Period Of Prosperity Research Articles

Economic security theory: stages of development and transition to a new reality

The process of formation and development of the theory of economic security is objectively related to the cyclical nature of economic development. Economic security as a phenomenon is of little interest to researchers in prosperous periods of economic activities. On the contrary, during periods of economic crises, scientific analysis of the risks and threats to the national economy in foreign markets and the reasons for the decline in the efficiency of domestic production comes to the fore. The article examines the stages of the formation and development of theoretical research in the field of economic security in the works of Western scientists, starting from the 1930s of the twentieth century, and also Russian researchers and practitioners from the 1990s up to the present. Particular attention is paid to changes in the economic security of the trends in today’s pandemic crisis and developing based on its structural and civilizational crisis in the world economy. The article substantiates that today almost all countries perceive the social factor not as a kind of addition to ensuring national economic security, but as its priority component. World political leaders, members of the public, entrepreneurs are clearly aware and widely discussing the existence of a contradiction between social and economic interests within the framework of such a phenomenon as “national economic security.” And now there is an active search for opportunities to remove this contradiction. The current situation inevitably requires clarification of the actual and potential threats to economic security for modern Russia, and the adoption of appropriate measures to prevent and neutralize them. The article also discusses the possibility of including the system of state monitoring, assessment and countering threats to socio-economic development for modern Russia in the existing institutions of state regulation at the federal and subfederal levels.

Research on China’s the Oldest Wooden Building Structure in the Tang Dynasty-the Restoration Model of the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple, Re-Understanding the Value of Heritage

China has a long five thousand years of cultural history. There is much precious architectural heritage have been preserved, and during the most prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, there are only two wooden structures of the Tang Dynasty that have been preserved. They are the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple and the Main Hall of Foguang Temple in Wutai Mountain, Shanxi Province, China. This paper is based on the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple, which was established more than 1,200 years ago, as the research object. By referring to the restoration report in 19801, the 1/10 scale large wooden structure model of the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple was made for the first time; the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple drawings and 3D renderings was systematically drawn. Secondly, this paper analyses and interprets the three criteria for identifying the value of the heritage, combined with the status of Chinese heritage protection, and from the perspective of the authenticity and integrity of the heritage, combined with the two restoration fortifications of the Main Hall of Nanchan Temple, and systematically carried out. After sorting out, summed up constructive opinions suitable for the protection of Chinese heritage, to better highlight the universal value of heritage.

Late Roman Emona: Understanding the transformation of the city

The archaeological remains of the Roman colony of Emona from the 4th and early 5th centuries point to a period of prosperity in the 4th century, a time of renewed infrastructure and new building development in several locations across the city, reinforcements to the city’s defence system, and in the second half of the 4th century there was also considerable investment in Christian buildings. At the same time, secular monuments and, in some cases, infrastructure such as the city moat and the cloacae were often abandoned or neglected.These changes were closely linked to a range of factors, an important one being the rise of Christianity. With the ongoing Christianisation of Emona, a diocese from the 4th century, the character of urban life was gradually transformed, as well as city’s appearance.

FILSAFAT ETIKA MASYARAKAT ISLAM JAWA: KONSEP BAIK DAN BURUK

This article are based on library research regarding the concept of good and bad in the perspective of Javanese Muslim thought. The aim is to revise the designation of santri, priyayi and abangan and on the other hand to understand the Javanese ethics which are thought to be relativism ethics but on one side for respect attitudes and harmony with its moral values can create prosperity and progress even in post-colonial conditions. These values and results are suitable for the world view and life of Javanese Muslims whose transcendental rational vision is symbolized by Bima reaching kawruh sangkan paraning dumadi and Semar who live always under the guidance of the Divine. The success of this vision may be similar to the time when King Mangkunegara IV achieved the progress, among other things, even though it was in post-colonial conditions but during the time it was called Kala Sumbaga, a prosperous period. Therefore it can be an alternative thought for the advancement of the present and future.

