Peritoneal Cavity Of Animals Research Articles

Evaluation of analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential of Dianthus crinitus using mice as a research animal

In the past, natural resources were used as best therapeutic sources for different diseases. Among several herbal resources, certain plant families are known for their analgesic activities, such as Dianthus crinitus, which showed a good curative potential. The mentioned plant has been used traditionally for the healing of several illnesses such as pain, inflammation, injuries, etc. The current study, therefore, evaluated the analgesic and anti-antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves, flowers, and seeds of Dianthus crinitus in mice. For analgesic activity, acetic acid and a hot plate thermal stimulation method were used to induce writhes in mice, followed by a tail emersion process. Results showed that the extract demonstrated analgesic potential in mice, signifying both peripheral and central modes of action. Furthermore, extract also significantly inhibited the rat paw edema triggered by carrageenan seaweed and dextran as revealed by neutrophil migration toward the peritoneal cavities of animals and enhanced vascular permeability. The data suggested that the extract exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidant action. These preliminary observations provided support for further exploration and justification for the potential development of a new class of analgesic and anti-inflammatory medicines from the constituents of Dianthus crinitus extract.

General Morphological Characteristics of the Results of Experimental Modeling of Aseptic Peritonitis

BackgroundAseptic peritonitis is a reaction of the local immune system aimed at rejection of a foreign body, which, having antigenic properties, does not (unlike a pathogen) counteract the immune system. The suture materials, namely catgut thread, used in intracavitary surgical operations possess xenogenic properties and can be used for antigenic stimulation of the immune system of the peritoneal cavity. Consequently, we decided to use a catgut suture for antigenic stimulation of the immune system of the peritoneal cavity and to study the morphological features of the results of experimental modeling of aseptic peritonitis in albino rats. MethodThe study involved 15 Wistar albino male rats, weighing 286,13 ± 6,26 g. To study the dynamics of destructive changes made by the catgut implant in the peritoneal cavity of the experimental animals, the animals were assigned into three groups in accordance with the time interval of their euthanasia at 3, 7, and 14 days of the experiment. ResultsAfter modeling an aseptic peritonitis, the investigation the abdominal cavity showed that in four out of five animals of the first group, that is, on day 3 of the experiment, the catgut implant had adhered to the greater omentum. The search for the fifth implant led to an unexpected discovery: we found it conjoined with the second derivative of the visceral peritoneum, similar in structure to the greater omentum, but related to the testes. On day 7, the implant embedded into the peritoneal cavity of the animals, had adhered to the serous formations of the testes in all five cases (100%, three of them – to the left epididymal omentum, and another two – to the right one). On day 14 (n = 5) it was found that in three cases it had adhered to the serous formations of the testes (60%, one of them to the left epididymal omentum, another two – to the right one) and in two cases it had adhered to the greater omentum (40%). ConclusionDuring the experiment on implantation of a xenogenic substrate in the form of flat bundles made from the catgut thread into the peritoneal cavity of sexually mature male rats, it was found for the first time that their acceptors were not only the greater omentum, but also two derivatives of the peritoneum, homeomorphic to it and associated with the epididymides, which we reasonably called epididymal omenta and described in details.

Study of Cell Migration in Intraperitoneal Infection by Escherichia coli in Mice Swiss

Study of Cell Migration in Intraperitoneal Infection by Escherichia coli in Mice Swiss

Acute Lung Inflammation in Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055-Induced Pneumonia and Sepsis in BALB/c Mice: A Comparative Study

Lungs play an important role in the body's defense against a variety of pathogens, but this network of immune system-mediated defense can be deregulated during acute pulmonary infections. The present study compares acute lung inflammation occurring during Klebsiella pneumoniae B5055-induced pneumonia and sepsis in BALB/c mice. Pneumonia was induced by intranasal instillation of bacteria (10(4) cfu), while sepsis was developed by placing the fibrin-thrombin clot containing known amount of bacteria (10(2) cfu) into the peritoneal cavity of animals. Mice with sepsis showed 100% mortality within five post-infection days, whereas all the animals with pneumonia survived. In animals suffering from K. pneumoniae B5055-induced pneumonia, all the inflammatory parameters (TNF-α, IL-1α, MPO, MDA, and NO) were found to be maximum till third post-infection day, after that, a decline was observed, whereas in septic animals, all the above-mentioned markers of inflammation kept on increasing. Histopathological study showed presence of alternatively activated alveolar macrophages (or foam cells) in lungs of mice with pneumonia after third post-infection day, which might have contributed to the induction of resolution of inflammation, but no such observation was made in lungs of septic mice. Hence, during pneumonia, controlled activation of macrophages may lead to resolution of inflammation.

