Periods Of Unemployment Research Articles

How Insured Are Workers Against Unemployment? Unemployment Insurance and the Distribution of Liquid Wealth

In this Economic Commentary, we analyze the relationship between unemployment insurance (UI) recipiency and insurance by examining the wealth distribution of workers who have been through an unemployment spell. We focus on the net liquid wealth gap between recipients and nonrecipients of UI along the income distribution of the unemployed. Using recent data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation at the individual level, we estimate that UI recipients at the bottom half of the income distribution tend to have higher median net liquid wealth than nonrecipients, putting nonrecipients in a potentially vulnerable economic position during periods of unemployment. Replication codes for this paper are available at https://github.com/avdluduvice/LuduviceTruss-Williams_UI.

Importance of Marketing Management

In this Globalization period the technical education and professional education are playing vitalrole for getting employment. In professional studies We have heard about HR management, MarketingManagement, Financial management and Others. Among this If any one goes with Marketing Managementthen in this unemployment period he or she will definitely get a job. As now a days every sector recruitsmarketing people to capture the market. And this course (Marketing Management) helps from low merit tohigh merit students to get job and show their skill which will definitely help them to achieve a good careerin future.

How do different forms of early employment instability affect future employment chances? A factorial survey experiment with employers

PurposePeriodic economic instabilities and structural changes in the labour market have given rise to a variety of forms of job insecurity. This article compares the scarring effects of different forms of job insecurity on future employment chances, and how they vary across education groups.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of real vacancies and data collected in a vignette experiment with employers in Switzerland, a country with a strongly developed vocational education and training (VET) system, this article investigates how employers evaluate a period of unemployment, job hopping and work experience in deskilling jobs when hiring candidates.FindingsThe findings reveal that work in deskilling jobs is by far more scarring than unemployment or job hopping. The study also demonstrates that applicants with upper secondary vocational education are impacted the greatest by all three forms of job insecurity.Originality/valueThe study makes use of real vacancies. While experiments have the strength of high internal validity, most experimental studies in recruitment research rely on students as respondents. As this study works with real employers hiring for positions it benefits from high external validity.

Labor market pathways to job quality mobility in the service sector: Evidence from the “Great Resignation”

Since the mid-1970s, there has been a sharp rise in the prevalence of “bad jobs” in the U.S. labor market, characterized by stagnant wages, unstable work schedules, and limited fringe benefits. Scholarly, policy, and public debate persists, however, about whether these jobs can serve as steppingstones to intra-generational job quality mobility or are instead “poverty traps.” While scholarship increasingly recognizes the multi-dimensional nature of job quality, prior research on intra-generational job mobility overwhelmingly estimates only wage mobility and generally focuses on estimating the degree of mobility, to the exclusion of the contexts and mechanisms that foster such mobility. We draw on new panel data collected from 8600 hourly service sector workers between 2017 and 2022 to estimate short-run mobility into good jobs, defined as paying at least $15/hour, having a stable work schedule, and offering paid sick leave, employer-sponsored health insurance, and retirement benefits. Overall, we find that mobility into such “good jobs” is low. However, we show that the rate of transition into “good jobs” is strongly conditioned by local labor market conditions: during the “Great Resignation” and in low state-month unemployment periods, nearly twice the share of workers transitioned to “good jobs” as in less favorable contexts, particularly workers who changed sector as opposed to staying at the same firm or taking new jobs in the service sector. Notably, during periods of labor market tightness, workers who stayed at the same employer had similar rates of mobility into “good jobs” as those who changed employers within the sector.

The long-run effects of recessions on fertility

AbstractUsing large repeated cross-sections and a cohort-based econometric approach, this paper produces evidence that women who finish their formal education during periods of high unemployment have significantly, and persistently, lower fertility compared to women who graduate during more favorable economic conditions. In terms of magnitude, a woman who graduates into a market with a 3 percentage point higher unemployment rate experiences an approximate 14% reduction in birth probabilities about a half-decade later. The long-recognized negative effects of unemployment on marriage explain, at most, 30% of that reduction in fertility. Rather, graduating into high unemployment appears to exert its own influence on fertility, separate from its effect on marriage.