Historical geography of the silk road

The "Silk Road" is an international channel for human trade and cultural exchanges that spans the Eurasian continent and lasts for more than two thousand years. It has contributed to the social and economic development and cultural exchanges of Asian and European countries, especially ancient China. A huge contribution, it is like a geographical artery that flows the blood of human culture. The discovery of the Silk Road was a great initiative in the history of human civilization, and it was the longest international transport route between the East and the West in ancient times. This international transport route served as a bridge for political, economic and cultural communication among the countries along the Silk Road and facilitated the spread and exchange between the ancient Indian, Egyptian, Greek and Chinese civilizations. Throughout history, we can conclude that the Silk Road emerged in tandem with the opening of China. The prosperous period of the Silk Road was a period of great openness in Chinese history, as China's openness waned, the Silk Road gradually declined, and the Middle Ming Dynasty "closed" after interregional exchanges along the Silk Road largely stalled. With China's increasing openness in the 21st century, the Silk Road has experienced a renaissance.

The effect of financial, macroeconomic and sentimental factors on stock market volatility

The aim of this paper is to find economic factors that could be helpful in explaining the market’s shifts between periods of prosperity and crisis. The study took into account the main stock indices from developed markets of the USA, Germany and Great Britain, and from two emerging markets, i.e. Poland and Turkey. The analysis confirms the existence of two different states of volatility in these markets, namely the state with a positive returns’ mean and low volatility, and the state with a negative or insignificant mean and high volatility. The Markov-switching model with a dynamic probability matrix was applied in the study. The subject of the analysis was the impact of domestic and global factors, such as VIX and TED spread, oil prices, sentiment indices (ZEW), and macroeconomic indices (unemployment, longterm interest rate, CPI), on the probability of switching between the states. The authors concluded that in all the examined countries, changes in long-term interest rates have an influence on market returns. However, the direction of this impact is different for developed and emerging markets. As regards developed markets, high prices of oil, 10-year bonds, and the ZEW index can suggest a high probability of the countries remaining in the first state, whereas an increase in the VIX index and the TED spread significantly reduces the probability of staying in this state. The other studied factors proved to be rather local in nature.

Precipitation in surrounding mountains instead of lowlands facilitated the prosperity of ancient civilizations in the eastern Qaidam Basin of the Tibetan Plateau

Precipitation fluctuation has been suggested as a crucial influencing factor in the evolution of ancient civilizations across the world. Nuomuhong culture (~3400–2450 BP) and Tuyuhun (313–663 CE) were unique ancient civilizations that developed in the eastern Qaidam Basin of the north Tibetan Plateau. However, how precipitation variation in the mountain–basin system has affected the rise and fall of these two ancient civilizations is not well understood. Based on analyses of grain size, magnetic susceptibility, Rb/Sr ratio, loss on ignition, and optically stimulated luminescence dates from an aeolian deposit sequence, lowland climate change in the Qaidam Basin during the late Holocene is reconstructed. The Rb/Sr ratio varies from 0.31 to 0.33 during ~2500–2300 BP, it increases from 0.33 to 0.44 during ~2300–1600 BP, and decreases from 0.44 to 0.29 during ~1600–1400 BP, suggesting the climate was relatively dry during ~2500–2300 BP and ~1600–1400 BP and relatively wet during ~2300–1600 BP in the lowlands of the eastern Qaidam Basin, which corresponded well to the gap between the Nuomuhong and Tuyuhun periods. However, the prosperous periods of the Nuomuhong and Tuyuhun were synchronous with high precipitation in the surrounding mountains. Therefore, high precipitation in the surrounding mountains nourished the expansion of oases and then facilitated the development of Nuomuhong and Tuyuhun, which was inconsistent with precipitation variation in the lowlands of eastern Qaidam Basin. The spatiotemporal pattern of precipitation in the mountain–basin system of the Qaidam Basin during the late Holocene was likely affected by solar activity through uplifting–subsiding air flow mechanism, with more precipitation in the mountain and less precipitation in the basin under higher solar activity. A cognitive model is provided to illustrate how solar activity affected the spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation in the mountain–basin structure of the eastern Qaidam, and then human settlement and civilization evolution during the late Holocene.

