Peripheral Blood Indices Research Articles

Changes of cell structure and biochemical indices of peripheral blood of children having acute lymphoblastic leukosis when undergoing polychemotherapy

Changes of cell structure and biochemical indices of peripheral blood of children having acute lymphoblastic leukosis when undergoing polychemotherapy

Leucocyte indices of peripheral blood and their significance in chronic tonsillitis severity assessment and prognosis

Chronic tonsillitis is rather common disease accompanied with both changes in palatine tonsils and the intense organism intoxication. At present there are no strong diagnostics criteria for intoxication degree in this disease. The article provides the data about leucocyte indices of the peripheral blood and the expression of the intoxication degree in chronic tonsillitis. The provided data make it possible to predict the course of the disease, treatment methods and possible complications.

Simple Febrile Convulsion and Iron Deficiency Anemia A Co-relation in Nepalese Children

Simple febrile convulsion is the most common central nervous system disease seen in children. There are hypotheses that thresh hold of neuron excitation maybe affected by iron deficiency anemia. This study was done to find out a co-relation between iron deficiency anemia and simple febrile convulsion. The prospective comparative study was conducted at Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal 162 children admitted in the pediatric ward were selected and divided into two groups, febrile convulsion (Cases) and other causes of fever with no convulsion (Control). Blood was sent for each child for complete blood count, peripheral smear blood indices and iron profile. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 19. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The patients and controls were 22.55 ±10.220 and 21.64±12.959 months of mean age, respectively. The peak of mean temperature on admission was in the febrile convulsion group than controls. (57/92) 61.95 % of cases and 15/70) 21.42% of controls anemic (P< 0.001). Moreover, the group with febrile convulsion had significantly lower blood indices, such as Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW, compared to control group (P< 0.001).Iron deficiency anemia was significantly higher in cases compared to controls(p<0.001) Iron supplementation can probably increase the threshold of neuron excitation in fever and help prevent febrile convulsion in children.

Effect of Bear Bile Powder and Its Succedaneum on Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Megakaryocytes in Mouse Model with Thrombocytopenia Induced by Cytosine Arabinoside

To investigate the effect of bear bile powder and ursodesxy cholic acid (UDCA) on peripheral blood, bone marrow megakaryocyte and immune organs in mouse model with thrombocytopenia, so as to provide a reference for studying the curative effects of bear bile powder and its succedaneum on thrombocytopenic purpura (TP). The mouse model with thrombocytopenia indued by cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) was established, a total of 70 mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, prednisone group, bear bile (middle and high dose) powder group and UDCA (middle and high dose) group. From the first day of making model mice in the each group, 0.4 ml/(20 g·d) corresponding drug was administered by infusion. At day 10 after treatment the peripheral blood, spleen and thymus organ index, the number of bone marrow megakaryocyte in each group were compared. compared with the normal group, the Plt, WBC and megakaryocyte counts in model group decreased, the spleen index increased obviously (P<0.05), but the WBC count returned to normal by 10 days; after treatment, compared with model group, the Plt, WBC and megakaryocyte counts of treated groups increased, spleen index decreased significantly (P<0.05), but the WBC count in prednisone group decreased, which in bear bile powder (high) group and UDCA (high) group were particularly significant. The bear bile powder and UDCA have been confirmed to have therapeutical effect on thrombocytopenia models induced by Ara-C, UDCA can substitute bear bile powder as a treatment drug for thrombocytopenic purpura.

Estimation of General Toxicity and Immunological Safety of a Novel Therapeutic Vaccine Against Human Papillomavirus-Assosiated Diseases

