Period Of Use Research Articles

Experiences of the mobile dating applications users: a cluster analysis

The growing popularity of dating apps has been noted in recent years, but the nature of the user experience of dating apps is heterogeneous. The present study aimed to investigate the experiences of dating app users and distinguish their types based on cluster analysis. An exploratory study was conducted online among 406 adults who have used online dating. Survey questions investigated: motives for online dating, perceived pressure to find a partner, length of use of the dating app, usability rating, perceived benefits and well-being after using dating apps, frequency of experiencing negative events while dating, reasons for and number of deletions of dating profile. Three credible clusters were identified: “persistent” - people who are mainly looking for a relationship, have long periods of use of the app and delete it less often; “for a while”. - are those with different motives for online dating, use the app briefly and rarely return to it, and are characterized by a small number of difficult online situations; "hurt" - people with motives other than looking for a relationship, have many negative experiences and most often delete dating apps. The clusters differed in age, gender, relationship status, motives (relationships vs. other motives), pressure (pressure, no pressure).

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALPHABET OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUAGE: A HISTORICAL OUTLINE

The article deals with the formation of the modern alphabet of the Crimean Tatar language. Materials on the history of the Crimean Tatar language, the formation of the literary language, and the development of the alphabet are presented. The scientific and methodological basis of our investigation became the works of leading historians, linguists who were engaged in general, Crimean Tatar linguistics, issues of the history of the language. Taking into account the historical context, the main key elements of the formation and development of Crimean Tatar graphics were outlined. The research used the works of linguists, historians, writers, publicists and cultural figures, such as Bohdan Azhniuk, Alina Dochu, Tyshchenko-Monastyrska Oksana, Afize Emiramzayeva, Arnautova Ayshe, Ismail Gasprinskyi, Riza Fazylov, Safter Nagayev, Ismail Kerimov, Ayshe Kokiyeva. The article reveals the formation of the Crimean Tatar alphabet from the 12th century to the present, taking into account the history of the development of the Crimean Tatar language. In this regard, each episode of the history of the language during the period of use of each individual alphabet in the Crimean Tatar language was separately presented and described. The article outlines and reveals a range of problems and tasks for a thorough study of the Crimean Tatar language in a historical context. Much attention is paid to the problem of the transition from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet. It is noted that this problem is or was relevant not only for the Crimean Tatar language but also for other Turkic languages. The influence of historical events and linguistic processes in the language on the state of the modern alphabet of the Crimean Tatar language is determined.

Application of praziquatel and ivermectin suspension when treating dictyocaulosis in sheep

Dictyocaulosis in sheep is widespread and causes significant economic damage. Currently, albendazole and fenbendazole are widely used in sheep farming. They have shown high effectiveness against nematodes and cestodes simultaneously. However, a long period of use of the same anthelmintics, led to the expected phenomenon – resistance of helminths. In the Stavropol Territory, ivermectin preparations are used to control the nematode of the gastrointestinal tract and sheep gadfly (June-July) and in rare cases to treat sarcoptoidosis of sheep. The purpose of the work was to determine the effectiveness of the suspension we prepared, which contained 2.5% praziquantel and 0.5% ivermectin for treating sheep dictyocaulosis. The experiment to determine the therapeutic dose of praziquantel 2.5% and 0.5% ivermectin suspension was carried out in the APC collective breeding farm “Russia” on lambs with a live weight of 24-25 kg. For each group of sheep (n=20), the suspension was used in doses of 0.3; 0.4; 0.5 ml/10 kg of animal weight. It was found that the suspension of praziquantel 2.5% and 0.5% ivermectin at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg of animal weight was 100% effective against dictyocaulosis in sheep. The experiment to determine the effectiveness of the suspension against dictyocaulosis in sheep under production conditions was carried out in the collective farm “Rodina” in Apanasenkovsky District of the Stavropol Territory. 120 lambs with a live weight of 24-25 kg were selected, 100 lambs of which received the drug at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg of animal weight. The drug was administered individually, orally. The remaining 20 lambs served as control group. In production tests, the effectiveness of the suspension at a dose of 0.4 ml/10 kg of animal weight turned out to be slightly lower and amounted to individual performance = 98.0% and economical effectiveness = 92.5%.

