Peripheral Velocity Research Articles

Association of vitamin D deficiency with post-exercise hypotension and arterial stiffness following prolonged endurance exercise in healthy young men.

Vitamin D is associated with vascular function; however, the impact of different vitamin D levels on vascular elasticity following prolonged exercise remains uncertain. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the association of vitamin D levels with changes in peripheral pulse wave velocity (pPWV) and the magnitude of acute post-exercise hypotension (PEH) following prolonged endurance exercise in healthy young men. All the participants were divided into two groups: the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) sufficiency group (25(OH)D ≧50 nmol/L) and the deficiency group (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L). A cardiopulmonary exercise test for maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) was performed on the graded cycling. The prolonged exercise was set at 60% O2max for 120min of continuous riding on a stationary bicycle. The pPWV and blood pressure were measured at baseline and 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min after prolonged endurance exercise. Post hoc analysis revealed that the vitamin D sufficient group had a greater magnitude of PEH than the deficiency group at post-45 min. Multiple linear regression analyses showed a significant correlation between 25(OH)D and both pPWV (p = 0.036) and PEH (p = 0.007), after adjusting for O2max, weight, height, and physical activity. In addition, the 25(OH)D deficiency group also had higher pPWV at post-15 min (5.41 ± 0.93 vs 4.84 ± 0.75 m/s), post-30 min (5.30 ± 0.77 vs 4.87 ± 0.50 m/s), post-45 min (5.56 ± 0.93 vs 5.05 ± 0.68 m/s) than the sufficiency group. There was a positive correlation between 25(OH)D levels and systolic PEH following prolonged endurance exercise. Individuals with sufficient 25(OH)D status may have better vascular elasticity and more efficient blood pressure regulation during exercise.

Analysis of droplet motion in cavity zone of rotating packed bed

Droplet motion in outer cavity zone of rotating packed bed is a complex phenomenon that requires analysis of liquid and gas flow to clarify influences of factors such as rotation speed, liquid flow rate, or gas flow rate. In this study, hydrodynamics is described using laser Doppler velocimetry and high-resolution visualization for droplet motion characterization. The results reveal that droplet motion initially depends on the peripheral velocity of the packing, while further from the packing, it loses kinetic energy mainly due to the drag force caused by the surrounding gas. Two-way coupling is investigated as both phases interact with each other. Rankine vortex theory is applied to simulate gas flow in the outer cavity zone. A model, based on Newton’s second law, is developed to predict droplet dynamics, including impingement velocity, trajectory length, and total residence time. Validation of the model shows that it can predict the liquid velocity in the outer cavity zone accurately. Upon impingement of droplets on the casing, part of the liquid rebounds as secondary droplets into the cavity, where they circulate with the gas flow. Overall, this study provides insights into droplet dynamics in the rotating packed bed and offers a basis for optimizing process efficiency and design in various applications, including chemical processing and environmental engineering.

The influence of LDL cholesterol increment for peripheral pulse wave velocity (PWV carotid-radial) in Lithuanian familial hypercholesterolemia patients

The influence of LDL cholesterol increment for peripheral pulse wave velocity (PWV carotid-radial) in Lithuanian familial hypercholesterolemia patients

New findings about neuropathological outcomes in the PKU mouse throughout lifespan

Phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) is a genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). If left untreated, PKU leads to systemic phenylalanine (Phe) accumulation, which can result in irreversible brain damage and intellectual disabilities. In the last 60 years, early and strict dietary restriction of phenylalanine (Phe) intake proved to prevent the severe clinical phenotype of untreated PKU. While the specific mechanisms through which phenylalanine causes brain damage are still poorly understood, preclinical models have been deeply explored to characterize the neurotoxic effect of Phe on neurodevelopmental processes. At the same time, that on the aging brain still needs to be explored. In the brain of untreated PAHEnu2(−/−) mouse, we previously reported a reduction of myelin basic protein (MBP) during postnatal development up to 60 PND. Later in the diseased mouse's life, a spontaneous and persistent restoration of MBP was detected. In this present longitudinal study, ranging from 14 to 540 post-natal days (PND) of untreated PAHEnu2(−/−) mice, we further investigated: a) the long-life consistency of two Phe-related brain metabolic alterations, such as large neutral amino acids (LNAA) and biogenic amine neurotransmitters' depletion; b) the outcome of locomotor functions during the same life span; c) the integrity of myelin as assessed ex vivo by central (hippocampus) and peripheral (extensor digitorum longus-sciatic nerve) action potential conduction velocities. In contrast with the results of other studies, brain Leu, Ile, and Val concentrations were not significantly altered in the brain PAHEnu2(−/−) mouse. On the other hand, 3-O-Methyldopa (3-OMD, a biomarker of L-DOPA), serotonin, and its associated metabolites were reduced throughout most of the considered time points, with consistent reductions observed prevalently from 14 to 60 PND. Normal saltatory conduction was restored after 60 PND and remained normal at the last examination at 360 PND, resulting nonetheless in a persistent locomotor impairment throughout a lifetime. These new findings contribute to laying the foundations for the preclinical characterization of aging in PKU, confirming neurotransmitter defects as consistent metabolic traits. LNAAs have a minor role, if any, in brain damage pathogenesis. Transient myelin synthesis failure may impact brain connectivity during postnatal development but not nervous signal conduction.

Arteriovenous Oscillometric Plethysmography for Fistula Functional Testing.

The aim of the presented prospective observational study was to evaluate the effect of fistula flow on peripheral wave morphology and pulse wave velocity by means of the oscillometric Vicorder®-device with the purpose of fistula surveillance. Digitized and normalized curves of 53 haemodialysis patients at the fistula and non-fistula arm were analysed. Slope parameters and the areas under the curve of characteristic sections of pulse waves as well as the power spectrum of the pulse waves and their first and second derivatives were computed. Furthermore, the amplitude of volumetric change (AMP) was assessed. Duplex sonography served as a reference method. In the comprehensive set of novel pulse wave parameters significant inter-arm differences were demonstrated and a significant delay of the systolic maximum at the fistula arm in comparison to the non-fistula arm (204 ± 3.4 vs. 162 ± 5.3 ms, p &lt; 0.001) was proven. Unexpectedly, pulse wave velocity apparently did not differ between both arms (7.85 vs. 8.05 m/s at the fistula/non-fistula side, p = 0.942). The inter-arm differences of the slope parameters were more pronounced in forearm than in upper arm fistulas. Finally, we showed that the inter-arm difference of AMP correlated with volume flow (r = 0.326 with p = 0.017). Pulse waves as assessed by oscillometric pulse wave analysis have distinct features at fistula and non-fistula arms. This is due to enhanced arteriovenous flow, i.e. in both the brachial artery and the fistula vein. The analysis of those alterations has the potential to assess fistula function.

416 The Impact of Pancreas Transplantation on Secondary Diabetic Complications: A Systematic Review

Abstract Aim Pancreas transplantation (PT) provides diabetic cure for patients with complicated Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). We aimed to examine the impact of PT on secondary diabetic complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Method A database search using MedLINE for publications up to April 2023 was conducted employing MeSH terms ‘Pancreas Transplantation’ AND ‘Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1’ AND ‘Diabetic Retinopathy’ OR ‘Heart Disease’ OR ‘Cardiovascular Diseases’ OR ‘Peripheral Vascular Disease’ OR “Amputation’ OR ‘Neuropathy.” Results 223 articles were screened, with 172 excluded as per study design (total included 51). 64.7% (n=33) of studies were retrospective case control studies, 35.3% (n=18) of studies were retrospective cohort studies. A total of 5616 patients with a mean of 99.1 (SD± 262.4) simultaneous kidney transplant (SPK) patients and 48.2 (SD± 262.4) pancreas transplant alone (PTA) patients per article were studied. All articles examining diabetic retinopathy concluded that retinopathy improved or stabilized. 69% (n=11) of papers demonstrated no significant change to visual acuity. An equal number of articles (n=4) demonstrated increased peripheral nerve conduction velocity after SPK and PTA. 40% (n=2) of articles examining vibration perception studies demonstrated an increase post-transplantation. Improvements in cardiac events incidence, metabolic factors, and heart structure were seen in 79% (n=15) of cardiovascular articles. Conclusions Despite significant heterogeneity in outcome measures observed, PT provides benefits in mitigating the complication profile of T1DM. Standardised outcome measurement should be adopted to allow assessment of the impact of beta-cell replacement with the potential for objective evidence reversibility of secondary complications.

