Renewal Period Research Articles

FRIENDSHIP AND COOPERATION AGREEMENTS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE COUNTRIES: 30 YEARS LATER

30 years have passed since the full-scale renewal of relations between Russia and the countries of Central (at that time Eastern) Europe. With an error of one year plus/minus, in 1991, 1992 and 1993, fundamentally new agreements on friendship and cooperation were signed, designed for a long-term perspective and the possibility of bringing relations to a new denominator. Unfortunately, the period of ideological renewal turned out to be short-lived, taking place against the background of the deterioration of economic relations until the mid-1990-ies and in the end, it ran into a wall of lack of strategic vision in rapidly changing international realities and a narrowing space of mutual understanding. Even the exceptional pragmatism of relations with which Russia emerged from Medvedev’s presidency and after Putin’s Munich speech did not save these relations from almost complete destruction, where the years superimposed on the Covid-19 epidemic turned out to be particularly catastrophic and the battle with the Sputnik vaccine was followed by very real hostilities.

Renewal of seasonally anoxic Saanich Inlet is temporally and spatially dynamic

Injection of oxygenated water into anoxic basins sets off a cascade of biogeochemical reactions and ecosystem shifts. The dynamic nature of these events can create spatial variability in the resulting water mass that strongly affects subsequent observations. Their irregularity can also make their prediction for experiment planning challenging. Our study focuses on Saanich Inlet, one of the most accessible and well-studied anoxic basins in the world. In the late summer and early fall, dense water can cross the sill into this fjord, in discrete events, bringing oxygen and nitrate to the deep waters of the inlet. We assess the potential strength of these renewal events using density measured at a bottom mooring on the sill. We find that the occurrence and potential strength of renewals is primarily controlled by tidal current speeds, which can be well predicted. However, the intensity of coastal upwelling, which brings dense water into the estuarine system, plays a significant secondary control, reducing predictability. We also demonstrate that renewals do not result in a homogeneous water mass filling the deep inlet. Instead, high frequency measurements from a profiling mooring in the centre of the inlet reveal that different densities intruding over the several-day renewal period create a complex layering of waters containing different proportions of new oxic and old anoxic waters. Finally, we show that not every instance of high density water observed over the sill results in flushing of the deepest waters inside the inlet. We hypothesize that each renewal improves the chance of a subsequent renewal in the same season by reducing the density contrast between waters entering and already inside the inlet. Consideration of the temporal and spatial complexity of these renewal dynamics is necessary to support studies using Saanich Inlet as a natural laboratory for exploring oxygen deficient systems.

ПИТАННЯ МУЗИЧНО-ЕСТЕТИЧНОГО ВИХОВАННЯ В НАУКОВИХ РОЗВІДКАХ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ДОСЛІДНИКІВ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of musical and aesthetic education of the individual. The modern period of renewal of Ukrainian society, its spiritual revival presents pedagogical science with the task of strengthening the connection between culture and education, which is conditioned by the affirmation of the ideas of the self-worth of the human personality, the humanistic essence of the nationally oriented worldview of young people. Education as the basis of spiritual, cultural, socio-economic development of society is a state priority of any country. It is obvious that the modernization of education is an important foundation for the social and cultural progress of society. The current state of reforming the education system in Ukraine, both at the secondary and higher levels, is determined by the requirements of the times, integration into the world, in particular European, educational and scientific space, ensuring its competitiveness in the international community, which puts forward new requirements for the quality of training of future teachers, in particular, music art, and sharpens the need to study domestic and foreign experience in this direction. Today, the educational system faces new tasks, the education of a creative personality, the development of abilities, and the creation of conditions for the disclosure of creativity as an important component of its formation are of great importance. Musical education has a priority role in the development of a creative personality. One of the most important tasks facing a teacher in an educational institution is the musical-aesthetic and creative development of an individual, the formation of his musical abilities, because it is well known that the educational value of music is very important and great. Music has a direct effect on a person's feelings, helps him learn about the environment, and actively shapes his attitude to the world around him. In modern conditions, the musical and aesthetic education of children, youth and youth should be based on the best examples of Ukrainian national folklore, foster love for Ukrainian folk traditions, for the native land and history of our ancestors, and contribute to the formation of the main components of the spiritual world of the individual, national self-awareness and patriotic thinking.

