Permanent Canines Research Articles

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOFT TISSUES FACIAL PROFILE CHANGES DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT OF VESTIBULAR POSITIONED MAXILLARY PERMANENT CANINES WITH OR WITHOUT EXTRACTION

The aim: To improve the effectiveness of diagnosing and developing treatment strategies for patients with the vestibular position of permanent canines Material and Methods: Material for the conducted research were the database obtained during clinical examination of 7172 patients that have been referring to our clinic for the orthodontic treatment. Of these, 2,669 were male (37.21%) and 4,503 were female (62.79%). Among the total number of examined patients, 461 were found to have a vestibular position of tooth 13 (6.43±0.29%), and 357 patients had a vestibular position of tooth 23 (4.98±0.26%). A combination of vestibular positions of teeth 12 and 13 was found in 553 patients (7.71±0.31%). Simulation of various orthodontic treatment options to achieve the optimal aesthetic result using the "Dolphin Imaging 11.9" program was conducted in two scenarios: one with the removal of the first permanent premolars and the other without tooth extractions, using maxillary expansion and distalization of the posterior teeth. Two clinical cases are illustrated to demonstrate the stages of treatment in patients with vestibular positioning of maxillary canines, both with and without tooth extraction. Results: The author concludes that the use of the "Dolphin Imaging 11.9" program significantly enhances the effectiveness of diagnosing and orthodontically treating patients with vestibular positioning of permanent maxillary canines, helping to achieve harmony between skeletal and soft tissue facial relationships.

Comparing Three-dimensional Radiologic Outcomes Between Early Versus Late Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting.

Secondary alveolar bone grafting (SABG) during mixed dentition is the standard of care for patients with complete cleft of lip and palate. Early SABG (E-SABG; 4 to 7y) occurs before the eruption of lateral incisors, whereas late SABG (L-SABG; 8 to 12y) occurs before the eruption of maxillary permanent canines. This study compares outcomes of E-SABG versus L-SABG among patients with unilateral cleft of lip and palate (UCLP). A prospective cohort study was conducted evaluating nonsyndromic patients with UCLP who underwent SABG from April 2018 to January 2020, 48 consecutive patients with UCLP were included. Preoperative and 6 to 10-month postoperative cone beam computed tomography imaging were obtained to assess graft and periodontal outcomes. Among 48 patients with UCLP, of which 21 were in the E-SABG group (6.9 ± 1.1y), and 28 were in the L-SABG cohort (10.4 ± 1.6y). The initial alveolar cleft width is significantly smaller in the E-SABG cohort compared with the L-SABG cohort (5.1 ± 1.5 versus 6.5 ± 2.0mm, P = 0.008). Compared with the L-SABG cohort, the E-SABG cohort had higher rates of bony bridge formation (77.3% versus 65.4%, P= 0.367), thicker bony bridges (5.7 ± 2.1 versus 3.9 ± 1.5mm, P= 0.004), lower Bergland scores [1.5 (interquartile range: 1 to 2) versus 2.25 (interquartile range: 1.5 to 3.5), P= 0.026], and greater alveolar bone coverage (79.8 ± 16.7% versus 67.9 ± 18.1%, 0.024). The authors' findings suggest that patients who undergo E-SABG at ∼7 years may have better graft outcomes and benefits to the periodontal bone support on cleft-adjacent incisor compared with L-SABG at 11 years.

Enhancing Orthodontic Treatment Planning through Support Vector Regression for Predicting Unerupted Permanent Canine and Premolar Widths

Enhancing Orthodontic Treatment Planning through Support Vector Regression for Predicting Unerupted Permanent Canine and Premolar Widths

PERMANENT MANDIBULAR CANINE WITH TWO ROOTS AND TWO CANALS

Mandibular canines are documented as frequently having one root and one canal in most cases, although around 15% may have two canals and two roots. Thus, anatomic variation exists therefore knowledge and keen observation during root canal can help to identify the less frequent variation morphology of tooth and play a pivotal role in the success of root canal treatment. This case report discusses a mandibular canine with two roots and two canals.

Autotransplatation of impacted upper permanent canines with incomplete root formation. A case report.

Autotransplatation of impacted upper permanent canines with incomplete root formation. A case report.

