Peripheral Fusion Research Articles

Peripheral Fusion of Carbon-Based Aromatic Rings to B4N4-Heteropentalene Leading to Close π-Stacking in the Solid State.

π-Electronic molecules with a BN-heterocyclic and carbon-based aromatic hybrid ring system (h-CBN) are interesting in that they potentially exhibit synergistic properties arising from the two different π-systems. Here we report the synthesis and properties of a h-CBN-type molecule (1) having a bicyclic B4N4-heteropentalene core fused with extended aromatic rings. This molecule exhibits excellent chemical stability despite the absence of bulky substituents for kinetic protection, which in turn provides effective stacking of the π-system upon crystallization. Depending on the crystallization solvent, 1 forms two polymorphs, i. e., the α- and β-phases. While both phases have one-dimensional columnar structures, the π-stacking geometries associated with the transfer integrals of the frontier orbitals are different, resulting in a twofold difference in the electrical conducting properties. We also found that upon thermal vacuum deposition, 1 gives an amorphous film, which serves as a host material for a red phosphorescent OLED device (maximum external quantum efficiency: 15.5 and 13.3 % at 0.1 and 2.5 mA, respectively).

Synthesis, Structural, Electrochemical, and DFT Studies of Highly Substituted Nonplanar Ni(II) Porphyrins and Their Intensity-Dependent Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties.

We designed and successfully synthesized highly substituted electron-deficient nonplanar Ni(II) porphyrins and their derivatives (1-7) in moderate to good yields. These derivatives were comprehensively characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis. SCXRD analysis confirmed the structures of compounds 2, 4, and 7, adopting saddle-shape geometry. These nonplanar porphyrins demonstrated significant bathochromic shifts in their absorption spectra compared to parent NiTPP, attributed to the influence of bulky β-substituents and/or peripheral fusion. π-Extended porphyrins 6 and 7 displayed panchromatic absorption spectra extending into the NIR region. Porphyrins 6 and 7 demonstrated a profound anodic shift (∼400 mV) in their first reduction peak potentials compared to precursor NiTPP(NO2)Br6. The experimental absorption spectral pattern matches the simulated absorption spectra obtained from TD-DFT studies. The femtosecond laser intensity-dependent third-order nonlinear optical studies revealed that NiDFP(VCN)2Br6 (6) and NiDFP(VCN)2(PE)6 (7) displayed giant optical nonlinearities compared to the other porphyrins. Among all, NiDFP(VCN)2Br6 (6) possessed the highest two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and cross-section (σTPA) values in the range of 22-33 × 10-10 m/W and 3.77-6.95 × 106 GM, respectively. These findings suggest that the investigated nonplanar π-extended porphyrins are promising candidates for future optoelectronic applications.

Dragged fovea diplopia syndrome: A review article

Foveal displacement resulting from epiretinal membranes (ERMs) or other macular diseases leads to a condition known as dragged fovea diplopia syndrome. This syndrome causes central binocular diplopia, where individuals see double images. Its prevalence remains uncertain. Since the fovea is affected, traditional prismic therapy is ineffective in alleviating the "retinal diplopia." Currently, there is no known cure for this condition. However, there are available treatments to managed and alleviate the symptoms effectively. The study's goal is to discover the clinical traits of dragged-fovea diplopia syndrome, propose a straightforward test to help assess these patients, and suggest a simple treatment to alleviate double vision in some cases.We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane databases for English-language studies published and outlines the systematic procedure utilized for a comprehensive literature review spanning the period from 2005 to October 2020. In this nonsystematic review, performed from May 21, 2023, to September 1, 2023, we address a series of questions to explain the cause of Central-Peripheral Rivalry-Type Diplopia and complications associated to it and Clinical management and its challenges.In conclusion, central retinal rivalry is a rare and fascinating occurrence wherein peripheral retinal images blend together, yet central retinal images become misaligned, resulting in a clash between the central and peripheral fusion mechanisms. Understanding the condition has practical implications in the field of vision and neurological disorders. By delving into the mechanisms underlying central retinal rivalry, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of how the brain processes visual information and resolves conflicts. This knowledge can be applied to the development of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions for various vision-related disorders. Moreover, the development of effective treatments underscores the importance of ongoing research in this field, offering hope and relief to those living with this intriguing yet challenging condition.