Werner Beierwaltes and the Yearning for Transcendence

Abstract In this paper we explore some of the key themes in the thought of Werner Beierwaltes. He established a reputation as a scholar of Neoplatonism during a period of great renewal of Neoplatonic studies in the last century, and that esteem was justly deserved. Yet his work was motivated by the faith in Platonism as a living tradition and a resolute conviction that metaphysics is an ineluctable part of the philosophical vocation; and indeed he was irritated by jejune or simplistic critiques of metaphysics. Plotinus was at the centre of his scholarship, which explored the great themes of Neoplatonism through medieval, Renaissance and Idealistic philosophy into the contemporary context. Theology, aesthetics and the question of selfhood or subjectivity were recurrent topics in his writing. The discussion of these problems was fueled by a keen sense of the abiding significance of the Platonic tradition for the most puzzling and urgent intellectual questions.

Entepreneurship and economics of enterprise

Methods. To achieve the goals of the article and to scientifically substantiate the research results, a complex of general scientific and specific methods was used. The following methods were used: analysis and synthesis – when studying the features of financial support for the reproduction of fixed capital in Ukraine; statistical – while regarding the analysis of growth indicators of wear and tear of intangible assets in Ukraine, the dynamics of sources of financing for the reproduction of fixed capital in Ukraine; the forecasting method was used to determine trends in the reduction of funding for the reproduction of fixed capital from various sources using Excel spreadsheets for charting; economic-mathematical – to form a model of optimization of the financing structure of the reproduction of fixed capital; induction and deduction - when formulating conclusions and recommendations regarding financial support. Results. The statistical data of the intangible assets of enterprises of Ukraine for the economic spheres of activity are analyzed. A high rate of the removal of intangible assets is revealed, which may tend to grow and confirm the need for financing the reproduction of the fixed capital. The standard of financial security for the establishment of fixed capital in Ukraine for 2016-2021 is reviewed. It is indicated that the financing has fallen sharply since 2020, which is the result of a pandemic and severe quarantine restrictions. It has been established that in the minds of the unsettled middle class, it is extremely important to optimize the structure of finance with the improvement of the profitability of capital and the economy. There are given recommendations on how to finance the implementation of fixed capital, depreciation policy during the period of the martial law and the period of renewal of the economy of Ukraine. Novelty. In the process of maintaining the financial provision of the fixed capital reproduction of enterprises, it has been established that in the unstable conditions of the wartime it is important to optimize the structures of the core of finance with the improvement of the profitability of the capital and the economy. Practical value lies at the expansion of the propositions on how to finance the reproduction of intangible assets appropriately until the expansion of enterprises and changes in the depreciation policy of the state.

BSA Bylaws Revision and the New BSA Membership Year

Previous article FreeSociety InformationBSA Bylaws Revision and the New BSA Membership YearPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreAt the May meeting of the Council, members voted unanimously in favor of a revision to the bylaws that changes the membership year; instead of running from January through December, the membership year will now run from October through September.Asking members to renew in December and January put a crunch on everyone because the Society elects the Council at the Annual Meeting at the end of January. Only active members of the BSA are entitled to a vote, and there must be a quorum of a hundred active members to validate the election. Members of the BSA should not feel harried in renewing their membership at any time of the year and especially not at the start of the calendar year, which is a financially complicated time for many.The new BSA membership year will begin on October 1 and expire on September 30. The Membership Committee and other volunteers involved with planning around this decision chose this as an ideal time for renewals because it does not coincide with membership renewal periods for peer organizations, and it precedes the year-end fund drive for most non-profit organizations. The BSA office is also changing its fiscal year to align with the membership year, giving leadership a stronger sense of the BSA’s financial position (relative to year-end fundraising) at the start of the fiscal year, rather than its end.As part of an ongoing overhaul of our digital presence, the Society is also ending its MemberPlanet subscription. BSA members will now access membership benefits through a password-protected page on the BSA website. All active members received an email with instructions for accessing membership benefits on June 27, 2022. Our new membership management system, Little Green Light, is a more robust tool for maintaining the Society’s records and processes credit card transactions through Stripe, a more secure platform with discounted rates for non-profits.For more information about BSA membership and renewals in 2023, consult our list of Frequently Asked Questions (“FAQ”) online at https://bibsocamer.org/join-bsa/membership-year-change-faq/ or email the BSA office at [email protected].Thanking Meaghan BrownAfter having spent the past nine years at the Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, Meaghan Brown has stepped down as managing editor and reviews editor. Meaghan came onto the journal in 2013, first as assistant to then-PBSA editor David Gants, and then very soon after stepped into the managing editor role. She was instrumental in the journal’s continued production, recovering template files and typesetting each issue of the journal herself until PBSA switched from in-house production to working with University of Chicago Press. Meaghan also revamped the PBSA book review system, increasing the number of reviews and the speed with which they were published. Meaghan has also been a steady hand and helpful guide during the transition from David Gants’s editorship of the journal to the co-editorship of Jesse Erickson and Sarah Werner. It is no exaggeration to say that the journal would not be where it is without Meaghan Brown.The Society is deeply grateful for Meaghan’s long and hard work at PBSA, and we wish her the best successes in her future work. Questions about book reviews may continue to be sent to [email protected]; questions about the journal may be sent to the editors at [email protected] and [email protected]. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America Volume 116, Number 3September 2022 Published for the Bibliographical Society of America Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/721669 Views: 79Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Optimal preventive maintenance strategies for a wind turbine gearbox