Pertinence of Five Different Regression Equations of Mixed Dentition Analysis in West Godavari District Children: A Comparative Study.

The orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning are the fundamental goals during the mixed dentition period. Numerous methods have been proposed to date. The study was designed to determine the mesiodistal (MD) widths of the lower permanent canines and premolars from Tanaka and Johnston, regression equation (RE) proposed for north Indian population (RE-NIP), Bernabé and Flores-Mir C, Moyers', and Ling and Wong mixed dentition analysis (MDA) and to determine the correlation coefficients for the Eluru population. The study population was selected using cluster random sampling. A total of 3,572 children were clinically examined from the Outpatient Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, St Joseph Dental College and Hospital, Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh. Out of these, 140 children aged 11-16 years were randomly selected for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MD width of permanent incisors, canines, premolars, and molars was measured with the help of a digital vernier caliper; summed up and compared with the above-mentioned REs. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 22, employing Student's t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The RE-NIP underestimated the values, whereas the remaining equations overestimated the sum of permanent canines and premolars in both arches in the study population. The predicted values obtained from the abovementioned methods overestimated the actual values, and a new RE for the Eluru population should be suggested to better represent the size of unerupted canines and premolars. Measuring the MD widths of the upper and lower permanent incisors and molars during the mixed dentition period from different REs will help a pedodontist in proper treatment planning to predict the MD width of unerupted canines and premolars. Kanaparthi S, Done V, P Madu GS, et al. Pertinence of Five Different Regression Equations of Mixed Dentition Analysis in West Godavari District Children: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):871-876.

Estimating the validity of Tanaka-Johnston and Moyer's analysis of a Saudi sample.

Accurate estimation of unerupted permanent canines and premolars is a crucial step for effective orthodontic treatment planning during mixed dentition. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of Moyers' charts and the Tanaka-Johnston equation in predicting tooth sizes in a sample of the Madina population in Saudi Arabia and propose a new regression equation. Dental casts from 219 subjects (113 males and 106 females) were analyzed. Actual mesiodistal tooth widths were measured using digital calipers with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Moyers' and Tanaka-Johnston predictions were compared with actual measurements, and a new set of prediction equations was developed. Tanaka-Johnston predictions consistently overestimated the actual measurements, exhibiting a difference of 1.20 mm for maxillary canines and premolars and a difference of 1.25 mm for mandibular teeth. The Moyers chart showed gender-specific variations with males aligning with the 50th percentile and females aligning with the 65th percentile for upper arches and the 50th percentile for lower arches. Newly derived linear regression equations were established for predicting the sum of upper and lower canines and premolars for the Madina population. The study highlights limitations in the Moyers and Tanaka-Johnston methods used for the current sample as both methods overestimated tooth sizes. New regression equations were developed to offer a more accurate approach for predicting tooth sizes for the study sample.

Clinical pearls for the management of maxillary impacted canines: Lessons learned from 14 patients

Clinical pearls for the management of maxillary impacted canines: Lessons learned from 14 patients

Treatment options for impacted maxillary canines and occurrence of ankylotic and resorptive processes: a 20-year retrospective study

BackgroundThis 20-year retrospective study aimed to evaluate the treatment methods used in patients with impacted maxillary permanent canines and to determine the occurrence of ankylotic and resorptive processes and their association with potential risk factors.MethodsThe cohort consisted of 351 consecutive Caucasian patients (120 males and 231 females, mean age 18.4 and 19.9 years, respectively) with 420 impacted maxillary permanent canines. CT and CBCT findings were subsequently confirmed during surgery. Statistical analyses were performed by the generalized linear models, Pearson x2 and Fisher exact tests using the statistical programs R and Statistica v. 14.ResultsA total of 273 (65.0%) impacted canines were aligned in the dental arch by orthodontic traction after surgical exposure, this treatment was predominant in patients under 20 years of age. Surgical extraction was performed in 115 (27.2%) impacted canines and was more common in older patients. Ankylotic changes were recorded in 61 (14.5%) impacted canines. The probability of ankylosis increased with age, particularly after the patient’s 20th year of life (p < 0.001). Patients were 1.2% likely to develop ankylosis at age 15 years, 4.3% at age 20 years, 14.1% at age 25 years, and 96.8% at age 45 years. Invasive cervical root resorption (ICRR) was found in 8 (1.9%) canines. In 4 canines (1.0%), root ankylosis in addition to ICRR was observed. In contrast to ankylosis, whose frequency of occurrence increased with age, the occurrence of ICRR resulting from PDL damage during surgery was more typical in younger patients. Canines in a high position above the root apices of the adjacent teeth, with a horizontal inclination of the longitudinal axis, with the crown located deep in the center of the alveolar bone and with labiopalatal position, should be considered critically impacted canines with a high risk to failure of orthodontic traction.ConclusionIn conclusion, the treatment of impacted canines depends mainly on the age of the patient, and the position and inclination of the longitudinal axis of the impacted tooth. To select an adequate treatment method, we recommend CBCT examination, which allows a precise analysis of the position of impacted canines.