Rational construction of perylenequinone annulated porphyrins via cycloaddition reactions

Acenequinone-fused porphyrins show remarkable long wavelength absorption, low-lying LUMO orbital and uniform π,π-stacking, enabling the potential applications as opto-electronic materials and catalysts. At present, the synthesis of large quinone fused porphyrins remains challenging. To address this, the cycloaddition reactions of naphthoquinone-fused porphyrin (Ni4NQ), followed by oxidative aromatization, have been employed. Through Diels-Alder reaction with perylenes in the presence of chloranil, a series of perylenequinone-fused porphyrins (1Ni–4Ni) have been synthesized with an overall yield above 70 %. Later, the tri-adduct 3Ni underwent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with nitrile oxide and the following DDQ oxidation to outcome the unsymmetrical tetra-adduct 5Ni. Although the peripheral perylenequinones fusion in 1Ni–4Ni has limited impact on the absorption with respect to the naphthoquinone-fused counterpart Ni4NQ, introduction of an isoxazole via 1,3-cycloaddition (5Ni) leads to a bathochromic Q band. This result has been rationalized by theoretical calculations. Additionally, the incorporation of perylenequinone units gives rise to intense intermolecular π,π-stacking and CH-π interactions within the crystal packing. The self-assembly behavior using a good/bad solvent strategy are structural dependence. The tri-perylenequinone-fused porphyrins 3Ni formed spherical architecture, while tetraperylenequinone-fused porphyrin 4Ni afforded cubic or petal-type assemblies.

Peripheral Flicker Fusion at High Luminance: Beyond the Ferry-Porter Law.

The relationship between luminous intensity and the maximum frequency of flicker that can be detected defines the limits of the temporal-resolving ability of the human visual system, and characterizing it has important theoretical and practical applications; particularly for determining the optimal refresh rate for visual displays that would avoid the visibility of flicker and other temporal artifacts. Previous research has shown that this relationship is best described by the Ferry-Porter law, which states that critical flicker fusion (CFF) increases as a linear function of log retinal illuminance. The existing experimental data showed that this law holds for a wide range of stimuli and up to 10,000 Trolands; however, beyond this, it was not clear if the CFF continued to increase linearly or if the function saturated. Our aim was to extend the experimental data available to higher light intensities than previously reported in the literature. For this, we measured the peripheral CFF at a range of illuminances over six orders of magnitude. Our results showed that for up to 104 Trolands, the data conformed to the Ferry-Porter law with a similar slope, as previously established for this eccentricity; however, at higher intensities, the CFF function flattens and saturates at ~90 Hz for a target size of 5.7 degrees, and at ~100 Hz for a target of 10 degrees of angular size. These experimental results could prove valuable for the design of brighter visual displays and illumination sources that are temporally modulated.

The effects of torsion on horizontal motor fusion and stereopsis

To investigate the effects of ocular torsion on horizontal motor fusion and stereopsis in normal adults and to probe the effects of torsion on peripheral fusion, macular fusion and foveal fusion. Twenty-five normal adults aged 30–38 were enrolled in this study. During the synoptophore assessment, the break points (BP) and recovery points (RP) of convergent fusion (CF) and divergent fusion (DF) and random-dots stereopsis were measured and analyzed at intorsion and extorsion of 3°, 5°, 7°, and 9°. According to the different sizes of the retinal areas stimulated by the synoptophore slides, fusion was classified into three categories: peripheral fusion (p-F), macular fusion (m-F) and foveal fusion (f-F). The p-F, m-F and f-F were analyzed and compared at the same torsional angle. There were significant differences in BPCF, RPCF, BPDF and RPDF among different torsion angles (ANOVA, P < 0.05). The Tukey's multiple comparison test showed that BPCF and RPCF of p-F, m-F and f-F decreased significantly at extorsion and intorsion ≥ 5°, compared with baseline (0° torsion) (P < 0.05). Compared with the baseline, BP of DF decreased significantly at torsion angles ≥ 3°, ≥ 5° and ≥ 7° for p-F, m-F, and f-F, respectively (P < 0.05), and RP of DF decreased significantly at torsion angles ≥ 5°, ≥ 9° and ≥ 7° for p-F, m-F, and f-F, respectively (P < 0.05). Comparison among p-F, m-F and f-F revealed significant differences only in BPCF at an intorsion of 3°, extorsion of 3° and the baseline (ANOVA, P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in the proportion of subjects with different sizes of RDS at different torsional angles (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.000). Fine stereopsis was damaged with increasing torsion. Torsion within the normal range of cyclofusion affects the horizontal motor fusion of convergent and divergent fusion and stereopsis. Torsion ≥ 5° should be considered during strabismus surgery for regaining fine binocular vision.