The labor market impacts of ridesharing on American Cities

This paper examines the impact of the emergence of the “gig economy” on the broader labor market by exploiting the staggered introduction of the ridesharing service Uber to American Cities between 2013 and 2018. Using difference-in-differences methods, Callaway and Sant’Anna’s doubly robust difference-in-differences estimator, Chaisemartin and D’Haultoeuille’s time-corrected Wald estimator, and Abadie et al’s synthetic control method, I estimate that Uber’s arrival to a city resulted in decline in the unemployment rate by between a fifth and a half of a percentage point. This suggests that Uber allowed many workers to supplement their earnings during periods of unemployment, framing the ridesharing service as a complement to, rather than a substitute for, traditional employment. I also find some evidence that Uber had a very small positive effect on wages at the lower end of the wage distribution, suggesting that Uber may have altered worker search behavior or affected bargaining power.

Age Differences in Unemployment Risk and Reemployment Outcomes in Late Working Life in Sweden

ABSTRACT Participation of older workers in the labor market depends, among other things, on older workers employment chances. This study examines age differences regarding risk of unemployment and reemployment outcomes in late working life in Sweden. Using Swedish registry data, we analyzed the probability of unemployment as well as work-related activity following unemployment (wage- or self-employment; exit; downward mobility) of all people born between 1954 and 1968 (aged 49–63) and registered in Sweden between the years 2012 and 2018. Results show that although risk of unemployment does not differ significantly across age groups, younger age groups are more likely to be reemployed as wage-employed while older age groups are more likely to be reemployed as self-employed or exit working life. After an unemployment period, older employees are more likely to have a lower wage than during their previous employment or become part-time unemployed. We conclude that different age groups have unequal chances in late working life in terms of reemployment, risk of exit, and risk of downward mobility following unemployment. Policies for extending working life and promoting inequality should include measures for increasing employability of older workers such as anti-discriminatory laws and dealing with skills mismatch.

The burden of psychological trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among adults with congenital heart disease: PTSD in ACHD

BackgroundPsychological trauma, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and mental health conditions are common in adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). There is a gap in the literature examining PTSD in ACHD using the current DSM-5 criteria, while assessing patient characteristics and experiences with trauma-focused treatment. MethodsSurveys were offered to outpatients over a six-month enrollment period to be completed via QR code on their personal smart phone. Patient-reported items include a detailed medical and psychosocial history, the Oslo Social Support Scale (OSSS-3), Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) survey, and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). ResultsOf 158 patients (77% moderate or complex heart disease) who provided complete data, a provisional diagnosis of PTSD was found in 48 patients (30%), using a PCL-5 cutoff score of ≥ 31. A positive PTSD screen was associated with younger age, non-white race, presence of heart failure, lower New York Heart Association Functional Class, lower linear Quality of Life score, lower OSSS-3 score, an insecure caregiver relationship, period of unemployment, emergency department visits, medication nonadherence, and coexisting mental health disorders. Complexity of heart disease and number of surgical and/or catheter-based interventions was not associated with PTSD, although having undergone no cardiac surgeries until adulthood (≥ 18 years old) was associated with a lower prevalence of PTSD. Those who screened positive for PTSD were more likely to report multiple traumatic events, including noncardiac traumatic events. Only 14/48 patients (29%) reported a known diagnosis of PTSD, although 44 patients (92%) reported having ever seen a mental health provider. Eighteen patients (38%) reported currently having a mental health provider. Thirty patients (62%) had heard of at least one evidence-based trauma-informed therapy, and 14 (29%) had tried at least one. ConclusionsUsing the DSM-5 criteria, we observed a high prevalence of potential PTSD in ACHD associated with several novel cardiac and psychosocial patient factors. Future longitudinal studies will be necessary to establish causality. Few individuals with ACHD have been formally diagnosed with PTSD or have experience with evidence-based trauma-informed therapies.