Differences in the tooth impaction characteristics between males and females nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate patients: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (nsCLP) refers to an abnormal gap in the upper lip and/or palate, without the presence of additional developmental abnormalities. The risk of tooth impaction in nsCLP-patients is greater than in patients without nsCLP. This research aimed to analyze the differences in the tooth impaction characteristics between males and females nsCLP-patients. Methods: Type of research is cross-sectional study. CLP by observing 64 panoramic radiographs as population, consisting of 28 males and 36 females with the chronological age of over 7 years. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling of tooth impaction and the number of samples are 14. Univariate analysis was performed to examine the data on tooth impaction characteristics. Bivariate analysis was performed to compare the tooth impaction characteristics between males and females. Results: The proportion of tooth impaction in males (28.57%) was greater than in females (16.67%). Tooth impaction generally affects one tooth. Maxillary permanent canines (64.71%) were the most frequently affected teeth. Most of the impacted teeth were located above the cemento-enamel junction, but less than half the length of the adjacent tooth root with unfavorable angulation&lt;650 to the intercondylar line. There were no significant differences in the tooth impaction characteristics, including proportion (p-value=0.5557), number (p-value=0.0644), position (p-value=0.8273), and angulation (p-value=0.8248), between males and females nsCLP-patients. However, there was a significant difference in the type of impacted teeth (p-value=0.0000) between the two genders. Conclusions: There were no differences in the tooth impaction characteristics, including the proportion, number, position, and angulation, except for the type of impacted teeth, between males and females nsCLP-patients. A small proportion of nsCLP-patients was found to have one impacted tooth, with maxillary permanent canines being the most frequently affected teeth. Impacted teeth were commonly located in favorable positions, but with unfavorable angulation.KEYWORDSTooth impaction, nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate, panoramic radiography

Management of Unilateral Impacted Maxillary Permanent Canine: A Case Report

Introduction The management of maxillary canine is very complex because it must be carefully planned and carried out as a team. The handling of impacted canine cases must be seen from a clinical and radiological point of view. Maxillary canine impaction can be caused by a lack of space or inadequate seed placement. The time to treat canine impaction is usually between the ages of 11 and 14. Objective The aim of this case report was to describe the management of an impacted maxillary left canine of a teenage girl. Successful treatment requires complete diagnostics, such as radiographs, good teamwork, and precise treatment planning of the dental team. Case Report An 11-year-old female patient with class I molar relationship, bimaxillary protrusive, and impacted left upper canine visited the clinic for orthodontic treatment. Extraction of four first premolars (bicuspids) was carried out, and exposure by the periodontist was completed on the maxillary left canine for the installation of a traction device (gold chain traction). Conclusion The appropriate timing, treatment plan, and proper surgical exposure preparation in handling this case produced optimal and ideal results.

Eruption Pattern of Permanentcanine and Premolar Teeth among School Children aged 10 to 12 Years in a Rural Area: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Forensic dentistry is a specialized field that evaluates dental evidence to identify unidentified individuals and missing persons in legal proceedings. Dental charts are compared with known records to establish identity. Accurate age determination is crucial, and dental age assessment is reliable up to 17 years. The study aims to analyze permanent teeth eruption patterns of canines and premolars in school children aged 10 to 12, contributing valuable insights for accurate age determination and identification in legal cases. The research seeks to aid the interest of justice in criminal, civil, and employment-related scenarios by understanding dental eruption patterns in this age group.Methods: This was across-sectional study conducted among the school children of south Kerala belonging to age group of 10-12 years. Eruption pattern of permanent canines and premolars of 562 subjects were recorded and analyzed using SPSS software.Conclusion: Sequence of eruption pattern of permanent canines and premolars were compared and it was observed with statistical significance that eruption of canineprecedes the eruption of second premolars. All the teeth erupted earlier in females compared to males.There was a significant relation with reduced body mass index and delayed eruption of teeth.