E0006 Effects of neotype peritoneal cooling on the injured of intestinal mucous after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits

ObjectiveTo explore whether the peritoneal cooling after cardiopulmonary resuscitation could improve the injured of intestinal mucous in rabbits.Methods36 adult New Zealand rabbits were induced ventricular fibrillation by AC current. After...

E0223 Effects of neotype peritoneal cooling on the injured of intestinal mucous after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in rabbits

ObjectiveTo explore whether the peritoneal cooling after cardiopulmonary resuscitation could improve the injured of intestinal mucous in rabbits.Methods36 adult New Zealand rabbits were induced ventricular fibrillation by AC current. After...

Resident Peritoneal Inflammatory Cells are Pivotal in the Development of Experimental Atherosclerosis

Based on evidence that ionizing radiation can ameliorate chronic and autoimmune diseases in patients and experimental animals, we investigated the effects of radiation on the induction and development of experimental atherogenesis. Male New Zealand rabbits were divided into 5 groups and given an atherogenic diet for 90 days. Peritoneal and thoracic areas (9 Gy) were irradiated on the 1st and 45th days for groups 1 and 2, the 45th day for groups 3 and 4, and not at all for group 5. Prior to irradiation, the peritoneal cavity of animals from groups 1 and 3 was washed with buffered saline. Cells collected by peritoneal washing were reinfused into the peritoneal cavity of the same animal after irradiation. Animals from groups 2 and 4 were intraperitoneally injected with saline as a control. Despite similar lipid profiles among the experimental groups, the percentage of aortas covered by plaques was remarkably reduced (p<0.001) among animals submitted to irradiation (groups 2 and 4). These differences were completely abolished in irradiated animals reconstituted with their own peritoneal cells. These findings point to an important role of resident inflammatory peritoneal cells in experimental atherogenesis.

Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning (RIPC) (94.12)

Abstract Remote ischemic preconditioning(RIPC) consists of short periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion, which induces protective anti-inflammatory effect on distance organs. Studies have shown that inflammatory parameters such as leukocyte migration are significantly reduced in pre-conditioned animals.However, the mechanism involved in this effect is not yet well established. This study evaluated if NO and CO is mediating the anti-inflammatory activity of RIPC.RIPC model is based on turnstile in right leg of a mouse for 10 minutes followed by 30 of reperfusion. Participation of NO and CO was investigated using inhibitors of iNOS (1400W; 3mg/kg or Aminoguanide; 50mg/kg) and HO-1 (ZnPPIX;10mg/kg) as pre-treatment 30 minutes before RIPC. Afterwards, inflammatory reaction was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Carragenin(500µg/cav).Four hours after the peritoneal cavities were washed with saline and number of migrated leukocytes was evaluated. Chemotaxis ability of neutrophils obtained from mice under RIPC treated or not with the inhibitors was analyzed in Boyden Chamber. Expression of CXCR2 and GRK2 in neutrophils was determined by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, respectively.CO and NO inhibitors prevented the inhibitory effect of RIPC upon Cg-induced neutrophil migration into peritoneal cavity of animals, as well as, upon KC induced neutrophils chemotaxis in Boyden Chamber. The reduction of neutrophil chemotaxis by RICP correlated with CXCR2 internalization and increase of GRK2 expression in the neutrophils.CO and NO production prevented these effects of RICP.Thus,inhibitors of HO-1/CO and NOSi/NO pathways seem to mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of RICP.

Histopathologic evaluation of the peritoneum exposed to heat shock: experimental study in rats

To evaluate histopathologic alterations of the peritoneum exposed to heat shock. Sixty rats were randomly distributed into 6 groups: Heat Shock (HS), High Temperature (HT), Body Temperature (BT), Temperature 0oC (TZ), Sham (SH) and Control (CG) with 10 animals each. The peritoneal cavity of animals from groups HS, HT, BT and TZ was irrigated with NaCl solution 0.9% at temperatures 50 degrees C, 0 degrees C, 50 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 0 degrees C, respectively. For animals from group SH, the procedures were simulated and those from group CG, laparotomy and biopsies were conducted. Twenty-four hours later, biopsies of the peritoneum for exams under light and electronic microscopy were performed. Edema was found in groups HS 80%, HT 60%, BT 30% TZ 70%, SH 40% and CG 30%. Vascular congestion was found in groups HS 20%, HT 30%, BT 10% and TZ 20%. Erythrocyte extravasation was found in groups HT 60% and SH 10%. Mesothelium destruction was found in 100% of specimens from groups HS, HT, BT, TZ, SH and CG 90%. Necrosis was found in groups HS 30%, HT 20% and BT 10%. The mean peritoneal thickness ranged from 42.26 microm (TZ) to 26.42 microm (CG). The heat shock caused no deaths, but promoted significant peritoneal edema without affecting the other histopathologic indicatives.