Job polarization and non-standard work: Evidence from France

Using annual and quarterly data from the French LFS, we investigate the interplay between the extensive and intensive margins of labor adjustment, job polarization, and non-standard work (NS) along the business cycle. We find that the declines in aggregate work hours during economic downturns can primarily be attributed to the reduction in routine standard employment (R,S) during past recessions in France. We then study the dynamics of routine standard employment, highlighting several key findings: (i) The primary drivers of R,S employment are inflows from routine non-standard work (R,NS) and unemployment. (ii) Individuals who lose R,S jobs are more likely to transition to R,NS positions following a brief period of unemployment. (iii) A majority of transitions within this employment category occur within the same employer, resulting in asymmetric adjustments in individual working hours. This often involves a notable increase in hours following either a contractual upgrade or a change in employer. Finally, we draw a comparative analysis between these findings and the United States, where the dynamics of routine employment appear distinct, despite a similar trend in job polarization.

Maximizing employability and entrepreneurial success: a training program for highly skilled seniors transitioning into freelance consulting

This paper provides insights into the impacts of a self-employment and entrepreneurship education program for high-skilled long-term unemployed workers aged 45–65 in France during the COVID-19 pandemic. The training program involves individual tutoring, synchronous online classes and lead generation workshops with a freelancing project to design and present to a committee. We studied the impact of the training through an adapted version of the CHEERS questionnaire sent to the trainees six months after the training completion. In contrast to the previous literature, we show promising results for this kind of training. Our results show that this training program not only helps people to start a freelancing career but also prepares many of them to find an employee position after a long period of unemployment. We have also been able to identify the main characteristics of the jobs obtained afterwards that matter to high-skilled senior workers and to describe five trainee profiles through a cluster analysis: (1) enthusiastic but not confident, (2) quick return to salaried employment, (3) focused on freelancing, (4) demanding and disappointed elders, and (5) struggling with business tasks.

Informing Policy and Strategy: The Nexus of Macroeconomic Indicators and Financial Metrics in North Macedonia

This study employs machine learning and exponential smoothing techniques in Power BI to analyse the relationship between financial indicators and macroeconomic variables in North Macedonia. By rigorously examining correlations and forecasting tools for exponential smoothing, it uncovers a significant relationship between unemployment rates and the financial performance of banks. Positive correlations indicate that higher unemployment rates strengthen banks’ financial resilience, while negative correlations highlight challenges during periods of elevated unemployment. Furthermore, it identifies key influencers affecting the unemployment rate, enhancing forecasting insights. The paper forecasts North Macedonia’s average annual unemployment rate for 2022-2026, complete with a 95% confidence interval. These forecasts empower policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders with precise economic navigation tools. This research is vital for informed decision-making and strategic planning, benefiting policymakers, investors, and financial institutions. It also calls for deeper exploration of macroeconomic and financial metric relationships, promising improved forecasting and decision-making capabilities.

Всеобщий базовый доход: идея, концепция, особенности практики применения

Universal basic income has emerged as a novel socio-economic concept in response to major social crises, periods of high unemployment, and the COVID-19 pandemic, stimulating considerable interest among academic and policy circles worldwide. Universal basic income offers a new socio-economic direction to mitigate economic inequality and address poverty, and this article provides a comprehensive analysis of its origins, development, and application. Through an exploration of the theoretical underpinnings, as well as an evaluation of the practical implementation of universal basic income, this article offers a more systematic understanding of this new institution and its impact on social protection systems. Drawing insights from prior experiences of universal basic income implementation, this article highlights important guidelines for the evolution of modern social protection systems.