The aim of the investigation was to study in experiment total toxicity and immunological safety of a novel domestic therapeutic vaccine against recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and anogenital condylomatosis, the vaccine injected intramuscularly. Materials and Methods. We studied acute toxicity of the vaccine by the following parameters: clinical presentation of intoxication, median lethal dose size, the change of body weight of the surviving animals; chronic toxicity — by dynamics of general condition of the animals, body weight, hematological and biochemical indices of peripheral blood, functional status of central nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidneys, as well as pathomorphological changes of viscera. Allergenicity was studied by systemic and active cutaneous anaphylactic tests. We assessed immunotoxicity by direct a hemagglutination assay and a delayed-type hypersensitivity test, as well as by neutrophilic activity using luminal-dependent chemiluminescence. Proliferative activity of Вand Т-lymphocytes to lipopolysaccharides and concanavalin А (ConА) was estimated in a direct immunofluorescence test using immunocytochemical assay with anti-Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies. Results. Mean lethal doses (LD50) were not reached in white outbread rats injected intramuscularly by the tested vaccine at a maximum possible single dose (25 ml/kg). Multi-dose administration to white outbread rats and chinchilla rabbits at doses of 0.043; 0.43; 0.86 ml/kg and 0.023; 0.23; 0.4 ml/kg respectively, did not cause significant damage of functional status of basal organs and systems of experimental animals. The findings of systemic anaphylaxis and active cutaneous anaphylactic response to the vaccine in albino guinea pigs at the doses of 0.033 and 0.33 ml/kg intramuscularly indicated the vaccine to exhibit no allergenic properties. Intramuscular vaccine injected to first filial hybrid mice (СВА×С57BL/6)F1 at the doses of 0.084; 2.5 and 25 ml/kg showed neither significant increase or decrease of inflammatory response intensity relating to reference values. The vaccine at the doses of 0.084 and 2.5 ml/kg did not cause any changes of vaccination titer (IgG), phagocytic activity, spontaneous or induced blastic transformation of lymphocytes compared to the control group. The vaccine administered at the dose of 25 ml/kg significantly reduced the antibody formation level relating to the controls, as well as produced a suppressive effect on spontaneous and induced phagocytic activity resulting in the significant reduction of ConА-induced proliferative activity of Т-lymphocytes by the number of Ki-67 positive cells compared to the control group. Conclusion. The animal study of different types of general toxicity of the vaccine against recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and anogenital condylomatosis, the vaccine injected intramuscularly, showed the vaccine to be low toxic and immunologically safe in the dose range from 0.033 to 2.5 ml/kg.

Evaluation of local immunity and level of endogenous intoxication in patients with generalized periodontitis and concomitant chlamydia infection

It is defined the differences between the state of non-specific organism’s resistance and the level of endogenous intoxication in patients with generalized periodontitis (GP) and concomitant chlamydia infection. A thorough laboratory examination of 164 patients with GP of I and II stages of chronic course was conducted. To study the protective properties of periodontal tissue, nature of inflammatory response, level of phagocytosis we used the Yasinovskiy’s test (calculated migration of leukocytes in the oral cavity), we determined the concentration of lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A levels in oral fluid. In order to determine the overall redox activity of neutrophils we determined the rate of NBT test in peripheral blood and leukocytic intoxication index have been calculated from the results of complete blood count with the help of special formula. Taking into account the results of laboratory examination of patients, we found that the presence of chronic chlamydial infection damages the periodontal tissues greatly. More expressed lesion is confirmed by the increasing number of leukocytes emigration in 1.67 times, desquamation of epithelial cells - 1.25 times), decreased levels of lysozyme in 1.19 times and sIgA - to 1.22 times, the increasing of the level of endogenous intoxication, increasing of the total redox activity of neutrophils compared with those patients without comorbidity.

Mechanism of radioprotection by δ-tocotrienol: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and modulation of signalling pathways