This paper investigates two maintenance strategies for wind turbine gearboxes. The first one is frequently adopted in practice. It consists in monitoring the state of the gearbox through its temperature. As soon as the latter reaches a predefined threshold level, production rate is drastically reduced by slowing down the wind turbine while cooling the gearbox for a certain period before recovering the desired output rate. As it becomes more frequent with time, the wind turbine operators will decide to renew the gearbox. The latter is replaced by a new identical one or submitted to an overhaul based only on the judgement of the maintenance agents. For this first strategy, an analytical model is developed to optimize the renewal period of the gearbox considering the balance between the cost of production loss and cooling each time the threshold temperature is reached, and the cost of renewal.The second strategy is a new one proposed in this paper. It suggests performing an imperfect preventive maintenance (PM) action each time the temperature threshold is reached, reducing hence the failure rate of the gearbox to a value between the current one and the one of a new gearbox. The imperfect preventive action is performed N times before the gearbox must be renewed. A mathematical model is also developed to simultaneously find the optimal number of PM actions to be performed before renewing the gearbox, and the optimal period for the maintenance crew to start the PM or renewal action after the instant at which the temperature threshold level is exceeded. This period being longer or shorter depending on the logistics in place to move the maintenance crew to the site and prepare for the intervention. Numerical examples are presented, a sensitivity analysis is performed, and the two strategies are compared. Optimal solutions are obtained for each strategy. Also, the result of the comparison shows that each strategy can be more economical depending on the reliability of the gearbox, and the different costs incurred, particularly the PM and the renewal related logistics costs.

Pragmatism, Peirce, and the Pandemic

Pragmatism, Peirce, and the Pandemic

Популяция ели под пологом перестойных березняков в зоне смешанных лесов европейской части России

The results of studies of the under-canopy population of spruce (Picea abies L.) in over-mature birch forests (Betuletum oxalidosum) of the Moscow region are presented. The purpose of the research was to study of the renewal process periodicity, age, vertical structure and condition of the spruce population. The work was carried out on a permanent trial plot in the period 2008–2018. The undulating feature of the spruce renewal process under the canopy of birch forest with a frequency of 30–40 years within the age of the birch trees under consideration has been established. It is determined that the basis of spruce forests formed under the canopy are trees with a renewal period of less than 30 years, which by the onset of the decay of birch forests form the first and second layers with an average age approaching the age of quantitative maturity. The age structure of the spruce population in birch forests aged 115 years is characterized by the dominance of trees of two age groups — 21–40 and 91–120 years, which account for 29 % and 37 % of the population, respectively. The emerging spruce forests belong to conditionally even-aged stands. Trees with a height of 2,0 m dominate (about 40 %) in the vertical structure of the population. The age dynamics of the stand is aimed at a slight increase in undergrowth trees and the first storey, and a decrease in the number of the second storey trees occurs. This is due to the emergence of new spruce specimens and the transition of part of the trees of the second storey to the first one. It was found that weakened trees predominate in the under-canopy population of spruce in overmature birch forests. Trees of the first layer are in the best condition (status category CS = 1). The state of undergrowth trees during the observation period did not change, remaining weakened (CS = 2,3–2,4). The set of trees of the second layer was characterized by positive dynamics — from the category of strongly weakened (CS = 2,7), due to the mortality, it moved to the category of weakened (CS = 2,0). Trees with a renewal period of up to 30 years are in the best condition. As a result of the succession process, after the decay of birch forests, low-density spruce forests with a productivity corresponding to the III site class will be formed.