Routine-biased technological change and employee outcomes after mass layoffs: evidence from Brazil

Abstract We investigate the impact of “routinization” on the labor outcomes of displaced workers. We use a rich Brazilian panel dataset and an occupation-task mapping to examine the effect of job displacement in different groups, classified according to their tasks. Our main result is that following a layoff, workers previously employed in routine-intensive occupations suffer a more significant decline in wages and more extended periods of unemployment. As expected, job displacement has a negative and lasting impact on wages. Still, workers in routine-intensive occupations are more impacted than those in non-routine occupations in terms of wages (an increase of one point in the routine-intensity index results in a further decline of 2% in workers’ relative wages) and employment. Furthermore, our results indicate that workers in routine-intensive occupations are more likely to change occupations after the shock, and those who do not switch occupational fields suffer a more significant decline in wages. Lastly, even though the loss of employer-specific wage premiums explains 13% of displaced workers’ drop in wages, it does not explain routine-intensive workers’ more substantial losses.

Parental job loss and the role of unemployment duration and income changes for children’s education

Abstract This article studies the impact of parental job loss, subsequent unemployment duration, and income changes on the results of the final exam in lower secondary education and on the decision to pursue an academic track in Denmark. Drawing on administrative register data we use sibling fixed effects models as well as a before-after-test design to investigate the shorter-term effects of parental job loss. The results show that there are hardly any effects of parental job losses on children’s exam results, while we find a reduction in the transition to the academic upper secondary track, both for maternal and paternal job losses. We find no systematic evidence that the negative effects would be larger if the job loss is followed by a longer period of unemployment or by a loss of income, and no evidence for a moderating role of parental education.

Labour market dynamics and youth unemployment in the Middle East and North Africa: Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia

AbstractAlthough it is well‐established in the literature that unemployment is a labour market insertion problem in the Middle East and North Africa, the dynamics driving unemployment remain poorly understood. Using data from the Labor Market Panel Surveys in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia, we offer insights into youth unemployment by studying flows into and out of unemployment. Female youth and Tunisian youth of both genders are particularly likely to experience long periods of unemployment. Educated youth from higher socioeconomic status backgrounds are more likely to experience unemployment, but there is not a strong relationship between background and unemployment duration.

Characteristics of employment history and self-perceived barriers to healthcare access.

Research suggests that people in disadvantaged social positions are more likely to perceive barriers to accessing healthcare, especially to specialists and preventive services. In this study, we analyze if adversity during past employment histories (e.g. spells of unemployment) is linked to subsequent subjectively perceived barriers in healthcare access. Further, we investigate if the associations vary according to national healthcare access and quality indicators. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe with a study sample of 31 616 men and women aged 52-80 from 25 countries. Data include retrospective information on employment histories allowing us to derive characteristics of past careers, including the number of unemployment periods, main occupational position and pension contributions. Barriers to healthcare access are measured by self-perceived forgone care due to costs and unavailability of services. We apply multilevel Poisson regression for binary outcomes and test for cross-level interactions between career characteristics and national healthcare system characteristics. Career characteristics are linked to later self-perceived healthcare access barriers, consistently in the case of cost barriers and less consistently for unavailability of services. Associations are similar for men and women, and persist after controlling for current income, wealth and subjective health. We find no cross-level interactions between career characteristics and country-level healthcare access and quality indicators. Self-perceived barriers to healthcare access are linked to people's past working lives. More in-depth investigation is needed to identify the reasons for the lingering effects of characteristics of employment history on reduced healthcare access.

Part-Time Workers’ Employment Trajectories by Length of Hours and Reason for Working Part-Time: An 8-Year Follow-Up Study