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between in vivo δ-tocotrienol (DT3) pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and radiation protection, and to evaluate the effect of DT3 pre-treatment on radiation-induced alterations in apoptotic and autophagic pathways. We evaluated pharmacokinetics (plasma, 0.5 to 12 h) and pharmacodynamics (peripheral blood indices; day 3, 7, 10 and 14) after a single subcutaneous injection of 300 mg kg(-1) DT3 in unirradiated CD2F1 mice. Next, we monitored 30-day post-irradiation survival (9.25 Gy) and haematopoietic recovery of DT3-treated mice (7 Gy) exposed to cobalt-60 γ-irradiation. The effects of DT3 on irradiated bone marrow apoptosis and autophagy were determined by analyses of key caspases (3, 7, 9 and 8), beclin-1 and light chain 3 conversion. Plasma concentration of DT3 reached ∼195 µM (Cmax) 1 h after injection (Tmax), and DT3 was eliminated from plasma 12 h later. In unirradiated mice, DT3 significantly increased white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, lymphocytes (day 3 post DT3 injection) and platelets (day 7) by 1.5- to 2-fold, over vehicle-treated control. DT3 pre-treatment improved 30-day survival to 100% (∼15% in control) and accelerated recovery of reticulocytes, platelets, WBCs, neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood. DT3 reduced activation of caspase-8, caspase-3 and caspase-7, inherent to apoptosis, while increasing autophagy-related beclin-1 expression in irradiated bone marrow. These data indicate that DT3 stimulates multilineage haematopoiesis, protects against radiation-induced apoptosis downstream of the mitochondria and stimulates cytoprotective autophagy. Apart from a potent antioxidant activity, DT3 may elicit survival advantage following irradiation by enhancing haematopoiesis and modulating signalling pathways.

Impact of the water treated with silevit on the indices of peripheral blood of irradiated animals

We have investigated the impact of the water treated with silevit on oxidative homeostasis and the composition of peripheral blood of mice irradiated at a dose of 1.0 Gy. It has been found that the course consumption by animals of water modified with silevit results in a decrease of the intensity of free-radical processes in peripheral blood and the change of its cellular composition.

Analysis of Related Factors of Malignant Clone Burden of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes

AbstractAbstract 4979 ObjectiveTo investigate the related factors of the malignant clone burden of patients with Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and explore the risk factors of cytogenetic evolution of MDS. MethodsSeventy-three cases of MDS patients were enrolled in this study who received treatment in the hematological department of General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from 2004 to 2009. Statistics methods such as t-test, Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the correlation between the malignant clone burden and its related factors such as bone marrow dysplasia, peripheral blood and iron metabolism indexes. Furthermore, the risk factors of cytogenetic evolution of MDS were also analyzed. ResultsOdd number-nucleus erythrocytes, double-nucleus granulocytes, hypolobated neutrophils were significantly correlated to high malignant clone burden (P<0.05). PAS positive patients and patients with dysplasia in three myeloid lineages, blasts in peripheral blood exhibited significantly higher malignant clone burden (P<0.05). Patients with abnormal karyotype presented significantly higher level of serum ferritin and lower level of unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) than those with normal karyotype (P<0.05). Odd number-nucleus erythrocytes, megaloblastic granulocytes and high myeloid differentiation index (DI) are risk factors indicating cytogenetic evolution of MDS patients. ConclusionThe indexes of high malignant clone burden of MDS include: odd number-nucleus erythrocytes, double-nucleus granulocytes, hypolobated neutrophils, dysplasia in three myeloid lineages, blasts in peripheral blood, positive PAS, high level of serum ferritin and low level of UIBC. The risk factors of cytogenetic evolution of MDS include: odd number-nucleus erythrocytes, megaloblastic granulocytes and high myeloid DI. Disclosures:No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Peripheral blood effects in benzene-exposed workers

The hematotoxic effects of benzene exposure may be important in the occurrence of subsequent health effects. We sought to provide further information on peripheral blood effects by studying 928 workers in five factories in and around Shanghai, China exposed to a wide range of benzene concentrations. Specifically, we sought to investigate which blood indices are more strongly related to benzene exposure and which concentration levels of benzene result in peripheral blood changes. Lifestyle habits and demographic information was obtained via questionnaire, and potentially important genetic influences were determined by assessing single nucleotide polymorphisms in four genes (NQO1, MPO, CYP2E1, GSTT1). Weekly benzene exposure estimated from individual monitoring results ranged from 0.07 to 872 mg/m 3 with a median value of 7.4 mg/m 3. Twelve peripheral blood indices were examined. Stronger effects on peripheral blood were seen for red cell indices such as anemia and macrocytosis, albeit at higher (>10 ppm) exposure levels. The most sensitive parameters to benzene appeared to be neutrophils and the mean platelet volume (MPV), where effects were seen for benzene air concentrations of 7.8–8.2 ppm. Toluene exposure is a potential confounder for some peripheral blood effects, pointing to the need to scrutinize levels of both compounds in the occupational environment.