US urban and regional planning history, theory and partnerships for a new century

Planning history reflects the major social, economic and political events that shape a society. Planning has been variously defined by scholars and planning practitioners alike. This paper presents a set of definitions of urban and regional planning (URP) in order to create a common ground with which to analyse planning’s history and theories of urban revitalisation and partnership collaborations at the turn of the 20th century. The planning history includes the City Beautiful movement, the Urban Renewal period and the City Enterprise. The planning theories range from rational planning, incrementalism and advocacy to communicative and collaborative planning. Finally, partnerships refer to collaboration and cooperation among businesses, non-profits, government agencies, education institutions and community leaders with a certain set of aims and goals. The takeaway points are that a partnership’s success depends on the scale and scope of the arrangement, and the type and number of actors. Furthermore, urban revitalisation partnerships should be built on shared interests, reciprocal support and mutual benefit, with partners contributing according to their respective resources, strengths and areas of expertise.

Identifying Crop and Orchard Growing Stages Using Conventional Temperature and Humidity Reports

Vegetation is a climate modifier: It is a primary modifier, such as the Amazon rain forest, or secondary modifier, such as the agricultural fields of Pannonian lowlands in Central Europe. At periods of winter crop spring renewal and the start of the orchard growing season, enhanced evapotranspiration shifts energy balance partitions from sensible toward latent heat flux. This surface flux alteration converges into the boundary layer, and it can be detected in the daily variations of air temperature and humidity as well as daily temperature range records. The time series of micrometeorological measurements and phenological observations in dominant plant canopies conducted by Forecasting and Reporting Service for Plant Protection of the Republic of Serbia (PIS) are explored to select indices that best record the signatures of plant growth stages in temperature and humidity daily variations. From the timing of extreme values and inflection points of relative humidity (R1 and R2) and normalized daily temperature range (DTR/Td), we identified the following stages: (a) start of flowering (orchard)/spring start of the growing season (crop), (b) full bloom (orchard)/development (crop), (c) maximum LAI reached/yield formation (orchard and crop), and (d) start of dormancy (orchard)/leaf drying (crop). The average day of year (DOY) for dominant plants corresponds to the timing obtained from climatological time series recorded on a representative climate station.

Lexical Originality Of Regional Orthodox Parish Chronicles

The lexical level of two parochial chronicles of the Southern Urals of the 19th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the monuments were created during the period of renewal of the chronicle tradition. The novelty of the work lies in the description of the lexical diversity of two texts of the same genre. The main attention is paid to the peculiarities of lexico-thematic groups: denotation, choice of lexeme, lexical relations between the components of the group. It has been proved that it is the lexical level that most clearly translates the specifics of the picture of the world of the Southern Urals inhabitants against the background of the chronicles of other provinces. It is concluded that six groups are distinguished in the vocabulary of church chronicles as a reflection of significant areas of the life of parishioners: religious life, work, life, education, the world around, social relations. It is shown that the scribe’s speech is not oversaturated with heterogeneous information, therefore the choice of topics and words plays an important role in the research reading of the document. It is noted that the information required by the stencil of the document is transmitted by chronicles using different lexemes. A comparative analysis of the lexemes of chronicles shows that the actual centralization of topics in the chronicles does not focus on religion, although religion is a moral and ethical guide for the layman of that time.

Renewal of the domestic Symphonism of the 1960s in the works of young Leningrad composers

The subject of the study is the period of Russian symphonic music of the 1960s. A new generation of "sixties" composers has entered the Soviet music scene, imperiously declaring themselves with bright creative achievements, fresh and modern musical language. The epoch of the turning point dictated a new reality, required new artistic thinking, generated diverse creative ideas. The panorama of Russian music was quite colorful, many things in art appeared and disappeared very rapidly, stylistic pluralism, lost at the dawn of Soviet power, returned to the music scene. Special attention is paid to the works of composers of the Leningrad school — S. Slonimsky, Y. Falik, L. Prigozhin and V. Gavrilin. All of them opened new stylistic horizons and absorbed into their sound orbit the main trends of modern music, including the conquests of the Western avant-garde.  The scientific novelty of the work consists in the fact that the author examines the bright and original works of young Leningrad authors in the context of stylistic and linguistic innovations of the 1960s. The article analyzes the role and place of "Sixties" composers in the struggle for "new music". The main conclusion of the article is the idea that the period of musical renewal of the 1960s under consideration turned out to be extremely saturated with the most complex and diverse problems: ideological, general aesthetic, musical style. S. Slonimsky, Y. Falik, L. Prigozhin, V. Gavrilin became undisputed leaders in the renewal of Russian music of the second half of the twentieth century, and their works-"symbols" fully reflected the intense search of the post-war generation of Soviet composers.