Inflammatory effects of BaP1 a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops asper snake venom: Leukocyte recruitment and release of cytokines

The inflammatory events induced by BaP1, a 22.7 kDa metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops asper snake venom, were studied. BaP1 ip injection in mice induced a marked inflammatory cell infiltrate into peritoneal cavity of animals with predominance of neutrophils in the early phase followed by mononuclear cells in the late period. Inhibition of enzymatic activity of BaP1 by chelation with EDTA resulted in a drastic reduction of this effect. In addition, BaP1 induced a significant increase of blood neutrophil numbers before its accumulation in peritoneal cavity, thus suggesting a stimulatory action of BaP1 on mechanisms of cell mobilization from bone marrow reserve compartments. A reduction in the number of neutrophils was observed in the exudate when antibodies against LECAM-1, CD18 and LFA-1 were used, suggesting the involvement of these adhesion molecules in the effects of BaP1. In contrast, there was no effect with antibodies against ICAM-1 and PECAM-1. Moreover, a conspicuous increment in the levels of IL-1 and TNF-α, but not of LTB 4, was observed in peritoneal washes collected from mice injected with BaP1. It is concluded that BaP1 induces in vivo a marked leukocyte influx, which paralles an increased number of these cells in the blood, and is associated to the expression of specific leukocyte adhesion molecules and release of chemotactic inflammatory cytokines. Since BaP1 is a P-I class metalloproteinase, these results indicate that the proteolytic domain of metalloproteinases per se can trigger specific inflammatory events.

Behavior of enclosed sol- and gel-alginates in vivo

Changes in the behavior of alginates, both non-gelled and gelled with calcium ions, in microcapsules after implantation in vivo were investigated using alginates enclosed in regenerated cellulose membrane. The mechanical properties of the alginates after soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) and implantation in the peritoneal cavities of animals were determined. A stress–compression study on specimens soaked in SBF showed that the alginates in the microcapsules would have almost the same mechanical properties after several days of implantation independent of whether the enclosed alginate was non-gelled or gelled with calcium ions before implantation. The stresses at a particular compression point decreased with increasing incubation period for 3–6 days for the alginates gelled with calcium ions before soaking in SBF. In contrast, these values increased over the same period for the non-gelled alginates before soaking in SBF. In agreement with the results of the in vitro study, no significant differences were observed between the mechanical properties of the non-gelled and gelled alginates retrieved from the peritoneal cavities of DDY mice after 1 week of implantation.

A new screening model for safety evaluation of superantigen–antibody recombinant fusion proteins (mAb Fab-SEA/E) using telemetric monitoring in conscious rabbits

Introduction: Carcinoma recognising monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and mutated forms of the T-cell-activating bacterial staphylococcal enterotoxin A/E (SEA/E) have been combined in single hybrid constructs (mAb Fab-SEA/E). By introducing substitutions in an MHC class II binding site, these harmful toxins can be converted into tolerable immunotoxins. Rabbits and humans are sensitive to SE toxins, and cardiovascular effects in rabbits are similar to those seen in septic shock in man. A new screening model using telemetry in conscious rabbits was applied in the safety evaluation of different mAb Fab-SEA/E constructs administered intravenously. Methods: Telemetry transmitters were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of animals with a pressure catheter in the aorta and electrodes for ECG recording subcutaneously following administration of mAb Fab-SEA/E constructs intravenously. Results: The responses in body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure varied depending on the treatment regimen and the mutations of the drug given. For example, 25 μg/kg of C215 Fab-SEAmut9 were given as a first treatment cycle on days 1, 5, and 7 and as a second treatment cycle on days 13–15. The first dose induced high fever, whereas the second and third doses induced fever responses more rapidly and were of lower and shorter duration. The second treatment cycle, starting on day 13, did not induce any responses probably due to anti-SEA antibodies formed because of the treatment. Another construct, 5T4 Fab-SEA/E-11 at 50 μg/kg, induced a similar response as C215 Fab-SEAmut9 on days 1, 5, and 7. In this case, the pharmacologic response was still present on days 13–15, though no clinical signs developed or no formation of anti-SEA antibodies occurred. When 50 μg/kg of 5T4 Fab-SEA/E-11 was administered once daily for 4 days, body temperature after the first dose increased slowly during the first 24 h, whereas the second to fourth doses induced more rapid and higher responses. The fourth dose of another compound, K305 Fab-SEA/E-11 (50 μg/kg), induced an even more pronounced response both in magnitude and in duration as well as in adverse clinical signs. Discussion: By using continuous telemetric registration in the rabbit as a tool in superantigen–antibody (mAb Fab-SEA/E) drug selection, it has been possible to evaluate the dynamics of drug-induced immune effects (fever) and concomitant engagement of the cardiovascular system, conditions that are essential before clinical trials can be initiated.

