Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Research Articles

Modified Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (MAOA) based torque ripple minimization for a sensorless BLDC motor

ABSTRACT Permanent magnet brushless DC (PM BLDC) motor drives outperform the induction motor drives in terms of performance and improved efficiency. Recent advancements in power electronics technology have improved the application of BLDC drives in a variety of home applications. However, the BLDC motor drives suffer from torque ripple, which causes machine vibration, speed oscillations, and acoustic noise, limiting the application range. In this prelude, an optimization tuning algorithm, namely Modified Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (MAOA) is suggested in this paper for torque ripple minimization in a sensorless BLDC drive. In this paper, the cuk converter topology with PAM scheme is proposed for the sensorless BLDC drive, and MAOA algorithm is used to improve the gain of the controller. A MATLAB Simulink model is used to validate the results of MAOA tuned BLDC drive.

A new wedge shaped inner rotor for a BLDC motor: Performance analysis

Recently, Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PM-BLDC) motor has emerged as the best magnetic motor for EVs due to its superior power density and high torque. The effects of leakage flux, cogging torque and vibration are the important key challenges in the PM-BLDC motor which deteriorate the performance of the motor. To address these issues, this study proposes the new model of PM-BLDC motor with a wedge-shaped PMs on the inner rotor core. This work proposes a new rotor design with the aim of decreasing the torque ripple and cogging torque. The proposed wedge-shaped PMBLDC motor’s performance is analysed for varying turns and compared to the circular and V-shaped PMBLDC motors using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based MagNet tool. The position of the different shaped PMBLDC motors on the rotor is evaluated in terms of cogging torque, current density, copper loss, and iron loss. The vibration analysis is carried out by FEA based ANSYS CAD Software for detecting the mechanical issues in the proposed model.

Research on Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Based on Bonded Magnets

Research on Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Based on Bonded Magnets

Torque optimization strategy for outer rotor permanent magnet brushless DC motor based on metamodel and CRITIC–TOPSIS method

Torque optimization strategy for outer rotor permanent magnet brushless DC motor based on metamodel and CRITIC–TOPSIS method

Cogging Torque Reduction of Brushless DC Motor: Investigating the Efficacy of Ra-dial Pole Shaping Technique with Novel Bump-Shaped Rotor Pole

With the rising demand for high-performance motors in electrical vehicle applications, permanent magnet brushless DC motors are a promising solution due to their various attractive features. However, it has a significant drawback of high cogging torque, which deteriorates the overall motor performance. This negative impact is dominating in electric vehicles for low-speed applications. It is desirable to reduce the cogging torque to improve the performance of the radial flux brushless DC motor. The prime focus of this research is reducing cogging torque through the radial pole shaping technique with a bump-shaped rotor pole surface. This work also investigates the impact of the proposed approach on torque ripple and motor performance while cutting down the requirement for rare earth material. This paper uses two ratings: 1000 W, 510 rpm, and 250 W, 150 rpm motors. Two reference motors of proposed ratings were designed using radial-shaped permanent magnet poles. Finite element software is used for the simulation and modeling of the motors. A novel bump-shaped permanent magnet pole shape is introduced, and in-depth investigations have been carried out to evaluate the impact of the proposed pole shape on cogging torque. The validity of the analysis results is further substantiated by comparing the improved and reference model results. The comparison investigation indicates that the motor equipped with the proposed pole shape performs better than the reference motor.

High gain interleaved PFC converter for torque ripple minimization in industrial PMBLDC motor based drives

The necessity of motors is proliferating in almost all the modern era applications as the motors play a significant role in lessening the manual labour and minimizing the consumption of time. As the consequence of having many meriting measures like minimal expenditure, substantial efficacy, massive robustness, and uncomplicated structure, the Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor is preferred in this present study. For the target of achieving ripple-free operation, a Bridgeless High-Resolution Pulse Width Modulation (HR PWM) converter is instigated as a replacement of traditional Diode Bridge Rectifier (DBR) in this paper, which assists in procuring the aim of Power Factor Correction (PFC). The regulation of converter output is obtained with the assistance of the Adaptive Cascaded Fuzzy Controller, which optimizes and retains the output as constant. The optimized output is then fed to the motor through a Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). Eventually, the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) tuned PI controller is magnificently implemented to manage motor speed regulation without any interruptions or uncertainties. Hence, the introduced approach performs well in ripple suppression, PFC, and torque regulation processes. The utilized converter provides improvised results with the efficiency of 97 %, The entire work is validated through MATLAB simulation and FPGA Spartan 6E in hardware.

Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet BLDC Motor for Reducing Cogging Torque Using Taguchi Method

An electric motor is an electromagnetic machine commonly utilized across various industries and automotive products. One prevalent type of electric motor employed in electric vehicles is the Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (PM-BLDC), a brushless motor employing permanent magnets. However, despite its efficiency, permanent magnet motors often experience vibrations that can disrupt their performance. This research aims to optimize the existing BLDC motor design, with a specific focus on reducing the existing cogging torque. Initially, the existing design exhibited a cogging torque level of 0.21482 Nm. The optimization process involved modifications to several key design parameters, such as air gap, magnet thickness, magnet type, and slot opening width. In previous research, only comparisons were made between stator slot designs, which proved to be less effective as significant differences were not evident in the results of the comparative analysis of BLDC motor designs. So, in this research, the Taguchi method was utilized for the optimization process due to several advantages it offers. Through an analysis of means and variance, the optimization process successfully achieved a significant reduction in cogging torque by 0.099744 and an increase in efficiency by 0.6%. The results of the optimized permanent magnet BLDC design indicated a cogging torque value of 0.115072 Nm and an efficiency of 86.64% at an operational motor speed of 1500 rpm. This research provides a substantial contribution to the development of more efficient electric motors suitable for various applications.

Comparative assessment of a novel 8/18 multi-teeth with conventional 8/10 in-wheel SRM for an E-Scooter

Electric scooters are increasingly gaining popularity in India owing to rising global crude oil prices and rising levels of vehicular pollution. Most of them are currently powered by expensive in-wheel (IW) permanent magnet (PM) brushless DC motors. Owing to their simplicity, and ruggedness while being cost-effective (since they do not employ PMs), switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are a viable alternative. Despite these benefits, SRMs possess drawbacks such as low torque density and inferior efficiency. Recently, a multi-teeth (MT) SRM with an improved performance was reported. However, the design of MTSRM topologies and their electromagnetic performance have not been explored sufficiently. In this paper, a design formula governing the selection of the number of MT and rotor poles for MTSRMs has been proposed. Using this, a novel four-phase 8/18 IW-MTSRM is derived and proposed for an E-scooter. The characteristics of the proposed SRM are numerically compared with a conventional 8/10 SRM based on magnetic characteristics, efficiencies and steady-state operation for the complete torque-speed range. Results indicate that the proposed 8/18 MTSRM has a higher peak torque capacity, torque density, superior drive cycle efficiency and reduced torque ripple. Further, the FEA model is validated experimentally on a downsized 8/18 MTSRM prototype.

Performance and Analysis of PMBLDCM Drive using A Single-Stage PFC Half-Bridge Converter

Because of their excellent torque-to-weight ratio, small size, and great efficiency, Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motors are widely used in a variety of applications. A buck half-bridge DC-DC converter acts as a single-stage PFC for a VSI-driven PMBLDCM powering an air conditioner's compressor. The PFC converter is fed from a single-phase AC main via a diode bridge rectifier. The VSI controls the PMBLDCM speed by adjusting the DC link voltage proportionally. The VSI functions solely as a commutator for the PMBLDCM, with stator current controlled by a rate limiter for speed changes. The PMBLDCM drive, incorporating a voltage-controlled PFC converter, is constructed, modeled, and simulated using the MATLAB-Simulink platform for an air conditioner compressor application. The system utilizes a 1.5 kW, 1500 rpm PMBLDC motor. Evaluation outcomes of the speed control strategy exhibit enhanced efficiency across a broad speed spectrum, showcasing the benefits of the drive system's integrated PFC functionality. Key Words: permanent magnet brushless DC motor, power factor correction converter, electrical drives.

Radial basis function‐based Pareto optimization of an outer rotor brushless DC motor

AbstractThis paper presents the development of an optimization and modeling method for the objective functions of output power, efficiency and weight of an outer rotor permanent magnet brushless DC (BLDC) motor based on radial basis function (RBF) approximation technique. The proposed RBF‐based Pareto optimization method requires less knowledge about electric/magnetic formulas and can replace conventional optimizations based on these equations with higher accuracy. To apply the proposed optimization method, the initial design should be developed using such equations. Therefore, RBFs are used to model and predict engine behavior. To optimize the objective functions, we used a genetic algorithm optimization technique with nonlinear electric and magnetic constraints to find the Pareto front set. The design obtained by the proposed radial basis function Pareto optimization (RBFPO) method was finally verified by Ansoft Maxwell. The results of optimal design using the RBFPO method have higher output power and efficiency. Also, in addition to the advantage of a favorable accuracy, RBF‐based models are significantly faster than models available in simulation tools.