FEATURES OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR DENTAL PROSTHETICS SUPPORTED BY DENTAL IMPLANTS

Main goal increasing the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment and prolonging the period of use of fixed dental prostheses based on dental implants through the use of supportive therapy of peri-implant tissues.
 Material and methods. The research was carried out at the Department of Stomatology of the Institute of Postgraduate Education of the Bogomolets National Medical University and at the Department of Dentistry of the Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine.
 We observed 55 people aged from 30 to 59 years, of which 22 men and 33 women with included defects of the lateral areas of the tooth rows, who were made artificial crowns supported by dental implants. 27 persons (group I) underwent dental implantation after traditional sanitation of the oral cavity and professional oral hygiene. Individuals of the II group, in the number of 28, were additionally prescribed a treatmentprophylactic complex, which included professional oral hygiene, photodynamic therapy of peri-implant tissues, which was applied before the application and during the use of orthopedic structures based on dental implants, and prescribed quertin and quercitin. The control group (III group) included 12 people of the same age group with intact dentitions and physiological forms of bite, who had intact dentitions without clinically diagnosed periodontal tissue diseases and teeth affected by the carious process.
 Results. Prosthetics of a group of patients with the appointment of sessions of supportive photodynamic therapy, which is applied before application and during the use of orthopedic structures with support on dental implants, in comparison with the results of prosthetics without any supportive therapy of peri-implant tissues, indicate an improvement in the hygienic state of the oral cavity, a decrease in inflammatory dystrophic changes of peri-implant tissues, the period of use of orthopedic structures, which allows to avoid recession of the gingival margin in the peri-implant area, reduce the risks of bone tissue dehiscence and, accordingly, prolong the period of use of non-removable orthopedic structures.
 Conclusions. The use of dental prostheses based on dental implants, due to the retention properties of the design, contributes to the deterioration of oral hygiene and, accordingly, the formation of a biofilm with the phenomenon of "Quorum Sensing", which requires the use of professional oral hygiene and photodynamic maintenance therapy. Prescribing sessions of photodynamic maintenance therapy, before applying and during the period of use of orthopedic structures, helps to improve the hygienic condition of the oral cavity, reduce inflammatory and dystrophic changes of periapical tissues during the period of use of orthopedic structures, which makes it possible to extend the period of use of orthopedic structures.

Housing policy in the social and economic sphere. Housing policy relationships and other specific policies

Abstrakt Housing policy aspiring to have a general social impact, subtracting from the scale of the state, like any other policy in this scope, is conducted in the European Union countries by the public sector. This sector remains a significant point of reference for this policy. The activity of the public sector in the countries of post-war Western Europe varies in intensity over time and is carried out at different spatial levels - also in relation to housing. The public sector has been subject to a tendency towards apparent self-limitation for at least the last four decades. This occurs mainly by reducing the importance of the state and its agencies in socio-economic development. Housing policy is one of the important sectoral policies of the state - including the government and local authorities - engaging public entities, political and social organizations and private entities to achieve the main and long-term goals in the area of housing, which are: creating conditions for purchasing or renting apartments by all citizens; ensuring the availability of the housing stock, i.e. implementing an appropriate scale of housing investments using primarily the market mechanism, and supporting the appropriate quality of the housing stock throughout the entire period of use of the property.