Screening for Peripheral Vascular Stiffness in Lipedema Patients by Automatic Electrocardiogram-Based Oscillometric Detection.

Body mass index (BMI) is seen as a predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in lipedema patients. A valid predictor of CVD is increased aortic stiffness (IAS), and previous research described IAS in lipedema. However, it is not known if this applies to all patients. In this cross-sectional single-center cohort study, peripheral pulse wave velocity (PWV) as a non-invasive indicator of aortic stiffness was measured in 41 patients with lipedema, irrespective of stage and without pre-existing cardiovascular conditions or a history of smoking and a maximum body mass index (BMI) of 35 kg/m2. Automatically electrocardiogram-triggered oscillometric sensor technology by the Gesenius-Keller method was used. Regardless of the stage of lipedema disease, there was no significant difference in PWV compared to published standard values adjusted to age and blood pressure. BMI alone is not a predictor of cardiovascular risk in lipedema patients. Measuring other anthropometric factors, such as the waist-hip ratio or waist-height ratio, should be included, and the existing cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, and adipose tissue distribution for accurate risk stratification should be taken into account. Automated sensor technology recording the PWV represents a valid and reliable method for health monitoring and early detection of cardiovascular risks.

Effects of vasoactive substances on biomechanics of small resistance arteries of male and female Dahl salt-sensitive rats.

Changes in vascular biomechanics leading to increase in arterial stiffness play a pivotal role in circulatory dysfunction. Our objectives were to examine sex-specific pharmacological changes related to the biomechanics and any structural modifications in small resistance arteries of Dahl salt-sensitive male and female rats. The composite Young modulus (CYM) was determined using pressure myograph recordings, and immunohistochemistry was used for the evaluation of any structural changes in the third-order mesenteric arteries (n = 6). Animals on high-salt diet developed hypertension with significant elevation in central and peripheral blood pressures and pulse wave velocity compared to those on regular diet. There were no significant differences observed in the CYM between any of the groups (i.e., males and females) in vehicle-treated time-control studies. The presence of verapamil (0.3 μM) significantly reduced CYM in hypertensive males without changes within females compared to vehicle. This effect was abolished by phenylephrine (0.3 μM). BaCl2 (100 μM), ouabain (100 μM), and L-NAME (0.3 μM) combined significantly increased CYM in vessels from in normotensive males and females but not in hypertensive males compared to vehicle. The increase in CYM was abolished in the presence of phenylephrine. Sodium nitroprusside (0.3 μM), in the presence of phenylephrine, significantly reduced CYM in male normotensive versus hypertensive, with no differences within females. Significant differences were observed in immunohistochemical assessment of biomechanical markers of arterial stiffness between males and females. Our findings suggest sex possibly due to pressure differences to be responsible for adaptive changes in biomechanics, and varied pharmacological responses in hypertensive state.

Mitofusin 2 Variant Presenting With a Phenotype of Multiple System Atrophy of Cerebellar Subtype.

To investigate the etiology of cerebellar ataxia in an adult male patient. We performed standard neurologic assessment and genome sequencing of a 62-year-old man with rapidly progressive balance and gait abnormalities. The propositus exhibited cognitive dysfunction, mild appendicular bradykinesia, prominent appendicular ataxia, dysarthria, and hypomimia with minimal dysautonomic symptoms. Nerve conduction studies showed mild peripheral sensory neuropathy and normal motor nerve conduction velocities. Brain imaging showed progressive cerebellar atrophy and gliosis of the olivopontocerebellar fibers, characterized by T2 hyperintensity within the pons. Genetic testing revealed a likely pathogenic germline variant in MFN2 (NM_014874: c.[838C>T];[=], p.(R280C)) in the GTPase domain (G) interface; pathogenic variants of MFN2 typically cause hereditary sensory and motor neuropathy VI or Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2A. The presence of progressive ataxia, "hot cross bun" sign, and dysautonomia has been associated with multiple system atrophy, cerebellar type (MSA-C). We describe progressive cerebellar ataxia in an individual with a deleterious variant in MFN2. Our findings suggest that pathogenic variants in MFN2 can result in a spectrum of phenotypes including cerebellar ataxia with cerebellar-pontine atrophy in the absence of significant neuropathy and in a manner closely resembling MSA-C.