Retinal misregistration and effect of surgery on its improvement in patients with epiretinal membrane

PurposeTo evaluate the prevalence of retinal misregistration, that is, misalignment of retinal elements that affect central and peripheral fusion, and the effect of surgery in patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM). MethodsThis prospective interventional case-series was performed on 32 patients with symptomatic ERM with the complaint of binocular diplopia or decreased visual acuity. After the diagnosis of ERM, optotype frame, synoptophore, and lights on-off tests were used to evaluate retinal misregistration. Patients with severe symptoms underwent surgery and were followed for 3 months. ResultsOf the 32 patients, 6 (19%) had preoperative diplopia. Optotype frame, synoptophore, and lights on-off tests had positive results in 20 (63%), 19 (63%), and 11 (34%) cases, respectively. Of the 6 diplopia cases, 5 showed positive results in all 3 tests and 1 was positive on optotype frame and synoptophore testing. Of the 26 cases without diplopia, 15 (58%) showed positive results in at least one test, including 6 (23%) in all three tests, 6 (23%) in two tests, and 3 (12%) in only one test. Ten patients underwent surgery. Postoperatively, all patients had negative lights on-off test, but optotype frame and synoptophore tests were negative in eight patients (80%). Two cases (20%) had postoperative diplopia, including 1 case with postoperative new-onset diplopia. ConclusionsThe prevalence of retinal misregistration was higher than the rate of diplopia. Surgery improved diplopia and results of tests of retinal misregistration.

Recent Development of π-Expanded Porphyrin Derivatives by Peripheral Ring Fusion

Recent Development of π-Expanded Porphyrin Derivatives by Peripheral Ring Fusion

Clinical Management of Monofixation Syndrome due to Microtropia

BACKGROUND: Monofixation syndrome is a binocular vision disorder characterized by peripheral fusion with a central suppression of one eye due to smallangle strabismus (microtropia) or anisometropic amblyopia. Reduced stereopsis and acuity are noted in the non-fixating eye. Although often left untreated due to good cosmetic appearance, central suppression and reduced stereopsis can affect visual performance, comfort, and depth perception. CASE REPORT: EJ, a 17-year-old Caucasian female was previously treated for amblyopia of the left eye (OS) with glasses and patching since age 8 with no improvement to vision. EJ experienced the following symptoms: blurred vision at near when reading, blurred vision at far distances, eye pain and fatigue, difficulty copying from the board, difficulty seeing at night while driving, and poor depth perception. Entering uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20-2 OD and 20/50-2 OS with Snellen Letter Chart. Near uncorrected acuity was 20/20 OD and 20/200 OS with a reduced Snellen chart at 40 cm. Microtropia of 2 to 12 prism diopters of esotropia, eccentric fixation on visuoscopy, and central suppression on various tests were measured. EJ was diagnosed with monofixation syndrome, monocular esotropia of the left eye, strabismic amblyopia of the left eye, suppression of binocular vision (OS), and fusion with defective stereopsis. The patient completed 19 sessions of in-office vision therapy with the practice of home reinforcement activities between therapy sessions. Visual performance was reassessed after 10 and 19 sessions of vision training with improvements noted in acuity, accommodation, oculomotor accuracy and speed, eye alignment, fusional vergence skills, and stereopsis. CONCLUSION: Optometric vision therapy can decrease suppression, improve central fusional ability, visual acuity, accommodative accuracy, and stereopsis in a patient with monofixation syndrome.

Management of patients with small-angle esotropia and subnormal stereopsis using Fresnel prism.