Degradation Behavior of Glue-On Three-Dimensional Printed Plastic Horseshoes in Equine Stables

Hoof and leg problems in racehorses can cause serious injuries and decrease their value. Although therapeutic shoeing using special horseshoes can increase the effectiveness of veterinary care, it is labor-intensive and burdensome for farriers. A three-dimensional (3D) printed horseshoe fabricated by additive manufacturing has high design flexibility for use in special horseshoes. However, the mechanical properties of 3D printed plastics for use as horseshoes remain unclear. In this study, a proposed 3D printed plastic was subjected to degradation tests under the simulated equine growth environment, and changes in strength during the period of use were investigated. It was found that the strength of polylactic acid and polycarbonate, which are commonly used for 3D printing, was not significantly affected by the environment.

The humans of ancient Hermione. The necropolis in the light of bioarchaeology

Bioarchaeology has the potential to substantially inform about ancient lifeways through osteological analyses of the remains of the once-living individuals. This article provides insights of the demography and health of the people of ancient Hermione (Geometric–Roman period). A minimum number of 85 individuals from the Hermione necropolis was osteologically analysed. Although the analysis was limited by taphonomic processes and the long period of use of the necropolis, the results point towards a population affected by urban hazards, such as infections, high child mortality, and, possibly, decreased opportunity to survive into senescence. Further, stunted growth, evidence of general stress primarily in the juvenile skeletal assemblage, and a possible case of child abuse informs of the hardships experienced by children in ancient Hermione. The osteological analysis also confirms that the two individuals buried in the “Warrior Tomb” were of both sexes. The skeletal remains were unfortunately too poorly preserved for detailed analyses of trauma or other health-related patterns. The practice of burying all age groups and both sexes in collective graves between the 6th–5th and 2nd centuries BC might correspond to the necropolis as a communal burial ground, while older and younger graves were assigned for single individuals only.

The Significance of the Factors Increasing the Asphalt Pavement Recycling Rate in the Country, Determined Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

Asphalt pavement, a component of transport infrastructure, deteriorates under the influence of destructive factors. The damages which have occurred during its period of use are repaired and the asphalt pavement is recycled when its further rehabilitation is economically and technically irrational. The material from the asphalt pavement layer that has reached its limit state is milled out or broken and crushed and then is repeatedly used in the production of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) or warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures. In this paper, the dynamics of the percentage recycling ratio (RR) of old asphalt pavement material was investigated. RR represents the quantity of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) used in the production of HMA and WMA mixtures in Europe and the USA, divided by the total amount of RAP prepared in the country. Factors and goals affecting it are analyzed. An original system of 10 criteria that increase the RR country has been created. Decision makers do not know which factors have the maximum influence in increasing the use of RAP and this should go in connection with environmental pollution reduction and achieving economic utility. By applying different multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods and using the importance given to these criteria by 14 experts, the normalized subjective weights of the criteria were determined. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), rank correlation, average rank transformation into weight—linear (ARTIW-L) and non-linear (ARTIW-N), and direct percentage weight (DPW) methods were used in the study. The results show that the RAP recycle rate is close to 100% in countries with a sustainable economic background. In the Baltic countries, it is mostly increased by the adequacy of regulatory documents, the strategy promoting asphalt recycling in the country, and the homogeneity and classifying of RAP. The number and capacity of RAP stocks, the number and productivity of asphalt milling equipment and the wear and tear of the asphalt pavement have the least influence on the increase in RR. The opinions of experts in assessing the significance of all criteria are consistent. The averages of the weights of criteria determined by four MCDM methods (AHP, ARTIW-L, ARTIW-N, DPW) made it possible to obtain more reliable results. These results can be used to make strategic decisions and to create a plan of practical actions to increase the RAP recycling rate in the developing countries.