The Relationship Between UA/HDL and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

This study was designed to analyze correlations between the uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) and peripheral nerve conduction velocity (NCV) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This was a single-center cross-sectional analysis of 324 T2DM patients. All patients were separated into a group with normal NCV (NCVN) and a group with abnormal NCV (NCVA). Patients were also classified into groups with low and high UHR values based on the median UHR in this study cohort. Neurophysiological data including motor and sensory conduction velocity (MCV and SCV, respectively) were measured for all patients. Relative to patients with low UHR values, those in the high UHR group presented with greater NCVA prevalence (P = 0.002). UHR remained negatively correlated with bilateral superficial peroneal nerve SCV, bilateral common peroneal nerve MCV, bilateral ulnar nerve SCV, and bilateral right median nerve MCV even after adjustment for confounding factors. UHR was identified as an NCVA-related risk factor, with a 1.370-fold increase in NCVA prevalence for every unit rise in UHR(P < 0.001). These results identify UHR as a risk factor associated with NCVA that was independently negatively associated with NCV among T2DM patients.

Characteristics of blood flow velocity in the radial artery and finger capillaries using magnetoplethysmogram and photoplethysmogram

The Hall element and optical sensor, which can detect the magnetic field change caused by the minute fluctuations of the permanent magnet according to the periodic movement of the radial artery and the light absorption and reflection intensity according to the change in wrist blood flow, respectively, are used as key elements in digital healthcare devices. The pulse waves of the radial artery inside the wrist were measured and analyzed using a clip-type pulsimeter, magnetoplethysmogram (MPG). The pulse wave, which is the change in blood flow obtained by photoplethysmogram (PPG), was measured on the dorsal side of the wrist or the fingers simultaneously with MPG. The ABFV (artery blood flow velocity) is a few ten cm/s as DH (distance between MPG and PPG) divided by ΔT(a) which is the time difference between the first peaks of MPG and PPG waveforms on the dorsal side of the wrist. The PBFV (peripheral blood flow velocity) is a few mm/s as LH (hand length) divided by ΔT(p), which is the time difference between the first peak of MPG waveform and the third peak PPG waveform on the finger. For four subjects of 20s, SPWV was approximately 0.98∼1.19 m/s, ABFV in the radial artery was approximately 0.40∼0.44 m/s, and finger capillary PBFV was approximately 6.3∼8.6 cm/s. These results show reasonable values similar to the blood velocity of many blood vessels flowing through the human body.

The Influence of Autonomic Nervous System during Resting State on the Peripheral Pulse Wave Velocity in Young Adult Males

Abstract Background: The association between the activity of autonomic nervous systems (ANS) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) was commonly deduced after adjusting for confounding factors. The relationship between the ANS and PWV was either maintained, but attenuated, or no longer statistically connected after controlling for confounding variables. Research in young healthy individuals showed that the ANS does not control aortic stiffness (indexed by PWV) in a pressure-independent manner. Therefore, the role of the ANS in controlling PWV is debatable. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the possibility that ANS directly affects PWV independent of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Subjects and Methods: Thirty-four healthy male volunteers (19 years old) were recruited. Stable brachial systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP) and HR were measured in semi-supine position after a 15-min rest. During the last 5 min, fingertip digital pulse wave (DPW) and lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded. The pulse transit time, and consequently PWV, was calculated by measuring the duration between the ECG R wave climax and a reference point on the DPW in the same cardiac cycle. The ANS activity was assessed by calculating the HR variability (HRV) indices obtained from the ECG record of 5-min R-R intervals (RRIs). Results: HRV indices low-frequency (LF)/high-frequency (HF) (LF band power measured in the 0.04–0.15 Hz)/the HF band power measured in the 0.15–0.4 Hz band) and SD2/SD1 ratios (SD1 and SD2 represent the dispersion along the minor and major axis of the fitted ellipse of the Poincaré plot) (sympathovagal balance) were significantly and positively correlated with PWV. In addition, the standard deviation of RRI, or normal-to-normal “NN” (SDNN) interval, after excluding ectopic beats, the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD) were significantly and negatively correlated with the PWV. No correlation was obtained between PWV and HR, SBP, or DBP. Conclusion: Peripheral PWV during rest or inactivity is affected directly by the sympathovagal balance independent of BP.