Is there a relationship between skin erythema and fatigue in women undergoing irradiation after breast conserving surgery for early breast cancer? A prospective study

Aim: A prospective study was conducted to determine whether any relationship exits between skin erythema, fatigue and biological factors during and after adjuvant radiotherapy for early breast cancer. Methods: Breast erythema was assessed objectively using reflectance spectrophotometry. Fatigue was recorded utilising the functional assessment of cancer therapy fatigue subscale. A number of potential systemic indicators (biological factors) of the effects of radiotherapy was measured, including circulating cytokines, coagulation factors, peripheral blood indices and biochemistry. Measurements for erythema, fatigue and biological factors were taken at baseline and intervals during and following completion of radiotherapy. Results: A total of 52 eligible patients was included in the analysis. Breast erythema was shown to progressively increase during treatment, peaking on day 36 and returning to baseline by 4 months post-irradiation. Fatigue also progressively increased during treatment, reaching a plateau between day 22 and 2 weeks post-radiotherapy. A statistically significant association was demonstrated between total breast erythema and fatigue at days 4, 8, 22 and 29 of irradiation and 2 and 6 weeks post-radiotherapy. When only the increase in erythema attributable to radiotherapy was considered, statistically significant associations remained for day 4 of irradiation and 2 and 6 weeks post-radiotherapy. When multiple time points were considered together, an association between increased erythema and fatigue was present only post-radiotherapy. No relationship was demonstrated between the biological factors and erythema or fatigue during radiotherapy. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a significant and consistent relationship between radiotherapy-induced breast erythema and fatigue, particularly in the period immediately following breast irradiation.

DNA Damage after Acute and Chronic Treatment with Malathion in Rats

Malathion is an insecticide widely used in agriculture and in public health programs that when used indiscriminately in large amounts can cause environmental pollution and risk to human health. However, it is possible that during the metabolism of malathion, reactive oxygen species can be generated, and malathion may produce oxidative stress in intoxicated rats that can be responsible for alterations in DNA molecules related in some studies. As a result, the present study aimed to investigate the DNA damage of cerebral tissue and peripheral blood in rats after acute and chronic malathion exposure. We used single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) to measure early damage in hippocampus and peripheral blood and the Micronucleus test in total erythrocytes samples. Malathion was administered intraperitoneally once a day for one day (acute) or for 28 days (chronic) protocols (in both protocols, malathion was administered at 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg). Our results showed that malathion (100 and 150 mg/kg) increased the DNA damage index in the peripheral blood and in the hippocampus after both chronic and acute treatment. Malathion increased the frequency of micronuclei only in chronic treatment at 150 mg/kg dose, and induced a cytotoxic dose-dependent decrease in the frequency of polychromatic erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of rats. In conclusion, since malathion increased both the peripheral blood and hippocampus DNA damage index using the Comet assay and increased the frequency of micronuclei in the total peripheral blood, it can be regarded as a potential mutagen/carcinogenic agent.

Maturation arrest of neutrophils—a possible reason for the leucopenia in sodium selenite induced sub-chronic selenosis in cow calves

The effect of long-term administration of sodium selenite on leucocyte indices of peripheral blood of calves was determined. Nine calves, 9–12 months old, with an average body weight of 104 kg were divided into three groups. Calves of groups 2 and 3 were administered with sodium selenite at 0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg body weight for 98 consecutive days. The clinical signs characteristic of selenosis viz. alopecia, cracking of hooves, intradigital lesions and discoloration of hard palate, started appearing from 45 to 60 days onwards with high dose, whereas only subtle indications of toxicosis were observed in the low-dose group. The prolonged administration of sodium selenite produced a progressive and dose-dependent decline in the circulating leucocyte count with concomitant decline in the circulating neutrophil count. There was a high negative correlation (0.94) between blood selenium levels and neutrophils. Granulocyte/agranulocyte ratio was also significantly reduced in the treated animals. Evaluation of bone marrow smears revealed a decline in the myeloid to erythroid ratio. In addition, there was also maturation arrest of neutrophils at promyelocyte or myelocyte level as shown by differential granulocyte count in the bone marrow. The results indicated that host's immune response may be adversely affected.