84 Advances, Challenges and Prospects for the Sustainable Use of the chigüiro in Colombia

Abstract The sustainable use of chigüiro or capybara is a strategy proposal to prevent the decline of the species population by maintaining and conserving appropriate habitats, reducing illegal capture, promoting its recognition, and achieving a better distribution of its benefits and its environmental services. The objective of this work is to present the progress made toward the sustainable use of capybaras in Colombia. The biological information compiled during the last 15 years indicates that the density of the populations of this species is heterogeneous throughout the flooded savannahs with space-time variations between < 1 individual/ha, and up to 6 individual/ha. These variations are associated with strong climatic variations, changes in habitat quality, and the impact of a series of conditioning factors, both natural (water availability over time) and anthropogenic origin (hunting, land use, eventual competition with cattle, and the incidence of burning). Commercial hunting as a sustainable strategy includes the identification of various products and by-products of the species, as well as its linkage in Bioeconomy projects (Figure 1) through the compliance of associated normative, the reinforcement of environmental authorities, an effective communication strategy and user commitment. Capybara meat is characterized by having a low-fat content and a protein ratio greater than 20%; and its carcass meat performance is between 44% and 53%. In addition to the training in the preparation of various meat by-products and the analysis and processing of the fur, there is an updated market study that includes an interview phase, a pilot test of exploitation, yields and tastings for approach to the actor of the commercial chain and meet future investors or buyers. With these results, a financial model was formulated with all the necessary costs to make use of the Chigüiro products. Additionally, a prototype processing plant was designed and it has three mobile components (A, B, C); two complementary fixed structures (D, E) and a module for the processing of by-products and waste (Figure 2). Finally, linking capybara population concentration points within ecotourism activities will expand the options for its use and conservation of the Chigüiro population and its habitats. Among the actual limitations for Chigüiro use we have the delay in issuing the resolution for the allocation of the global utilization quota, and the modification of the closure to increase the period of use. These resolutions will encourage the participation of other users and local investors, which is expected to reduce the transformation of natural ecosystems and their associated biodiversity.

A multidisciplinary approach to adequate antibiotic use in a clinical oncology ward.

430 Background: Infectious complications are related to high morbidity and mortality among oncology patients. Despite prompt attention being given to its management, many times the prescription of antibiotics is inadequate or overuse, mainly in palliative care. A multidisciplinary team is essential to take care this complex patient and to support the best practice to antibiotic prescription. Methods: We established a multidisciplinary team with support of medical specialists in clinical oncology (physicians, nurses, pharmacies and residents) and infection control (physician and nurse) to evaluate the antibiotic use, indication and period of use based on local antibiotic stewardship guidelines. Antimicrobial consumption was assessed using Defined daily dose (DDD). A drive diagram was created, and the actions were implemented. The data were collected pre intervention (from January to October 2022) and post intervention (from November 2022 to May 2023). Results: The main therapeutic uses were identified as ceftriaxone (DDD = 134.26), piperacillin-tazobactam (DDD = 112.13), metronidazole (DDD = 134.26) meropenem (DDD= 27.14), and teicoplamine (DDD= 23.69). The final stages of life were the main offender based on our guideline. The average antimicrobial consumption during the final 72 hours of life was 41%. According to these data the following actions were taken: 1) improve the palliative risk identification system; 2) assess the pertinence of antimicrobial use in end-of-life care; 3) creation of the one protocol in this subgroup of patients 4) an applicative was created, allowing the insertion of the advice by the medical team and the follow-up by the pharmaceutical team. In post intervention period, with these multi modal strategies the average consumption in end-of-life care reduced to 18%. Conclusions: A creation of a multidisciplinary team in oncologic care with a particular focus in antibiotic stewardship improved the adherence antibiotics protocols and had an impact in patients end of life.