Using the Finnish Labour Force Surveys merged with register-based follow-up data, we analyzed how different characteristics of part-time work predict employees’ and entrepreneurs’ employment trajectories in an 8-year follow-up. We analyzed careers by the length of weekly working hours and the reason for part-time work, that is, childcare, studies, health, part-time pension, other voluntary choice, or if full-time work was not available (involuntary part-time). We applied sequence analysis to define work career clusters based on the continuum of spells spent in different labor market statuses, that is, in upper and lower white-collar, manual, or entrepreneurial employment, unemployment, studying, pensioned, or inactivity. According to the results, involuntary part-timers have a significantly higher probability of entering the unemployment trajectory than full-time workers. Those working part-time hours due to care responsibilities were also more likely to face frequent periods of unemployment, whereas part-time work combined with studies was associated with stable white-collar trajectories. Our results also show that weakened labor outcomes following marginal part-time jobs associate with disability retirement instead of unemployment later in time, most probably determined by ill health. Therefore, we suggest further studies to consider marginal part-time workers’ health as the determinant of weakening career outcomes. Overall, our results highlight the need to improve part-time working conditions, a concern that organizations like the OECD have also raised. This improvement could reduce the risk of unemployment, promote health, extend work careers, and consequently increase the employment rate.

Продолжительность трудовой жизни населения арктического региона в контексте современных социально-демографических изменений

Finding ways to improve resource utilization in the labor market is a pressing socio-economic concern. The problem of population aging, a contemporary demographic issue, is currently being addressed by extending work life. This study analyzes work-life expectancy, using one of the regions in the Russian Arctic, namely the Arkhangelsk region, as an example. The study spans 11 years, from 2010 and 2021, encompassing the first results of the pension reform and the demographic repercussions of the Covid-19 pandemic, notably marked by a dramatic decrease in life expectancy. The key research method utilized is the Sullivan method, grounded in age-specific mortality rates and the economic activity of the opulation. Particular emphasis is placed on analyzing life expectancy trends for males and females aged 15 to 50. The findings reveal a positive trend during periods of relative socio-economic stability, contrasting with a decline during the pandemic years. Notably, there is less gender disparity in working life expectancy in the region compared to the rest of the country. This observation suggests that despite the option for earlier retirement, women's tenure in the labor market is almost equivalent to that of men. The pandemic-induced drop in life expectancy has significantly reduced periods of economic inactivity, i.e., the number of retirement years. The prospects of this research involve examining periods of employment, unemployment, and economic inactivity across specific age groups within the human life cycle to analyze whether workforce potential is used to the fullest. The findings of the study can be used to improve the region’s policy in fields such as employment, social security,and population maintenance.

“My blood boiled”: Emotional metaphors and masculinity in Mexican men

The principal aim of this communication is to describe and analyze metaphor as a narrative resource of emotional vocabulary used by men. Beside the relationship with mandates of masculinity. A qualitative ethnographic approach was used with in-depth interviews on family life and work experiences of men between age from 20 to 49 years, living with a heterosexual couple, with at least one child, being unemployed or having a recent unemployment period of time and residents of the metropolitan area of ​​Guadalajara, Mexico. Men enunciated metaphors more frequently than emotional labels. The metaphor sense of pleasure or displeasure are described, their relation with family and/or work experiences, but also linkage with some mandates of masculinity. A series of reflections on methodological and empirical aspects and questions are presented to continue the research on emotions and masculinities as a promising field of studies on the gender of men.

Standard Forms: Modernism, Market Research, and “Howl”

Before he was a famous poet, Allen Ginsberg was a market researcher. He stopped only when he managed to persuade his employer to automate his job out of existence (using one of the commercial computers that had first become available four years earlier); the resultant unemployment benefits enabled him to write “Howl.” This article reconsiders this iconic text of the nascent US counterculture as a product of the postwar structures of informatics, automation, and precarity that are sometimes now referred to as surveillance capitalism. But it also asks what relation those structures had and have to poetry, and why poetic technique—specifically, a repertoire of techniques inherited from an earlier generation in Europe—became so crucial to how Ginsberg’s generation responded to the emergent surveillance-capitalist terrain. The period of unemployment when Ginsberg wrote “Howl” also marked his first significant encounter with the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire, who would become a key formal and imaginative model, and the coincidence makes visible a strange parallel between modernist poetry and market research. The paranoid aesthetics of information management that “Howl” puts into motion, it is shown, had been contained as a potential within modernist poetics all along.