Monofixation syndrome (MFS) is a specific subnormal binocular vision status, either with or without a small deviation. Patients with MFS have a tendency to maintain stable ocular alignment. Correction of refractive errors and occlusion are considered as treatment option for amblyopia, and the status of MFS could be changed with long-term follow-up. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether a Fresnel prism affected the visual acuity, angle of deviation, and sensory status in small-angle esotropia with subnormal stereopsis presenting with MFS features. Patients with small-angle esotropia within 8 prism diopters (PD) on the simultaneous prism and cover test from 2010 to 2019 were reviewed. Patients with subnormal stereopsis defined as more than 100 s of arc (arcsec) and with the central suppression with peripheral fusion were only included. A Fresnel prism was applied to the dominant eye, and the minimum follow-up period after Fresnel prism treatment was 24months. We assessed patient clinical characteristics, course and response to therapy including visual acuity, angle of deviation, and stereopsis. Twenty patients with a mean age of 5.5 ± 1.4years were included. The mean duration of Fresnel prism treatment was 15.3 ± 10.3months. After 50.7 ± 17.2months of follow-up, VA of the non-dominant eye was changed from 0.26 ± 0.20 logMAR to 0.07 ± 0.17 logMAR (P < .001). The initial stereoacuities were 3.54 ± 0.27 log arcsec, ranged from 6000 to 400 arcsec. After the treatment with Fresnel prism, the final stereoacuities were 3.09 ± 0.58 log arcsec, ranged from 6000 to 100 arcsec (P = .001); nine patients (45%) improved stereoacuity more than two octaves. No changes in the angle of deviation or a change of fixation were observed. After use of Fresnel prism, there was some improvement in visual acuity and stereopsis in patients with MFS features. Following occlusion and refractive correction, management using Fresnel prism could be attempted in small-angle esotropic patients with amblyopia or subnormal stereopsis.

Peripheral image fusion: Contribution of the modeling of calcifications in the chronic arterial recanalisations

Peripheral image fusion: Contribution of the modeling of calcifications in the chronic arterial recanalisations

Minimally invasive far lateral debridement combined with posterior instrumentation for thoracic and lumbar tuberculosis without severe kyphosis

BackgroundAnti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) alone cannot easily cure spine tuberculosis (STB) though it is the most essential treatment. Many studies have confirmed the efficacy of the surgical treatment of STB through anterior, anterolateral, posterior debridement, and intervertebral fusion or combined with internal fixation. However, the conventional surgical approach requires extensive exposure of the affected areas with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Recently, minimally invasive surgery has come into use to reduce iatrogenic trauma and relevant complications. Here, we introduced a novel technique for the treatment of thoracic and lumbar spine tuberculosis: minimally invasive far lateral debridement and posterior instrumentation (MI-FLDPI). In this study, we evaluated the technical feasibility, the clinical outcomes, and the postoperative complications.MethodsWe did a prospective, non-randomized study on this new technique. Twenty three patients (13 males) with thoracic or lumbar spine tuberculosis who underwent minimally invasive far lateral debridement and posterior instrumentation were included in the study. The preoperative comorbidities, operation duration, intra-operative hemorrhage, Cobb’s angles, and postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), neurological recovery, and eradication of tuberculosis. Radiological outcomes were evaluated by changes in Cobb’s angle and fusion status of the affected segments.ResultsThe patients were followed for an average of 19 months (ranging from 12 to 36 months). At the final follow-up, CRP and ESR of all patients were normal. The VAS and ODI were significantly improved compared with preoperative values (P < 0.05). No evident progression of the kyphotic deformity was found after surgery. Twenty two patients showed spontaneous peripheral interbody fusion 1 year after surgery. There were no failure of the instrumentation even though a young female with drug-resistant tuberculosis showed no sign of interbody fusion at the third year follow-up. All the patients with preoperative neurological deficit showed complete recovery at the final follow-up.ConclusionsMI-FLDPI using expandable tubular retractor could be recommended to treat thoracic and lumbar spine tuberculosis for the advantages of less trauma, earlier recovery, and less complications. Spontaneous peripheral interbody fusion was observed in nearly all the cases even without bone grafting.

Risk factors for excessive postoperative exo-drift after unilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection for intermittent exotropia

BackgroundTo detect significant factors associated with excessive postoperative exo-drift in young patients with intermittent exotropia who had undergone unilateral lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection.MethodsWe retrospectively examined the records of 64 consecutive patients < 18 years old who underwent surgery between April 2004 and December 2011. We sought risk factors for excessive postoperative exo-drift among patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics using univariate and multivariable linear regression analysis.ResultsYounger patients (P = 0.007), and those with larger preoperative exo-deviation at distance (P = 0.033), a lower incidence of peripheral fusion at distance (P = 0.021) or a greater postoperative initial eso-deviation (P = 0.001), were significantly more likely to have an excessive postoperative exo-drift (> 20 prism diopters). Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between excessive postoperative exo-drift and age at surgery (P = 0.004), preoperative exo-deviation at distance (P = 0.017) and postoperative initial eso-deviation at distance (P < 0.001). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that postoperative initial eso-deviation at distance (P = 0.008) was significantly associated with postoperative exo-drift.ConclusionsPostoperative exodrift in unilateral RR is predicted by the initial postoperative eso-deviation, which may offset the overcorrection. However, the exo-drift is greater in cases with a large preoperative exo-deviation and/or at a younger age, and should be followed carefully.