Winding Design and Lead-angle Control for the Maximum Speed of an Interior Permanent-Magnet Brushless DC Motor

Winding Design and Lead-angle Control for the Maximum Speed of an Interior Permanent-Magnet Brushless DC Motor

Analysis of electromagnetic performance of the interior permanent magnet brushless DC motor with stator slot skewed structure based on quasi-3D moving electromagnetic-field circuit coupling calculation

Analysis of electromagnetic performance of the interior permanent magnet brushless DC motor with stator slot skewed structure based on quasi-3D moving electromagnetic-field circuit coupling calculation

Research on intelligent control and sensor application strategy of motor based on RFID technology

Abstract People widely use permanent magnet brushless DC motors because of their simple structure, high operating efficiency, simple control, and easy maintenance. This paper constructs an EFID sensor network by merging EFID and sensor technologies and then designs the motor’s intelligent control system and strategy around it. In this paper, the SVR-PSO algorithm is used to localize the motor rotor, which nonlinear SVR trains to construct a nonlinear system of equations for calculating the position of the target tag, and then the PSO algorithm is used to seek the position coordinates of the target tag. The fuzzy PID is utilized to control the brushless DC motor, and the integral separation method is adopted to improve the control strategy. The SVR-PSO positioning algorithm and the improved fuzzy PID control strategy are applied and analyzed. For 12 tags to be measured, the positioning accuracy of SVR-PSO has improved by 56.8% compared to that of LANDMARC. Although SVR-PSO’s positioning algorithm is influenced by mutual coupling and multipath effects, the overall accuracy is still superior to that of LANDMARC. Based on the fuzzy PID controller optimized by the integral separation method, the motor rotational speed has a fast response, a small overshoot, and a small fluctuation of rotational speed, and can automatically regulate and restore stability under the situation of a sudden change of load. The motor speed response is fast, the overshoot is small, and the speed fluctuation is small, and the motor speed can be automatically adjusted and stabilized under the sudden load change, which has better dynamic and static performance than the traditional PID controller and fuzzy PID controller. The purpose of this paper is to provide a strategy reference for the use of RFID technology in the intelligent control of motors.

Design and Co-Analysis of A Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor By Using Clonal Selection Principle Based Wound Healing Algorithm and Ansys-Maxwell

This paper presents the design and analysis of a 550 W Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless DC motor (BLDC). The finite element method (FEM) was employed to assess the motor's performance characteristics. The design and dynamic performance analysis were conducted using ANSYS/Rmxprt, while electromagnetic studies were carried out using ANSYS/Maxwell-2D. Additionally, optimization of the DC motor was achieved through a Wound Healing Algorithm (WHA). A PID controller was designed for this purpose. The paper also elaborates on the detailed design equations for creating a BLDC motor. BLDC motors are known for their high dynamic responses, efficiency, extended operating life, wide speed change intervals, and noise-free operation. The motor's geometry was modeled in the ANSYS-Maxwell-Rmxprt software tool and later imported into the Maxwell-2D environment for further analysis. The designed motor was observed to operate with 93% efficiency, meeting the specified torque value. The results of the optimization process were interpreted by comparing them with the values obtained from the ANSYS software.

Investigation of Various Laminating Materials for Interior Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Cooling Fan Application

Investigation of Various Laminating Materials for Interior Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor for Cooling Fan Application

Continuous Fast Terminal Sliding Surface-Based Sensorless Speed Control of PMBLDCM Drive

Variable frequency drives (VFDs) have been used for position sensors for many years. Alternatively, reliable VFDs for smart autonomous systems require the simultaneous configuration of sensors and sensorless operation. This paper details the design and implementation of a continuous fast terminal (CFT) sliding mode controller (SMC) based speed controller and speed estimation through the CFT sliding mode observer (SMO) that accounts for iron loss while calculating total disturbances. The rotor speed dynamics of the PM brushless DC motor (PMBLDCM) drive system is first investigated considering lumped disruption (interference, parametric complexity, and non-linear dynamics). The built-in SMC can control the rotor speed in real time, as well as analyze and compensate for aggregated interruptions in rotor speed dynamics. Additionally, the field-oriented control (FOC) method is developed to maximize torque production while drastically minimizing torque ripples. With this approach, the zero torque pulsation constraint is gradually achieved at a wide speed range. The validation of the proposed CFT-SMC with FOC is carried out using simulation and experiments. According to the comparative study, the proposed sensorless control outperforms conventional methods due to the inclusion of iron loss.