Radiological features and treatment of erupting maxillary canines in relation to the occurrence of dental developmental abnormalities.

This study aimed to investigate the radiological features of the permanent canines and the treatment carried out to ensure their eruption relative to certain features involved in Dental Anomaly Patterns (DAP). The cross-sectional part of this retrospective register--based study focused on 1,315 dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) of children aged 8.5-10.5 years, while the longitudinal part involved information on the treatment provided for 1,269 canines after the DPTs and on their eruption into the oral cavity. The canines of the DAP children more often showed evidence of early treatment (p = 0.014), with girls having more frequently interceptive treatment (p = 0.004) and boys early headgear (p = 0.022). Delayed dental age was associated with early treatment (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.08-9.99). Either no or clear overlapping of a canine with the lateral incisor occurred more often in the DAP children, whereas canine inclination did not differ between the groups. The root development stage of the canine was more often either beginning or well advanced in the DAP children. The children with dental developmental abnormalities more often showed evidence of early treatment for the canines. Monitoring of the erupting canines after the first mixed stage is important to enable timely early treatment.

Variations in the Root Form and Root Canal Morphology of Permanent Mandibular canine.

Mandibular canines are recognized as usually having one root and one root canal in most cases. However, many investigators have reported the anatomical variations associated with mandibular canines. Thus; the objective of this study is to determine the number of roots and morphology of the root canal system of permanent mandibular canine in a Nepalese population. Cone Beam Computerized Tomography images of 390 patients in a Nepalese population were selected, and a total of 780 mandibular canines were analyzed. The number of root and the canal configurations were investigated. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Out of the 780 mandibular canines, 741(95%) were single-rooted canines while only 39 (5%) were double-rooted canines. The most common type of Vertucci in single-rooted canines was Type I (1-1) in the percentage of 85.6% and the least type was Type IV (1-2) in the percentage of (2.5%). The Chi-square tests showed no significant association between gender and number of roots (P = 0.87) and gender and root canal configuration in single-rooted canine (P = 0.52). All mandibular permanent canines were single rooted but 5.2% of the permanent mandibular canines had two roots.

The Preternatural First Premolar: A Ground Section Tooth Case Report

Ectopic eruption is a developmental disturbance in eruption pattern of permanent dentition most often associated with maxillary first permanent molar (2-6%of general population), mandibular lateral incisors (&lt;1%), maxillary permanent canines (1.5-2%). Ectopic eruption of teeth is a rare phenomenon although cases have been reported in nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, mandible, palate, orbital cavity. Ectopic eruption of mandibular first premolar is a rare condition and there were no discussions in the literature about its eruption in coronoid process. Premature loss of primary second molar and second permanent premolar can lead to disturbed eruption of first premolar. In this case report, we present an ectopic mandibular first premolar at the level of sigmoid notch below the right coronoid process.

Sexual dimorphism in the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) of permanent canines of European modern humans.

Dental anthropological investigations into sexual dimorphism have conventionally concentrated on evaluating the dimensions and configuration of the enamel cap of canines. However, the morphology of the crown dentine surface can be closely linked to that of the enamel surface. This link can facilitate examination of crown morphology even when the enamel surface is slightly worn. Here, we determine if the morphology of the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) differs within (maxillary vs. mandibular) and between a sample of male (n = 26) and female (n = 21) contemporary human permanent canines from Europe. The morphological data of the EDJ were gathered employing a template comprising 96 landmarks and sliding semilandmarks. Subsequently, the data underwent analysis through form space principal component analysis following Procrustes registration, utilizing standard 3D geometric morphometric techniques. Significant differences in the morphology of the EDJ were observed between the sexes, particularly concerning the overall shape of the crown, the symmetry of the mesial and distal edges, and the development of the distal accessory ridge. Sex differences in the morphology of the EDJ could relate in part to retention of the canine-premolar honing complex in males. Our results indicate that analyses of the permanent canine EDJ may potentially provide a novel method for estimating the sex of adult and nonadult skeletons.

