system which is supplying the required power to a direct current water pump that have difficulty to supply by the utility electricity. The system is controlled by an artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithm with function softening by PI controller that to guarantee the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) working conditions. A parallel connected PV array is designed to supply the required power to the water pump. The proposed design considers Permanent Magnet DC motor (PMDC) of 48 Volts, and 500 Watts as a water pump’s motor, the direct current (DC) pump is adopted to avoid the complexity of the alternating current AC pumping system which includes inverter, power filter, and insulated step up transformer, so the presented design avoids the mentioned AC system components. A feed forward ANN algorithm is adopted in this study to produce the reference voltage for the MPPT functioning of the PV system, Proportional Integral (PI) controller is inserted to soften the MPPT controller performance. System design, MATLAB simulation with results and the results’ analysis all are presented in this paper. The study conclusion confirms the effectiveness of the proposal as a successful system for practical applications. </span>