An Adaptive Delay Compensated Position Sensorless PMBLDC Motor Drive With Regenerative Braking for LEV Application

This paper deals with a new terminal voltage-based rotor position sensorless algorithm of permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor with adaptive phase angle compensation along with regenerative braking technique for light electric vehicle (LEV) application. Removal of Hall-Effect sensors from PMBLDC motor reduces the circuit complexity and makes the motor drive system robust and compact. Back EMF based position estimation of PMBLDC motor suffers poor accuracy at low speed. In this paper, position sensorless operation is achieved at very low speed below 100rpm. Position estimation of PMBLDC motor suffers with commutation error due to several factors like non-ideal back EMF, lowpass filter used, unbalanced DC bus voltage etc. An adaptive phase angle compensation strategy is developed to mitigate this issue, considering a generalized nonideal commutation case. This method is suitable for compensation of commutation error during variable speeds over a wide speed range, which is required for EV application. Moreover, the compensation method works with motor parameters variation as well. The proposed drive topology extends the vehicle's driving range with solar PV integration and energy regeneration algorithm. The system is simulated and experimentally validated in real case scenarios.

Parametric Observer Controlled Motor Invariant Electronic Commutation of Photovoltaic Powered BLDCM Without Position Sensor

The development of parameter independent position sensor free control of permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor is one of the most challenging tasks. A motor parameter independent parametric observer based electronic commutation control is developed here without using rotor position sensor. The effect of motor parameter variation along with the change of motor, on electronic commutation control without using the rotor position sensor is considered as the disruption parameter for the developed control algorithm to mitigate the external disruption. Mitigation of control loop disturbances is done using the parametric observer based feedback control. A hybrid maximum power extraction algorithm using traverse and incremental conductance is implemented here for effective solar maximum power extraction. The implemented parametric observer motor invariant (POMI) based position sensor free control algorithm is verified using experimental process. Performance of the implemented POMI control is observed better in performance in comparison with the conventional position sensor free control as parametric variation is not considered in conventional control. The solution proves to be the best fit for any type of BLDC motor based water pumping solution irrespective of the pump configuration.

Torque ripples enhancement of a PMBLDC motor propelled through quadratic DC–DC boost converter at varying load

The characteristic effects of a permanent magnet brushless dc (PMBLDC) motor which is propelled by a quadratic DC–DC boost converter was investigated in this paper. The boost converter applied inductor coupling with semi-conductor switches which operate concurrently to produce a high conversion voltage ratio. Modeling of the PMBLDC motor was presented while simulation was performed using a closed loop control system with different controllers for the enhancement of torque–speed performance at varied load. Simulation results show that an optimum voltage gain with minimum voltage stress was achieved at 0.9 duty cycle while varying the inductor turns ratio (n) from 1 to 6 and inductor coupling coefficient (K) from 0.1 to 1.0 so as to ensure that the entire flux generated in one coil is fully linked to the other. A simplified PI controller was designed and experimented through simulation for excellent drive performance at varying load. The results from the spectral display show that the usual speed oscillation and torque ripples produced by the machine were attenuated using different speed controllers. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) values indicate that the PID controller achieved a minimal value of 24.06% for speed and 23.16% for torque as compared to 28.73% and 29.82% obtained from the PI controller, while the P controller achieved 41.88% and 35.67% as shown in the graphical abstract.

Performance analysis of PID controller-based metaheuristic optimisation algorithms for BLDC motor

ABSTRACT Today, the use of permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors in vehicles is increasing due to the characteristics of sensorless operation. PMBLDC motor controllers can control the speed and position in the closed-loop feedback system without the need for a position sensor mounted on the shaft. Proportional – Integral – Derivative (PID) controller is one of the most common feedback control algorithms used in PMBLDC motor controllers. Optimizing problems using deterministic methods such as Lagrange and simplex methods requires basic information and complex calculations. Meta-heuristic algorithms are a type of stochastic algorithm that is used to find the optimal solution. Meta-heuristic algorithms are divided into three general categories: evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence algorithms, and stochastic algorithms. In this paper, using 14 metaheuristic optimisation algorithms, PID control parameters including settling time, time rise, overshoot, and stability of step response of the mentioned system are optimised. In this paper, 14 meta-heuristic algorithms are simulated and evaluated to optimise the PID coefficients of the controller, including settling time, rising time, excessive increase, and step response stability. The simulation result shows that the genetic algorithm (GA) has the best performance in terms of cost function and biogeography-based optimisation (BBO) in terms of settling time and rising time parameters. Finally, the simulation results are confirmed using experimental results.