GEOFILTRATION MODELING OF WATER FLOWS TO PRODUCED PRIMARY DIAMOND DEPOSITS AND INJECTION IN ASSOCIATED AREAS

Safe development of primary diamond deposits in Western Yakutia requires constant monitoring of the hydrogeological regime of the exposed aquifer complexes within the quarry and mine fields of the deposits, as well as in the adjacent areas of drainage water injection. Over the entire period of development of the Alakit-Markhinsky, Daldynsky, Mirninsky and Nakynsky kimberlitic fields, about 400 million m3 of highly mineralized drainage water from quarries and mines were involved in the pumping-injection process. Complex cryohydrogeological conditions of the territory, i.e., lithological-facial specifics, continuous distribution of permafrost, structural confinement of kimberlite fields, fault-block structure of individual pipes, influence the dynamics of occurring changes and make the cryohydrogeological conditions of each individual pipe unique and having no complete analogues. In order to predict successfully and implement subsequently technical solutions aimed at controlling inflows of all types formed within mine and quarry fields, the Yakutniproalmaz Institute elaborated a program for the development, constant maintenance and updating of hydrogeological “digital twins” of all key mining deposits. The developed models take into account the influence of both natural factors and the applied schemes for opening and draining deposits, which impose their own limitations. The filtration problem was solved out using the licensed program FEFLOW, which performs modeling of hydrogeological conditions by the finite element method in a multilayer strata for areas of arbitrary configuration with boundary conditions of type I, II, III changing according to the known law in the presence of filtration heterogeneities in plan and section, as well as vertical filtration. The creation and constant updating of permanent digital models made it possible not only to acquire a modern tool for forecasting water inflows, but also helped to improve the planning process in terms of drilling drainage and injection wells, purchasing pumping equipment, etc. Deviation of predicted values from those actually observed within the short-term forecast for the period of use 2021–2023 ranged from 5 to 10%.

Research on the effect of some factors into abrasive of cement concrete

Cement concrete pavement after a period of use will gradually degrade due to the impact of many factors such as weather, climate, mechanical agents ... One of the common causes of road surface deterioration cement concrete is due to surface abrasion. In the assessment of abrasion, the abrasive is very important. In the old standard, the grinding material is not F80 grain size fused alumina powder as the world is using. Changing the abrasive material will affect the specified values of abrasion for cement concrete pavement. This paper presents the influence of abrasives on concrete abrasion, which is the basis for proposing changes in the required value of abrasion for cement concrete pavement.

Using a Novel Connected Device for the Collection of Puffing Topography Data for the Vuse Solo Electronic Nicotine Delivery System in a Real-World Setting: Prospective Ambulatory Clinical Study.

Over the last decade, the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) has risen, whereas studies that describe how consumers use these products have been limited. Most studies related to ENDS use have involved study designs focused on use in a central location environment or attempted to measure use outcomes through subjective self-reported end points. The development of accurate and reliable tools to collect data in a naturalistic real-world environment is necessary to capture the complexities of ENDS use. Using connected devices in a real-world setting provides a convenient and objective approach to collecting behavioral outcomes with ENDS. The Product Use and Behavior instrument was developed and used to capture the use of the Vuse Solo ENDS in an ambulatory setting to best replicate real-world use behavior. This study aims to determine overall mean values for topography outcomes while also providing a definition for an ENDS use session. A prospective ambulatory clinical study was performed with the Product Use and Behavior instrument. Participants (n=75) were aged between 21 and 60 years, considered in good health, and were required to be established regular users of ENDSs. To better understand use behavior within the population, the sample was sorted into percentiles with bins based on daily puff counts. To frame these data in the relevant context, they were binned into low-, moderate-, and high-use categories (10th to 40th, 40th to 70th, and 70th to 100th percentiles, respectively), with the low-use group representing the nonintense category, the high-use group representing the intense category, and the moderate-use group being reflective of the average consumer. Participants with higher daily use took substantially more puffs per use session (6.71 vs 4.40) and puffed more frequently (interpuff interval: 32.78 s vs 61.66 s) than participants in the low-use group. Puff duration remained consistent across the low-, moderate‑, and high-use groups (2.10 s, 2.18 s, and 2.19 s, respectively). The moderate-use group had significantly shorter session lengths (P<.001) than the high- and low-use groups, which did not differ significantly from each other (P=.16). Using connected devices allows for a convenient and robust approach to the collection of behavioral outcomes related to product use in an ambulatory setting. By using the variables captured with these tools, it becomes possible to move away from predefined periods of use to better understand topography outcomes and define use sessions. The data presented here offer a possible method to define these sessions. These data also begin to frame international standards used for the analytical assessments of ENDSs in the correct context and begin to shed light on the differences between standardized testing regimens and actual use behavior. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04226404; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04226404.