Estimation of Tooth Dimensions and Golden Divine Ratio in Extracted Human Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Canines in a Cohort of Tamil Ethnicity.

Background Teeth serve many functions, and aesthetics is one of the most important aspects served by teeth, perceived by the limbic system of the human brain. The golden divine ratio is the unique proportion often correlated with beauty. The present study was devised to estimate the dimension of human permanent canines and approximation to the golden divine ratio. Materials and methods The present study included 47 extracted human permanent canines retrieved from the tooth repository of our institute's Department of Oral Biology. Using digital vernier calipers (Themisto TH-M61 digital vernier caliper, 0-150mm/ 6 inch, JIPVI Ecommerce Pvt. Ltd, India, 2022), the following measurements were taken: Mesio-distal and labiolingual dimensions of the crown, crown length, root length, root to crown ratio (R/C) and the tooth to root ratio (T/R). The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26. Results All the dimensions' mean and standard deviations were calculated for both maxillary and mandibular canines. While the means of mesio-distal and labiolingual dimensions of the crown approximated the values reported in the literature, there was some variation in crown and root lengths. The mean crown lengths of the upper and lower canines were 10.34mm and 9.76mm, respectively, while the root lengths were 16.52 and 15.54mm, respectively. The R/C of both sets and the T/R of the upper canine only followed the golden ratio. T/R of the lower canine was slightly higher (1.64) Conclusion Although the number of included teeth was less, owing to the fact that canines are rarely extracted, our results provided new values of canines for updation in a unique population. More studies are required for comparative anthropological data updates.

Morphology of Deciduous Canines in African Apes

The aim of this study was to determine the morphology and sexual dimorphism of deciduous canines in African great apes. The morphology of the deciduous canines of the chimpanzee and the gorilla was similar in both the male and the female. The occlusal view of the chimpanzee showed an ellipsoid shape in the maxilla and a more distorted quadrilateral shape in the mandible. The lingual view showed a pyramidal triangle in the maxilla and a distorted square in the mandible. Compared to chimpanzees, gorillas had a larger maxillary labiolingual diameter, a more elliptical shape, a higher crown height and more mesial grooves. The basal tubercles, spinous processes and distal accessory ridges observed in human primary canines were not observed in chimpanzees and gorillas. No significant sex differences were found for maxillary and mandibular primary canines in chimpanzees. However, in the maxilla, there were significant sex differences in gorillas for all variables except mesiodistal diameter. Compared to humans, chimpanzees were significantly larger for all variables except maxillary labiolingual diameter. On the other hand, the crown index was significantly larger in humans and the occlusal view was more rounded. The deciduous canines of chimpanzees and gorillas were similar in morphology to the permanent canines of females of both species. However, they differed significantly from the permanent canines of males.

Microbial contamination profile on esthetic elastomeric ligatures through the checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique : Arandomized split-mouth study.

The aim of this study is to assess the microbial contamination of three different brands of esthetic elastomeric ligatures. Different brands of esthetic ligatures (Unistick Pearl [American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI, USA], Power Sticks Pearl [Ortho Technology, Tampa, FL, USA], and Ease [Obscure, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA]) were randomly assigned to permanent canines of 25patients (aged 11-18years) undergoing corrective orthodontic treatment. After 30days, the ligatures were removed, processed, and the biofilm composition was analyzed by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization for 40bacterial species. The microbiological data were analyzed using anonparametric mixed model. The ligatures presented intense microbial contamination after 30days, but no statistically significant differences were observed among the three groups (p > 0.05). The levels of the evaluated individual species and proportions of the microbial complexes showed no statistically significant differences among the ligature groups (p > 0.05). Esthetic elastomeric ligatures became multicolonized by several bacterial species after 30days of exposure to the oral cavity. However, no relevant differences were observed among the biofilm composition formed on the different ligature brands.

Inter- and intrapopulation variability of dental tissue proportions of European and African modern human populations’ permanent canines

Inter- and intrapopulation variability of dental tissue proportions of European and African modern human populations’ permanent canines