Optimization of Pertinent Variables for Threshing of Sesame Crop using a Test Rig

Background: The traditional methods of threshing operations are most time consuming, energy intensive, labour intensive, drudgery prone and uneconomical. The development of mechanical sesame thresher has clearly an edge over conventional methods and reduces the drudgery of work to a great extent. Methods: The pertinent variables that influence the development of sesame thresher were identified and levels of variables were selected. The interactive effect of selected levels of variables viz., peripheral velocity of the threshing cylinder (7.9, 11.0 and 14.1 ms-1), concave clearance (10, 15 and 20 mm), type of threshing cylinder (wire loop, spike tooth and rasp bar) and moisture content of harvested sesame capsule 21.4, 16.8 and 15.1 per cent moisture content (d.b) was investigated on threshing efficiency, cleaning efficiency and per cent damage caused to the threshed sesame grains using an experimental sesame thresher test rig under laboratory condition. Result: Threshing effectiveness of experimental sesame thresher was found to be affected significantly by moisture content of harvested sesame capsule followed by type of threshing cylinder, peripheral velocity of threshing cylinder and concave clearance. The combination level of 11.0 ms-1 peripheral velocity of threshing cylinder, 15 mm concave clearance, spike tooth type cylinder and 16.8 per cent (d.b) moisture content of harvested sesame capsule which yielded the maximum threshing efficiency of 99.0 per cent, maximum cleaning efficiency of 99.4 per cent and minimum per cent visible damage to threshed sesame grains of 0.79, is optimized for the sesame thresher.

Associations between Aging and Vitamin D Status with Whole-Body Nitric Oxide Production and Markers of Endothelial Function

BackgroundAging and vitamin D deficiency have been associated with reduced nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and impaired endothelial function (EF) but the evidence in humans remains weak. ObjectivesTwo independent cross-sectional studies were designed to evaluate the association between age, sex, and plasma vitamin D concentrations with physiological and biochemical biomarkers of NO synthesis and EF in young and older healthy participants (Study 1) and in overweight and obese postmenopausal females (Study 2). MethodsIn Study 1, 40 young (20–49 y) and older (50–75 y) males and females (10 participants per age and sex group) were included. Resting blood pressure and ear-to-finger peripheral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured. A stable-isotopic method was used to determine whole-body NO production. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), nitrate, nitrite, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentrations were determined. In Study 2, 80 older overweight and obese females (age 61.2 ± 6.2 y, body mass index 29.5 ± 4.4 kg/m2) were recruited. Postocclusion reactive hyperemia (PORH) and peripheral PWV were measured. Plasma concentrations of 25(OH)D, nitrate, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), endothelin-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and ADMA were determined. ResultsIn Study 1, whole-body NO production was significantly greater in young compared with older participants (0.61 ± 0.30 μmol·h−1·kg−1 compared with 0.39 ± 0.10 μmol·h−1·kg−1, P = 0.01) but there was no evidence of a sex difference (P = 0.81). Plasma 25(OH)D concentration was not associated with PWV (r = 0.18, P = 0.28) or whole-body NO production (r = −0.20, P = 0.22). Plasma ADMA concentration was associated positively with age (r = 0.35, P = 0.03) and negatively with whole-body NO production (r = −0.33, P = 0.04). In Study 2, age was associated with lower PORH (r = −0.28, P = 0.02) and greater ADMA concentrations (r = 0.22, P = 0.04). Plasma 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with 3-NT concentrations (r = −0.31, P = 0.004). ConclusionsOlder age was associated with lower whole-body NO production. Plasma vitamin D concentrations were not associated with NO production or markers of EF but showed a weak, significant correlation with oxidative stress in postmenopausal overweight females.