Optimization of Virus Yield as a Strategy to Increase the Efficiency of Rabies Vaccine by BHK-21 Cells in a Bioreactor

Background: Rabies is a usually fatal viral zoonotic and preventable disease. The efficacy and safety of animal rabies vaccination made in permanent BHK-21 cell culture have been proven over a long period of use. By increasing the yield of cells and viruses, the efficacy of the vaccine can be increased. Objectives: The objective of this study was to optimize and maximize the output of a rabies vaccine made on BHK cells in a bioreactor. Methods: This study examined the impacts of independent parameters, such as pH, temperature, cell density, and dissolved oxygen (DO), on rabies virus strain PV-PARIS yield for a central composite design. To achieve high viral production, this study used the central composite approach to optimize cell development. Results: The findings showed that BHK-21 cells were grown under the ideal conditions of pH 7.21, temperature 35.05ºC, 68.75% for DO, and 2.30 × 106 cell/mL of cell density to produce high titers of rabies virus (4.7 × 107 plaque-forming unit [PFU]/mL). High correlation coefficients (0.927) validated that the predicted model was well-fitted with the data, and the statistical analysis of the collected data indicated that the experimental data and predicted model were well-matched. The accuracy of this model’s predictions was correlated with values of adjusted R-squared (R2Adj) and predicted R-squared (R2Pred). Conclusions: These upgrades lead to a more reliable and economical procedure that makes industrialization and commercialization easier.

Contributions of heavy metals on Underground Water quality of Dumpsite in Rukpokwu, Rivers State, Nigeria

Waste dump sites have constituted major challenge to ground water quality in neighbouring environment. This study was carried out to assess the contributions of heavy metals in groundwater from abandoned Rukpokwu dumpsite after a 6-month use. Samples were collected and immediately transferred to the laboratory for standard analysis. The values of parameters of water samples pH ranged from 7.02 – 6.98. were quite below the WHO and NSDWQ limits. Conductivity ranged from 42.73- 19.91, TDS ranged from 10.76 -44.56, Turbidity ranged from 3.87 – 20.02, BOD ranged from 0.92 – 2.90, COD ranged from 1.74 – 3.21, Fe., ranged from 0.02 – 1.13, Zn ranged from 0.00 – 0.19, Cu ranged from 0.00 – 0.14,Pb, Cd and Cr were not detected in all the water samples. This might be that the contaminants could not migrate to the water table or aquifer within the period of use and study of the dumpsite.

Изучение зимостойкости абрикоса в контролируемых условиях

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study the winter hardiness of apricot cultivars and hybrids and identify the most resistant ones to damaging factors of the winter period for use as sources for a given trait in breeding. Methods. The studies were carried out by artificial freezing using a climate chamber. Results. It was determined that apricot cultivars ‘Abrikos iz Kitaya’, ‘Agafonovskiy’, ‘Vostochno-Sayanskiy’, ‘Kunach’, ‘Lel’’, ‘Oblepikhovyy’, ‘Orlovchanin’, ‘Sardoniks’, ‘Triumf severnyy’ and hybrids 21183, 23659, 23688, 23797, 24071 and 24206 they have the component I of winter hardiness. ‘Orlovchanin’, ‘Triumf severnyy’ and hybrids 24071 and 24206 were characterized by maximum frost resistance (the component II of winter hardiness). ‘Agafonovskiy’, ‘Vostochno-Sayanskiy’, ‘Desertnyy’, ‘Oblepikhovyy’, ‘Triumf severnyy’ and 24206 had the ability to maintain frost resistance when the temperature droped to –17 °C after a three-day thaw of +2 °C (the component III of winter hardiness). It is important to note the average level of frost resistance of generative buds in ‘Abrikos iz Kitaya’, ‘Kunach’, ‘Orlovchanin’, ‘Podarok Vekhovu’, ‘Sardoniks’, ‘Khabarovskiy’ and hybrids 21183, 23659, 23688, 23797, 24071. At the end of winter, ‘Abrikos iz Kitaya’, ‘Agafonovskiy’, ‘Vostochno-Sayanskiy’, ‘Desertnyy’, ‘Oblepikhovyy’, ‘Orlovchanin’, ‘Sardoniks’, ‘Triumf severnyy’, ‘Khabarovskiy’ and hybrids 21183, 23797, 24071, 24206 were able to restore frost resistance at a temperature of –25 °C after a three-day thaw of +2 °C and re-hardening (component IV of winter hardiness). Scientific novelty. As a result of artificial freezing, perspective cultivars ‘Orlovchanin’, ‘Triumf severnyy’ and hybrids 24071, 24206 characterized by the greatest frost resistance potential for the main components of winter hardiness were identified for further use as sources for this trait in breeding.