Iron complex of a quadruply fused porphyrin: Synthesis, structure and redox properties

An iron(II) complex of a quadruply ring-fused porphyrin (QFP), Fe-1, in which four mesityl groups were introduced at the periphery to improve the solubility in organic solvents, has been newly synthesized and characterized. In the pyridine solution, two pyridine molecules bind to the low-spin Fe[Formula: see text] center of Fe-1 as axial ligands to make the complex stable even under air. Characterization of Fe-1 was performed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF-MS spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The 1H NMR signals of Fe-1 were observed in the diamagnetic region, reflecting the low-spin state of the FeII center. In the differential pulse voltammogram of Fe-1, three oxidation waves and four reduction waves were observed in pyridine; the first oxidation wave at -0.08 V vs. Fc/Fc[Formula: see text] can be ascribed to the oxidation process of the FeII center, FeII/FeIII, and other six waves can be assigned to the redox processes of the QFP ligand. Furthermore, the ESR measurement of 1e[Formula: see text]-reduced Fe-1 upon controlled-potential bulk electrolysis in pyridine exhibited a signal at [Formula: see text] = 2.003 with a well-resolved 45-line hyperfine splitting at room temperature, due to the coupling with four nitrogen nuclei and twelve hydrogen ones of the QFP ligand. This indicates that the ligand radical anion of Fe-1 is stabilized by delocalization of the spin density owing to the peripheral ring fusion and resultant expansion of the [Formula: see text]-conjugation.

Clinical Features and Prognosis of 188 Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia-M2

To summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with acute myeloid leukemia-type M2 (AML-M2) and analyze the factors affecting the prognosis. One hundred eighty-eight AML-M2 patients were retrospectively analyzed for the following parameters including peripheral blood, immune phenotypes, fusion genes and cytogenetics to explore their significance for the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The prognostic factors were also analyzed. Among 188 patients with AML-M2, the chromosomal abnormality with t (8;21), normal chromosome and other abnormalities accounted for 37% (70/188), 41% (77/188) and 22% (41/188), respectively. For the immunopheno typing of M2 patients, the hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation antigen CD117 (96.1%) were mainly expressed, CD34 (81.6%) and HLA-DR (55.9%), and myeloid-associated antigen of CD13 (90.5%) and CD33 (89.4%) were also highly expressed. There were lymphoid-associated antigens expressed in some patients, among which the positive expression rate of CD19 was highest (29.6%), and the next was CD7 (28.5%). The most common accompanied mutations was FLT3 mutation (30.2%). The univariate analysis showed that the patients at age＜50 years old, without extramedullary infiltration, with positive expression of CD19, NPM-1 (-), CEBPA double mutation(+), and HSCT were significant superior in OS and PFS (P＜0.05); the multivariate analysis showed that the patient at age＜50 years old, without extramedullary infiltration, with positive expression of CD19 and CEBPA double mutation (+) were significant superior in OS and PFS (P＜0.05). The analysis indicated that the Karytypes affected only OS (P＜0.05), while the NPM-1 gene mutation positive affected only PFS (P＜0.05). The univarate analysis of factors affecting the survival in 70 AML-M2 patients with t (8;21) abnormatity showed that the C-KIT gene mutation was a poor factor for OS and PFS. The clinical characteristics are different between M2 patients with different karyotype, and prognostic analysis shows that the karytypes have an impact on overall survival; age, extramedullary infiltration, CD19 expression and CEBPA double mutation are also the main factors impacting the prognosis of patients.