Shiga toxin: biochemistry, genetics, mode of action, and role in pathogenesis.

Dysentery was well known and clearly described in many ancient texts and histories. The first step towards the description of the genus Shigella, however, was the identification of Entamoeba histolytica by Losch in 1875 and the separation of amebic from all other forms of dysentery (Losch, 1875). With this discovery, attention could be focused on the etiology of epidemic dysentery, and a partial description of the prototype Shigella sp., Shigella dysenteriae type 1, was published by Chantemesse and Widal in 1888. The definitive description of this organism was provided by Kiyoshi Shiga following an extensive dysentery epidemic in Japan in 1896 (Shiga 1898). It did not take long to determine that there was a potent toxic activity in this organism, and in 1900 Flexner reported that either living or killed cultures of Shiga’s bacillus injected into the peritoneal cavity of animals caused fever and diarrhea. Flexner concluded that shigellosis was due to a “toxic agent rather than to an infection per se”; however, the Observed effects were Probably due to endotoxin. The presence of a lethal toxin in extracts of heat-killed bacteria was shown independently by Neisser and Shiga (1903) and by Conradi (1903). Conradi (1903) also described the limb paralysis following parenteral inoculation of Shigella extracts in rabbits, characteristic of the so-called Shiga neurotoxin.

Experimental subphrenic abscess.

A COMPLETE review of the literature revealed no reported experimental method for the production of subphrenic abscesses. A predictable standardized method would be valuable in studying the treatment and natural history of such a condition. It would be a great aid in the experimental evaluation of the role of surgery, in conjunction with the antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents, in the treatment of subphrenic abscesses. It was with these aims in mind that the following study was carried out. MATERIALS AND METHODS The abscesses were produced in healthy, adult, male rabbits. The basic principle utilized was the fact that a gauze sponge, when placed in the peritoneal cavity of animals or of human beings produces a granulomatous reaction, with the sponge encapsulated in its center. It was felt that the most logical procedure would be to insert a gauze sponge in the subdiaphragmatic space at one operation, allow time for the

A Roentgen-Ray Study in Absorption of Thorium Dioxide from Peritoneal Cavity of Albino Rat.

It has long been known that serous cavities have the capacity of absorbing certain injected substances, Cunningham showed that, when a mixture of erythrocytes, large unfiltered carmine granules, and fine lampblack granules, made up in isotonic NaCl solution, was injected into the peritoneal cavity of animals, all 3 types of material reached the anterior mediastinal glands shortly after injection. His results indicate that most, if not all, of the transfer of granular material from the peritoneal cavity into the diaphragmatic lymphatics, during the first 30 minutes, takes place by means of a type of phagocytosis. His important findings give a clearer understanding of the high phagocytic capability of the lymphatic endothelial cells to remove large amounts of particulate matter from the peritoneal cavity. The diaphragm is rich in lymphatics and its lymphatic vessels anastomose with the lymphatic vessels of the pleura and the peritoneum, which, in turn, connects with the right and left lymphatic ducts. The thoracic duct, terminating in the internal jugular vein, conveys the great mass of lymph and chyle into the blood. It is the common trunk of all lymphatic vessels below the diaphragm. The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right upper extremity, the right thorax, right lung, right side of the heart, and from parts of the convex surface of the liver. It opens into the junction of the internal jugular and the subclavian veins separately. Absorption in this region is extremely rapid due to this network of lymphatics. The practical application of this knowledge is found in the Fowler position, whereby, upon elevating the head of the bed after operation for abdominal infection, the infected material is permitted to gravitate toward the pelvic peritoneum.

PROTEOTOXINS (ANAPHYLATOXINS) AND VIRULENCE

PROTEOTOXINS (ANAPHYLATOXINS) AND VIRULENCE