Use of Cognitive Enhancers among students of Nigerian Tertiary Institutions

Introduction: Nonmedical use of pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers PCE in Universities has been documented in several studies. However, there is paucity of research on this subject among Nigerian University students. This survey hopes to investigate the awareness, use and effect of PCE among undergraduate medical students of a Nigerian University.&#x0D; Materials and method: The study utilized self-administered questionnaire on the awareness and usage of PCE with respondents composed of 327 medical students at Delta State University, Nigeria.&#x0D; Results: The respondents have a male to female ratio of 1:0.85 with 99.1% being single. Those living on campus, off campus, family home and dual accommodation, accounted for 65.4%, 30.6%, 2.8% and 0.3% of the participants. In total, 81.7% of the participants are aware of PCE usage for academic purpose. Overall, 40.1% of the respondents reported using one or more of the PCE during the period considered. Caffeinated drinks and beverages, energy drinks, cigarette, marijuana, and Ginseng were used by 82.5%, 50.4%, 3.1%, 1.5% and 1.5% of the users respectively. The motivation for using both caffeinate beverages and energy drinks are for increased study time, concentration and alertness. The more frequent periods of use are during examination period and personal study time. Most of these PCE are self-purchased and choice of usage are mainly influenced by friends. Both set of users reported insomnia, headache, palpitation, dizziness and fatigue as undesirable experience. Among the respondents, 45% are interested in using PCE if there are no undesirable effects; 30% rejected such, while the rest are indifferent.&#x0D; Conclusion: Our survey showed significant association between the age, male gender and academic level and the usage of PCE. Our respondents used mainly caffeinated beverages and energy drink. Their choice of PCE is strongly influenced by peer pressure and the motivations are mainly to boost studying time, concentration and alertness.

SIYASAH TANFIZIYYAH SYAR'IYYAH ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF PROPOSING A PLAN FOR THE USE OF FOREIGN WORKFORCE IN CENTRAL LAMPUNG ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 17 PARAGRAPH 2 OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION NUMBER 34 OF 2021 CONCERNING USE FOREIGN WORKERS

Foreign Workers are foreign citizens holding visas with the intention of working in Indonesian territory. The use of foreign workers in Indonesia is needed because it accelerates the national development process. The number of foreign workers in Indonesia is now increasing every year so that there is a visible gap between local workers and foreign workers, even though the government itself has limited the period of use of foreign workers as stated in Article 17 paragraph (2) of Government Regulation Number 34 of 2021 concerning Using Foreign Workers, it is necessary for the government to play a role in the process of proposing a plan for the use of foreign workers in accordance with these regulations. This research includes field research. The data process in this research uses observation, interview and documentation data collection methods, the research uses qualitative research and is assisted by using theories related to this problem. The conclusion of this research is that the process of proposing a Plan for the Use of Foreign Workers (RPTKA) according to Article 17 Paragraph (2) of Government Regulation Number 34 of 2021 concerning the Use of Foreign Workers by the Central Lampung Regency Manpower and Transmigration Service has not been implemented optimally, because there are still obstacles in the process of proposing a plan for the use of foreign workers, namely, inaccurate completion time for documents, website system problems often experiencing disruptions, limited quota for licensing applications within 1 (one) day. Siyasah Tanfiziyyah Syari'yyah analysis of the implementation of Article 17 Paragraph (2) of Government Regulation Number 34 of 2021 concerning the Use of Foreign Workers in the Central Lampung Regency Manpower and Transmigration Service is less than optimal in carrying out its mandate where the process of proposing a RPTKA is hampered a lot because inaccurate completion time for documents. Where proposing an RPTKA application or extending the RPTKA, the document process until completion can take more than a week.