Insights into age- and sickle-cell-disease- interaction using principal components analysis

BackgroundIn the context of sickle cell anemia, peripheral blood indexes provide key information that is also potentially influenced by age. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the extent and nature of interactions between sickle cell anemia and age, especially in situations where there is a high prevalence of sickle cell anemia.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study of 374 subjects with varying hemoglobin S (HbS) status, we characterized the interaction between age and sickle hemoglobin using principal components analysis.ResultsFactor analysis in subjects with hemoglobin AA identified three orthogonal factors – normal erythropoiesis, presence of thalassemia and the aggregability potential of the blood. These three factors were differentially associated with hemoglobin status. Age influenced the association of factors #2 and #3 with hemoglobin status.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the interaction between age and hemoglobin status needs to be considered in both clinical and public health settings.

T cells and protein nutrition in hospitalized surgical patients

Percentage and number of T cells in peripheral blood and severe indices of protein nutrition were assessed in a random sample of 51 hospitalized surgical patients. Whole blood counts of the patients' lymphocytes and E rosette tests (after separation of lymphocytes from whole blood on Ficoll-Metrizoate) showed no difference from a control group of well-nourished people attending hospital for minor complaints. In general there was no consistent relationship between the level of protein nutrition and low T cell numbers, except for 5 malnourished patients tested less than 1 week after major surgery. Although a group of 11 patients who fulfilled the criteria for 'malnutrition' had normal T cell numbers, the percentage of T cells was significantly higher and the number of total lymphocytes was significantly lower than in the controls.

Biomarkers Predicting Response to Corticosteroid Therapy in Asthma

International guidelines on the management of asthma support the early introduction of corticosteroids to control symptoms and to improve lung function by reducing airway inflammation. However, not all individuals respond to corticosteroids to the same extent and it would be an advantage to be able to predict the response to corticosteroid treatment. Several biomarkers have been assessed following treatment with corticosteroids including measures of lung function, peripheral blood and sputum indices of inflammation, exhaled gases and breath condensates. The most widely examined measures in predicting a response to corticosteroids are airway hyperresponsiveness, exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and induced sputum. Of these, sputum eosinophilia has been demonstrated to be the best predictor of a short-term response to corticosteroids. More importantly, directing treatment at normalizing the sputum eosinophil count can substantially reduce severe exacerbations. The widespread utilization of sputum induction is hampered because the procedure is relatively labor intensive. The measurement of eNO is simpler, but incorporating the assessment of NO in an asthma management strategy has not led to a reduction in exacerbation rates. The challenge now is to either simplify the measurement of a sputum eosinophilia or to identify another inflammatory marker with a similar efficacy as the sputum eosinophil count in predicting both the short- and long-term responses to corticosteroids.

Combination of inhibitors of lymphocyte activation (hydroxyurea, trimidox, and didox) and reverse transcriptase (didanosine) suppresses development of murine retrovirus-induced lymphoproliferative disease

The ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) has demonstrated some benefit as a component of drug cocktails for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. However, HU is notoriously myelosuppressive and often administered only as salvage therapy to patients with late-stage disease, potentially exacerbating the bone marrow toxicity of HU. In this report we have compared the antiviral effects of HU and two novel RR inhibitors trimidox (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime) and didox (3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid) in combination with didanosine (2,3-didoxyinosine; ddI) in the LPBM5 MuLV retrovirus model (murine AIDS). We also evaluated the effects of these drug combinations on the hematopoietic tissues of LPBM5 MuLV-infected animals. The combination of RR inhibitors and ddI was extremely effective (DX > TX > HU) in inhibiting development of retrovirus-induced disease (splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, activated B-splenocytes and loss of splenic architecture). In addition, relative levels of proviral DNA were significantly lower in combination drug-treated animals compared to infected controls. Evaluation of femur cellularity, numbers of marrow-derived myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM and BFU-E) and peripheral blood indices revealed that TX and DX in combination with ddI were well-tolerated. However, treatment with HU and ddI induced moderate myelosuppression. These data demonstrate that RR inhibitors in combination with ddI provide significant protection against retroviral disease in murine AIDS. Moreover, the novel RR inhibitors TX and DX appear to be more effective and less myelosuppressive than HU when administered with ddI in this model.