Model of a Support Vector Machine to Assess the Functional Cure for Surgery of Intermittent Exotropia

In this paper the optimum timing for the postoperative functional cure of basic intermittent exotropia is explored based on support vector machine (SVM). One hundred and thirty-two patients were recruited in this prospective cross-sectional study with 6 months of follow-up. Examinations included angle of deviation, central and peripheral fusion, controllability, and near and distance stereopsis. Influencing factors of postoperative alignment and stereopsis were analyzed with a chi-squared test and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. At 6 months post-operation, there were 84 successful procedures for the angle of deviation, with 4 overcorrections and 44 undercorrections. The success rate was 63.6%. The angle of deviation on postoperative day 1 was the only significant associated factor. One hundred and thirty patients had normal near stereoacuity, 60 had normal distance stereoacuity according to a Functional Visual Analyzer assessment, and 108 had normal stereoacuity as assessed by the Frisby Davis Distance (FD2) stereotest. The age of onset and preoperative distance stereoacuity with FD2 were the influencing factors of postoperative distance stereopsis restoration. The accuracy of this method of SVM was 82.1%. The angle of deviation for distance on postoperative day 1 was the only significant factor that correlated with alignment at 6 months post-operation, and the model of SVM was useful to determine the optimal time of the postoperative functional cure.

Relevant factors of successful surgery in the basic type of intermittent exotropia

Objective To explore the relevant factors of functionally healing the basic type of intermittent exotropia. Methods A prospective observation study was designed.One hundred and thirty-two cases with basic type of intermittent exotropia in Tianjin Eye Hospital from August 2015 to March 2016.Pre- and post-operation examinations to each patient, including the tests of ocular alignment, Worth four-dot test at 2 m and 33 cm, Titmus, functional visual analyzer (FVA), Frisby Davis distance (FD2) were used to explore the influencing factors of postoperative eye position and stereoscopic reconstruction, and to find the cutoff point of surgery.This study followed the Declaration of Helsinki.This study protocol was approved by Ethic Committee of Tianjin Eye Hospital (No.YKLL-2015-8-21). Written informed consent was obtained from each patient or guardian prior to entering study cohort. Results At 6 months postoperatively, there were 84 cases of orthopedic position, 4 cases of overcorrection and 44 cases of undercorrection.The success rate was 63.6%.The deviation at day 1 and peripheral fusion function were statistically significant to postoperative eye position (b=-0.093, P=0.037; b=0.725, P=0.017). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.645, which showed that the result of Worth four-dot test at 33 cm had lower diagnostic value.Seventy-two cases with eye position between 0 and + 10 PD at 1 day postoperatively were all successful in eye position at 6 months postoperatively.The postoperative eye position was the influencing factor for postoperative distance stereo with FVA (χ2=4.036, P=0.045). The age of onset and the preoperative distance stereoacuity with FD2 were the influencing factors of postoperative distance stereo reconstruction (b=-0.213, P=0.023; b=0.021, P=0.036). The area under the ROC curve of the age of onset and the preoperative distance stereoacuity with FD2 was 0.257 and 0.752, respectively.The former had no diagnostic value, and the latter had a medium diagnostic value.The best cutoff point was 22.5″ with FD2 at 6 m. Conclusions Success rate of postoperative eye position is affected by the postoperative deviation at day 1.The optimal deviation at post-operation day 1 is 0-10 PD.Postoperative distance stereopsis is improved well and the surgery should be done before the distance stereoacuity is decreased to 22.5″ with FD2 at 6 m. Key words: Exotropia/surgery; Oculomotor muscles/surgery; Binocular vision; Stereopsis

Visual Performance as a Function of Luminance in Glaucoma: The De Vries-Rose, Weber's, and Ferry-Porter's Law.

To determine whether the De Vries-Rose, Weber's, and Ferry-Porter's law, which describe visual performance as a function of luminance, also hold in patients with glaucoma. A case-control study with 19 glaucoma patients and 45 controls, all with normal visual acuity. We measured foveal and peripheral contrast sensitivity (CS) using static perimetry and foveal and peripheral critical fusion frequency (CFF; stimulus diameter 1°) as a function of luminance (0.02 to 200 cd/m2). ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of glaucoma and luminance on CS and CFF; analyses were adjusted for age and sex. Foveally, logCS was proportional to log luminance at lower luminances (de Vries-Rose) and saturated at higher luminances (Weber); glaucoma patients had a 0.4 log unit lower logCS than controls (P < 0.001), independent of luminance. Peripherally, the difference was more pronounced at lower luminances (P = 0.007). CFF was linearly related to log luminance (Ferry-Porter). Glaucoma patients had a lower CFF compared with controls (P < 0.001), with a smaller slope of the CFF versus log luminance curve, for both the fovea (6.8 vs. 8.7 Hz/log unit; P < 0.001) and the periphery (2.5 vs. 3.4 Hz/log unit; P = 0.012). Even in apparently intact areas of the visual field, visual performance is worse in glaucoma patients than in healthy subjects for a wide range of luminances, without a clear luminance dependency that is consistent across the various experiments. This indicates impaired signal processing downstream in the retina and beyond, rather than an impaired light adaptation in the strictest sense.