A Decade of Experience in the use of 13-Valent Conjugated Polysaccharide Pneumococcal Vaccine in Russian Federation

Pneumococcal infection remains a significant global health problem, and vaccination is the main measure for its prevention. To date, the period of use of pneumococcal conjugated polysaccharide vaccines in Russia exceeds 14 years, and 13-valent conjugated polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) - more than 10 years. During this time, extensive experience has been accumulated in the use of this type of vaccines, and many studies have been carried out to evaluate their effectiveness and safety.The purpose of this review is to summarize the experience of using PCV13 in Russian Federation with an assessment of its epidemiological and clinical effectiveness. A search was made for scientific publications devoted to the study of the epidemiological efficacy, the safety as well as cost-effectiveness of PCV13 use in Russian Federation. The review included original studies published in Russian journals. The results of the studies carried out indicate the efficacy and safety of PCV13 for both adults and children. The effectiveness of immunization of children at risk (premature, suffering from congenital pathology, having chronic diseases and often ill) was demonstrated, the need and safety of the timely start of vaccination (from 2 months of age) of newborns was shown, the possibility of its combination with immunization against other infections within the framework of the national vaccination schedule, the importance of following the recommended vaccination schedule in accordance with the age of the child. The effectiveness of vaccination of adults suffering from chronic diseases has been shown both in terms of preventing the aggravation of the course of the underlying pathology and reducing the risk of pneumonia. Positive experience has been gained in immunizing adults from occupational risk groups - medical workers, conscripts and persons exposed to a harmful production factor and having occupational lung diseases. The conducted studies have shown a high cost-effectiveness of PCV13 vaccination, however, with any changes in price and epidemiological parameters, it is necessary to clarify the economic feasibility of vaccination under the changed conditions. Taking into account the positive experience gained in immunization, it seems appropriate to further maintain a high level of vaccination coverage of the child population, expanding risk groups among the adult population subject to vaccination against pneumococcal infection within the framework of the National Immunization Schedule, taking into account its epidemiological, clinical and economic efficiency.

Taphonomic approaches to distinguish chewing damage from knapping marks in Palaeolithic faunal assemblages

The imprint of human actions on mammal remains from archaeological sites is often fragmented and attenuated due to post-mortem processes, which add to the challenge of distinguishing human from natural modifications in faunal assemblages. Identifying minimally-worked bone tools poses a particular challenge when they are mixed with bones that have been modified by other agents. Bones, antlers and teeth used as hammers or pressure-flakers in flint-knapping can be particularly difficult to identify because knapping damage resembles carnivore chewing marks. This paper presents a methodological approach to establish diagnostic criteria for identifying whether bones from archaeological sites were modified by chewing or knapping, using observations at macroscopic and microscopic levels. We applied these criteria to case studies from the Upper Palaeolithic (Magdalenian) site of Gough’s Cave (UK). Analysis of Magdalenian stone tools shows that blades were detached with a soft hammer, yet organic (soft) knapping tools appear to be scarce in Magdalenian contexts. We propose that the difficulty in identifying knapping damage on bones that have undergone only a short period of use, combined with the macroscopic similarity of these marks with natural modifications (e.g., carnivore chewing), are significant factors contributing to the rarity of minimally-modified knapping tools in archaeological contexts.