أحكام تجديد العلامة التجارية في القانون الأردني والاتفاقيات الدولية: الإشكاليات والحلول "دراسة مقارنة"

This study deals with the issue of renewal the registration of a trademark based on the fact that the trademark ends with the expiry of a period of ten years from the date of registration in accordance with Jordanian legislation, so, it can be renewed for a similar periods, in which the trademark remains in effect as long as the renewal was made within the time specified by the law. This is in contrast to other intellectual property rights, which remain valid only for a specified period such as a patent, which remains valid for only twenty years, and also the industrial design, which remains valid for fifteen years. This study also discusses the effects of non-renewed trademark in Jordanian law, International agreements, and comparative legislation, and through it we discuss some legal points, guided by the provisions of the Jordanian administrative judiciary in these issues, which are shown in the methods of calculating the renewal period, as well as the legal time limit given to the trademark owner for renewal. The study also examines the possibility of the legal protection of the non-renewed trademark, the public’s involvement in fraud, and exploiting the non-renewed trademark by some people to register it in the name of a new owner, in addition to the possibility of the public’s involvement in fraud as a result of that, and at the same time the legal protection of the non-renewed trademark and the legal protection of the non-renewed trademark, and studying the condition of registration and of use to give legal protection to the trademark.

Use of Comics to Enhance Students' Japanese Ability as Well as to Awake their Hidden Potential

In the period of renewal and international integration like today, knowing another language is a very necessary thing. Therefore, the demand for and the number of language learners is increasing, Japanese is not an exception. Therefore, more and more people are approaching Japanese culture through many forms including Manga reading. Manga (Japanese comic) has been introduced to our country since the 90s and has left a deep impression on the comic market in our country. Manga for a long time has been an indispensable "dish" in the daily spiritual life of many people. Not only for entertainment properties only but manga also bring a greater meaning than that. This is also one of the forms of promoting Japanese culture to the world. In addition to the above, manga is also an interesting way to learn Japanese. Especially, it makes it easier for Japanese learners to memorize words, absorb Japanese culture, and use words. In this article, we will answer the reasons why reading manga in learning Japanese will show the benefits and limitations of too abusing manga to absorb Japanese.

Characterisation and mitigation of renewable droughts in the Australian National Electricity Market

In a decarbonising world, the electricity generation mix in Australia’s National Electricity Market (NEM) is likely to be heavily dependent on wind and solar. Designing an electricity system dominated by variable renewable energy generation requires careful examination of periods of low renewable output to ensure storage or other back up generation is sufficient to avoid loss of load. This study uses 15 years of climate and electricity demand data to examine the frequency and nature of the occurrence of low renewable periods. It examines strategies for their mitigation so that unserved energy standards are not breached. We have found that the winter period, May to August, is the time where the NEM is at greatest risk of loss of load. This winter period is when the demand in southern Australian states is higher, solar generation is lower and a series of low wind periods can drain storage. It has been demonstrated that any proposed generation mix reliant on renewable energy generation should be stress tested across a low wind winter, like the complex winter of 2010, not just a single isolated low wind period. Storage was found to be ideal to provide energy for a few hours overnight, but firm dispatchable thermal generation is likely to be a lower cost option than long term storage for extended low wind periods. Diversifying generation with the addition of offshore wind may reduce the need for storage, although the need for floating wind turbines may make this alternative too expensive to add any value in the Australian context.

Stadsvernieuwing en stads- en dorpsgezichten in de periode 1961-1985

Urban renewal and historic urban landscape in the Netherlands, 1961-1985 Many urban sites and rural settlements suffered severely from dilapidation in the Netherlands after the Second World War. Urban renewal focused on large-scale demolition and modern urban development with highways, office buildings and commercial districts in the 1960s and 1970s. Following widespread protest by society, the revitalization of historical areas finally became a primary objective of urban renewal. To what extent and how this was achieved in relation to the 472 protected town- and villagescapes has not yet been studied. The Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands is currently researching the post-1965 era and this has yielded new insights in that respect. Area-based and long-term planning, reviving inner-cities, community participation and the human dimension were key principles in achieving results. The European Architectural Heritage Year 1975 and the Declaration of Amsterdam introducing the concept of ‘integrated conservation’ was considerably influential in this matter. And this approach can still be topical looking at the major urban issues of today. The urban renewal period holds up a mirror to us: how to achieve sustainable urban development that serves an integrated perspective encompassing public, social, economic and cultural goals?