Comparison of pulse wave velocity and hypertensive response to exercise in predicting incidence of resistant hypertension

Abstract Background Resistant hypertension (RH) is strongly associated with occurrence of major cardiovascular events and death. Hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) and arterial stiffness estimated by peripheral pulse wave velocity (PWV) are surrogate markers of incident hypertension, whereas their role in predicting RH development remains uncertain. Purpose Explore the predictive role of PWV and HRE in incident RH. Methods A Comparison of HRE and PWV in predicting development of RH was performed in retrospective study with a cohort of 198 patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD). The patients performed two Bruce protocol stress tests (STs) between 01/2009 and 12/2022. The first ST was used to assess HRE and estimated PWV (ePWV) in predicting occurrence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension (aTRH). ePWV was calculated using age and blood pressure, as previously described (1). HRE response was defined either as systolic BP (SBP) &amp;gt; 210 mmHg or difference between peak and baseline &amp;gt; 60mmHg for men (&amp;gt;190 mmHg or 50 mmHg in women) (2). aTRH was defined as resting SBP above 140mmHg in the last ST despite simultaneous use of ≥3 different antihypertensive agents. The average time between STs was 4±3 years. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke) were analyzed during the follow-up period of 10±3 years. Logistic and Cox regression models were used in time-to-event analysis. Data presented as: mean ± standard deviation; 95% confidence interval (CI) for odds ratios (OR); significance between groups p&amp;lt;0.05. Results The incidence of aTRH between STs was 15% (n=30), with 48% of them (n=14) receiving ≥4 or more antihypertensive drugs. aTRH vs non-aTRH were similar at baseline for sex (89% male, p=0.67), hypertension (HT, 62%,p=0.08), dyslipidemia (79%, p=0.86), smoke (46%, p=0.50), chronic kidney disease (13%, p=0.39), myocardial infarction (75%, p=0.39), heart failure (4.5%, p=0.40), but not for body mass index (30±3 vs 28±3 kg/m2, p=0.012) and diabetes (60.0 vs 28.6%, p=0.003) that were higher in the aTRH group. The average ePWV was 9.3±1.6 m/s (9.14±1.5 vs 10.2±1.7 m/s, non-aTRH vs aTRH p=0.001); 22.6% patients had HRE (20.4% vs 36.0%, non-aTRH vs aTRH, p=0.084). In contrast to HRE (adjusted OR=1.34, CI 0.4-4.3, p=0.62), ePWV was correlated with aTRH (adjusted OR=2.0, CI 1.1-4.1, p=0.024) after adjusting for age, comorbidities and anti-HT drugs, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.7 (CI 0.6-0.8). Both aTHR (OR=2.6, CI 1.2-5.8, p=0.017) and ePWV (adjusted OR=1.3, CI 1.2-5.8, p=0.024) were associated with MACE. Conclusion ePWV is a simple and robust marker that outperforms HRE in predicting aTRH and MACE in CAD patients. Higher ePWV values were independently associated with the incidence of aTRH. This study strengthens the importance of developing new strategies to control arterial stiffness in the treatment of RH and prevention of MACE.

Analysis Of Two-Layered Model Of Blood Flow Through Stenosed Tube With Permeable Walls In The Presence Of Magnetic Field Considering Blood As Couple Stress Fluid With Variable Viscosity And Slip Velocity

The paper investigates the “two-layered model of blood flow” as steady incompressible couple stress fluid through one-dimensional channel in multi-stenosed blood vessel. Within the core region, the blood flow is conceptualized as a dynamic entity exhibiting the attributes of a couple stress fluid, distinguished by variable viscosity orchestrated in accordance with the precepts delineated by the Einstein relation and the peripheral region of the tube comprises of plasma which is considered as “Newtonian fluid with constant viscosity”. The governing equations of the blood flow are solved using the Frobenius technique using the slip boundary condition and the expressions are derived for peripheral and central velocities along with shear stress and pressure gradient. The effects of various parameters on the flow variables have been emphasised. MATLAB programming software is used to visualize the results regarding shear stress and pressure gradient. The study further interrogates the effect of change in thickness of peripheral layer on pressure gradient under the influence of magnetic field and slip velocity.

Impact of maternal dietary folic acid or choline dietary deficiencies on vascular function in young and middle-aged female mouse offspring after ischemic stroke.