Synthesis of Carbazole-Based Porphyrin Oligomers

Fused porphyrins show NIR absorption because they have larger p-conjugation system than regular porphyrins. General fused porphyrins have been synthesized by the peripheral oxidative fusion reaction of the porphyrin skeleton. On the other hand, we successfully synthesized carbazole-based porphyrin via the annulation reaction of butadiyne-bridged carbazole dimer and the subsequent oxidation of the isophlorin. The carbazole-based porphyrin shows strong NIR absorption due to the effect of the quadruple benzo-fusion. We have synthesized several carbazole-based porphyrins, and effective substituent effect was observed at the carbazole moieties. Therefore, we then tried to oligomerize the carbazole-based porphyrin at the carbazole moieties. Four kinds of carbazole-based diporphyrins were synthesized, and their photophysical properties were investigated. As a result, thiophene-bridged diporphyrin was found to show strong intramolecular electron coupling. Furthermore, cyclic porphyrin trimer and tetramer with thiophene linkages were synthesized. All the molecules show NIR absorption. It is worth to note that the spectra of oligomers show broad and red-shifted NIR band as compared to the monomer, which indicates strong intramolecular electronic interaction. Figure 1

Clinical features and surgical outcomes of acute acquired comitant esotropia

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) type Ⅱ(AACE-Ⅱ) and type Ⅲ (AACE-Ⅲ). Methods: Retrospective case series analysis. Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent strabismus surgery for AACE-Ⅱ and AACE-Ⅲ in Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University between January 2011 and June 2016 with a minimum follow-up time of 3 months were collected. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmological and orthoptic examination to exclude esotropia resulting from other reasons, and a systemic assessment to exclude AACE related to intracranial and systemic diseases. Surgical procedures were determined according to the esodeviations measured at distance and near and the different dominant eye of patients. A successful surgical alignment was defined as the distant and near deviation in the primary gaze within 8 prism diopters (PD) of orthophoria and no diplopia. Results: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in this study, including 17 males and 12 females. The mean age of the patients was 22.14±15.13 years (range, 5-63 years). The median corrected visual acuity (LogMAR) of patients with AACE-Ⅱwas 0 (range, 0.22 to 0), and that of patients with AACE-Ⅲ was 0 (range, 0.10 to 0). The median esodeviation of patients with AACE-Ⅱ at distance was 35 PD (range, 10 to 55 PD), and that at near was 35 PD (range, 20 to 60 PD). The median esodeviation of patients with AACE-Ⅲ at distance was 30 PD (range, 12 to 50 PD), and that at near was 30 PD (range, 6 to 50 PD). When tested with the red filter test preoperatively, all the patients had an uncrossed horizontal diplopia with the same distance in left and right lateral fixations. With a mean follow-up time of 12.0±12.6 months, of all the 29 patients, 24 patients (83%) achieved successful surgical alignment after one surgery, and 5 patients (17%) were undercorrected or had recurrence, in whom 4 were successfully aligned after repeated surgery (performed at a mean of 3.5 months after the first surgery) and 1 was treated with the Fresnel press-on prism. At the last follow-up, of all the 28 patients successfully aligned, 20 (71%) regained bifoveal fusion, 8 (29%) regained peripheral fusion, 17 (61%) regained normal stereopsis (stereoacuity ≤60"), and 11 regained a certain degree of stereopsis (stereoacuity 80"-400"). The constituent ratio of biocular central fusion and peripheral fusion in patients with AACE-Ⅱ had no significant difference from patients with AACE-Ⅲ (χ(2)=0.235, P>0.05), and the constituent ratio of central stereopsis, macular stereopsis, and peripheral stereopsis in patients with AACE-Ⅱ had no significant difference from patients with AACE-Ⅲ (χ(2)=0.762, P>0.05). Conclusions: All patients exhibited the typical features of AACE, which included an acute onset of diplopia and comitant esotropia, a wide range of onset age of the patients, normal corrected visual acuity and ocular movements, a mean moderate level of esodeviation with a wide range, and a good binocular potential. According to the esodeviations measured at distance and near and the different dominant eye of patients, good oculomotor alignment and perceptual outcomes may be obtained in patients with AACE-Ⅱand AACE-Ⅲ. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 908-916).