Fatigue during breast radiotherapy and its relationship to biological factors

Introduction Fatigue is commonly reported in patients receiving radiotherapy for breast conservation, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods Patients with early breast cancer participating in a prospective study of the impact of inflammatory processes on early and delayed breast morbidity were assessed for fatigue levels using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) fatigue subscale before and at intervals during and after radiotherapy. Blood for analysis of a variety of circulating cytokines, coagulation factors, peripheral blood indices and biochemical factors was collected at the same time points. Results Fifty-two eligible patients were assessed. Twenty-one patients (43%) developed significant fatigue during radiotherapy, whereas 28 (54%) developed minimal or no fatigue. Fatigue appeared to plateau between week 4 of treatment and 2 weeks after treatment. The fatigue was beginning to settle by 6 weeks after treatment. Significant fatigue was predicted by a higher baseline fatigue score, red cell count, neutrophil count, and D-dimer level. Baseline fatigue correlated with higher body mass index, C-reactive protein, soluble thrombomodulin, tissue plasminogen activator, von Willebrand factor antigen, interleukin-6, ICAM-1, hemoglobin and red cell, monocyte, and neutrophil counts. There were also significant correlations between body mass index and tissue plasminogen activator, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, ICAM-1, and red cell count. After these factors were controlled for, baseline fatigue was seen to be associated with higher body mass index, soluble thrombomodulin, tissue plasminogen activator, von Willebrand factor antigen, monocyte count, and neutrophil count. Multiple logistic regression procedures indicated that the most predictive factors for fatigue during radiotherapy were higher baseline fatigue level and higher baseline neutrophil and red cell counts. Conclusion This study has shown that significant fatigue is common in patients receiving breast irradiation and is precipitated during radiotherapy in some patients but not others. The factors shown to be associated with fatigue in this study will be helpful in shaping future studies.

Utility of a routine medical surveillance program with benzene exposed workers.

A medical surveillance program of benzene-exposed workers has to be established in such a way as to observe early signs of benzene-induced cytopenia, pancytopenia, or leukemia. This study evaluates the utility of routine medical survey applied to benzene-exposed workers by analyzing the hematological, immunological, and cytogenetic assay results. The results of a previous study of hematological, immunological, and cytogenetic assays in benzene-exposed workers (up to 15 ppm) are used to discuss medical surveillance program by defining the relationship between various benzene exposure concentrations and toxic endpoints. Exposure to benzene concentration lower than 5 ppm does not produce any abnormal hematological measurements. For benzene cumulative exposure above 100 (ppm-years), some blood indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), band neutrophils] show significant differences in comparison to the control group. The incidence of dicentric chromosomes was higher and the level of B-lymphocytes was lower even with workers exposed to 5 ppm of benzene; correlation with exposure indicators was not found. The results suggest that peripheral blood indices, although not sensitive enough, are still the most suitable parameters in a health surveillance program applied to benzene-exposed workers. B-lymphocytes could be a promising indicator of the benzene-induced damage. Cytogenetic tests did not prove to be suitable. Further investigation of useful screening tests for health surveillance program of benzene-exposed workers is still required.

Mechanisms of long-term adaptation in different variants of surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer

The advantages of compensatory – adaptive reaction here studied in 67 patients with duodenal ulcer operated on by organ – preserving techniques Bilrot-I and duodenoplasty. The advantages of adaptation include the values of immune (cellular and humoral immunity) and hormone status (insulin, cortisol, ACTG), peripheral blood indexes (morphological composition and biochemical indexes), vegetative system status and general adaptation syndrome characteristics.