B. Tishchenko's Music for S. Shuster's Documentaries (on the issue of the radical renewal of Russian Symphonism in the 1960s)

The subject of the study is the symphonic work of the outstanding Russian composer of the second half of the twentieth century Boris Ivanovich Tishchenko (1939-2010). The article discusses his music for the documentary films directed by S. Shuster "Suzdal" (1964), "Palekh" (1965) and "Northern Studies" (1968). The author of the work dwells in detail on such aspects of the topic as Tishchenko's innovative role in the renewal of Russian symphonism in the second half of the last century, reformatting the very foundations of compositional thinking, enriching the sound palette with the help of modern musical avant-garde. Special attention is paid to the issue of B. Tishchenko's inheritance of the great Russian symphonic tradition. В The main conclusion of the article is the idea that B. Tishchenko's music for documentaries of the 1960s accumulated the freshest ideas of the period of renewal in Russian art. A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is a detailed study of three little-known scores of the composer in the context of an intensive search for "new music". The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the author examines the composer's compositions through the prism of stylistic and linguistic innovations of the 1960s, proves the close connection of Tishchenko's symphonism with his time, with the contradictory cultural and social processes that befell the generation of composers of the "sixties".

АКТУАЛЬНІ ПИТАННЯ СЬОГОДЕННЯ ЗМІШАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ПРИМУСОВОГО ВИКОНАННЯ : УМОВИ І СТАН ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ , ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ

The current state and problematic aspects of a mixed system of the enforcement of decisions in Ukraine were highlighted, the attention was focused on development prospects. The article aims at reviewing and scientific rethinking of transition exclusively to the private system of the enforcement of decisions on demand of international authorities. The methodological basis of the research is comparative, dialectical, systemicstructural, normative and logical scientific research methods. A decrease in the total number of enforcement proceedings to recover the debt was stated doubly, which was caused by the set of changes in their influence on the state of the enforcement of decisions in connection with russian invasion of Ukraine. Diverse options for the expansion of the terms of reference of private executors were analysed, namely: inclusion of their authorized activities to the list to pursue assets in favour of the government; the recovery of fines; establishment of facts concerning, primarily damage or destruction of property due to the military aggression of the russian federation and determination the amount of damages. It was identified that regarding the undeniable role and importance of the private system of the enforcement of decisions plaid, private executors and their activities require the support during the period of economic renewal by solving a range of issues, namely a connection of all private executors to Automated system of enforcement proceedings, a solution to the question concerning the possibility to change the enforcement district by private executors from the occupied territories, a resolution of the issue regarding a monitoring the activities of private executors etc. It was suggested settling the issue regarding the expanding types of activities of private executors in order to implement alternative ways to make profit, in particular empowerment them to certification of facts by analogy to the practice of European colleagues.

Subversive Sixties in Ink: Underground Comix, Censorship, and Translation between the United States and Italy

This study focuses on underground comix in the US and their reception in Italy, where different translations have been circulating since the late 1960s. Underground comix were the controversial product of the 1960s-1970s’ counterculture, that is, of a period of struggle and cultural renewal in US history. As taboo contents such as sex, drugs, and political dissent became the core of this needle-sharp graphic satire, underground cartoonists had to deal with media lynching, exclusion from distribution circuits, fines, and seizures of materials. The present contribution reconstructs the twisted relationships between underground comix and the different forms of censorship they faced in their homeland as well as in Italy, where they were translated by both militant and mainstream publishers in different time periods. This study focuses on Robert Crumb, the most famous underground cartoonist, and discusses a corpus of comics dealing with the theme of sexuality used to shock and subvert US morality. The compared analysis of multiple translations of the same stories, published between the 1970s and 2018, shows how the Italian reception of Crumb’s most provocative comics was impacted by a pre-selection of contents, practices of deliberate censorship of the original materials and, in particular, by the trivialisation of potentially subversive contents under the influence of the commedia sexy all’italiana film genre. It is maintained that, in the Italian context, Crumb’s sexually explicit works are not deemed controversial provided they are deprived of social criticism and re-interpreted within a comedic frame through translation. The latter argument paves the way for a reflection on how subversive materials can be “narcotized” (Eco, 2003, p. 139) by means of banalization, whose outcomes are similar to those that result from overt censorship.