Adequate maternal dietary levels of one-carbon metabolites, such as folic acid and choline, play an important role in the closure of the neural tube in utero; however, the impact of deficiencies in one-carbon (1C) metabolism on offspring neurological function after birth remain undefined. Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability globally. The aim of our study was to determine the impact of maternal 1C nutritional deficiencies on cerebral and peripheral blood flow after ischemic stroke in adult female offspring. In this study, female mice were placed on either control (CD)-, folic acid (FADD)-, or choline (ChDD)-deficient diets before pregnancy. Female offspring were weaned onto a CD for the duration of the study. Ischemic stroke was induced in offspring and after 6 wk cerebral and peripheral blood flow velocity was measured using ultrasound imaging. Our data showed that 11.5-mo-old female offspring from ChDD mothers had reduced blood flow in the posterior cerebral artery compared with controls. In peripheral blood flow velocity measurements, we report an aging effect. These results emphasize the importance of maternal 1C diet in early life neuro-programming on long-term vasculature health.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that a maternal dietary deficiency in one-carbon (1C) metabolites result in reduced cerebral blood flow in adult female offspring after ischemic stroke, but the long-term effects are not present. This result points to the key role of the maternal diet in early life neuroprogramming, while emphasizing its effects on both fetal development and long-term cerebrovascular health.

The Effect of Folic Acid Supplementation on Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness Markers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Folic acid might improve endothelial function, but the results are inconclusive. This systematic review evaluated the effect of folic acid supplementation on endothelial parameters and arterial stiffness in adults. The study protocol was registered with the PROSPERO database (CRD42021290195). The PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane and Scopus databases were searched to identify English-language randomised controlled trials of the effect of folate supplementation on arterial stiffness and endothelial function markers in adults. There were significant differences between the effect of folic acid and placebo on flow-mediated dilation (random-effects model, standardized mean differences (SMD): 0.888, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.447, 1.329, p < 0.001) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (random-effects model, SMD: -1.364, 95% CI: -2.164, -0.563, p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in the central pulse wave velocity (fixed-effects model, SMD: -0.069, 95% CI: -0.264, 0.125, p = 0.485) and peripheral pulse wave velocity (fixed-effects model, SMD: -0.093, 95% CI: -0.263, 0.077, p = 0.284). In conclusion, folic acid might have a favourable effect on endothelial function but may not affect arterial stiffness. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

Slowing of Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Is Predicted by Glucose Fluctuations.

There is a strong need for the better identification of early subclinical manifestations of microvascular complications, such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, in young individuals with diabetes. To identify peripheral neuropathy and contributing factors at an asymptomatic disease stage, and to exclude height as a known modifying factor, we performed association studies of height-adjusted nerve conduction velocity. We identified high glucose variability, especially the SD of mean glucose, as an unexpectedly strong predictor of slowed nerve conduction velocity. More attention should be paid to the goal of low glucose variability in the care of individuals with diabetes.

Effect of Stem Diameter, Cutting Speed and Moisture Content on Cutting Torque for Green Gram Harvesting

The study was conducted during November, 2021 at Department of FMPE, CAET, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India to investigate the torque requirement and ascertain optimum peripheral cutting velocity of rotary cutting disc based on varying stem diameter and moisture content of green gram . The cutting operation was simulated to find the cutting torque in the instrumented soil bin, which comprises of test trolley, processing trolley and vertical rotor assembly with vertical shaft having serrated cutting disc. Sample plant stems of green gram were firmly fixed in the plant stem holder, and buried beneath the soil to simulate the natural standing of the crop as in the actual field condition. The cutting torque required to cut the stem of green gram at different crop moisture content (39.2, 41.4 and 42.9% (wb)), peripheral cutting velocity (20, 25, 30, and 35 ms-1) and plant stem diameter (2.95, 3.97 and 4.96 mm) was measured. It has been observed that peripheral cutting velocity of disc, stem diameter and moisture content of plant affected cutting torque at 1% level of significance. The cutting torque increased with decrease in moisture content and increase in diameter of plant stem of green gram. The cutting torque increased with an increase in peripheral cutting velocity up to the critical velocity of 30 ms-1, but the value decreased after critical peripheral velocity.