Advantages of joint work of school with organizations of supplementary education at different historical stages

Article deals with the problem of interaction of the museum and school from the early ages. Authors give thoroughly full images of joint work of museums and schools in developed countries and analyze their experiences in conducting this way of cooperation. In the article there were listed the problems of interaction between the museum and the school and features of interaction at different historical stages. Authors describe the promising models of cooperation and the answers to question ‘How the problem of “museum and school” is solved abroad?’ Work of museums with students have been discussed in details, i.e. work with preschoolers and younger students, middle and high school students. Authors gave classification of museums of educational institutions: university museums, school museums, pedagogical museums. They have considered pedagogical museums in the period of origin and prosperity, the evolution of pedagogical museums, museums of the history of education and children's museums. Authors have analyzed the prospective of having museumschool partnership.

Elite agraria y Estado: influencia de los intereses de los terratenientes en el aparato estatal (1840-1860)

This article carries out a qualitative analysis of the relationship between the agrarian elite and the Chilean State in the mid-19th century, examining how the approaches of this sector influence the State. The study is outlined from the consequences of the first wheat cycle (1849-1855), a process that directly affects the interests of the landowners. For this reason, we use as our main source the first two journals of the National Agricultural Society, an institution that is characterized by bringing together an important number of the national oligarchy. Thus, we can see that agrarian elite understands the State as an institution whose main objective is to protect and promote the agriculture of large landowners; while the State, there are positive responses to the pressures and needs of the agricultural sector, especially during the period of prosperity caused by the gold rush in California and Australia.

Factors influencing transaction costs of prefabricated housing projects in China: developers' perspective

PurposeThe recent promotion of prefabricated housing (PH) in China has resulted in a prosperous period for its implementation. However, transaction costs (TCs) cause low economic efficiency to stakeholders and hinder the further promotion of PH. No relevant study has yet been made to investigate the TCs and their causes in the PH field. This paper identifies critical TCs and explores the influencing factors from the developers' perspective.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey were used to collect data about TCs and influencing factors. The most influential factors are identified with their impacts on particular TCs, yielded from correlation analysis and logistic regression.FindingsFrom the developers' perspective in China's PH market, this study identified that the most concerning sources of TCs are: hidden costs arising from disputes, extra workloads from design changes, learning costs, intensive communication and coordination in assembly and unexpected information costs in decision-making. The use of an ordered logistic regression approach indicates that the four most influential factors are: qualification of the general contractor, mandatory local policies, owner type and competitiveness of the developer.Practical implicationsTo reduce the TCs, experiencing learning and ensuring the design scheme's complicity are recommended to save information searching and exchanging costs. The implications for the PH developers are for them to: (1) professionalize their own organization and (2) procure high-qualified general contractors. For the policymakers, this means they should improve the clarity of the mandatory local policies for PH step-by-step.Originality/valueBy applying the TCs economic theory, this study explores factors that influence TCs in the PH industry. It sheds light on the influencing mechanism behind the TCs in the context of prefabricated housing.

Bubbles

Bubbles

Taming the Bubble

Taming the Bubble

FDI spillovers and firm productivity during crisis: Empirical evidence from transition economies

Most studies on foreign direct investment (FDI) are nested within periods of economic prosperity. Our study investigates the impact of FDI spillovers on productivity during the global financial crisis (2006–2014) and the accompanying credit shortage. A dynamic panel analysis of firm-level data from two neighbouring but distinct transition economies, Croatia and Slovenia, reveals that the impact of the crisis may go as far as halting the process of learning through spillovers if firms have difficulties in accessing external funds. The implications of the study may prove particularly beneficial to policy makers grappling with the economic crisis following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Традиция в условиях военной экстремальности: народные способы осмысления и «преодоления» Великой Отечественной войны

Introduction. In the study the authors consider the ways of understanding and overcoming the extreme conditions of the Great Patriotic The task is to define the forms and ways of “overcoming” the war conditions and its traumatizing consequences developed by Russians and to identify their connection with traditional types of worldview and folk ritual practices. Methods and materials. The analysis of folk stories recorded among different generations and rural Russian areas as well as memories about the wartime and the period after the Great Patriotic War compose the base of the article. According to the main task the authors use the method widely used in the Russian Ethnography which is called the “inside the tradition” view, or analysis from the position of its bearers. Analysis. The natural alternation of periods of prosperity and crises explains the inevitability of war, but according to popular beliefs, the impoverishment of the sacred sphere of life is the main factor of a tragedy. On the contrary, human turning to God and his / her repentance determine the possibility of overcoming a tragedy. The concept of “a rule” (and its violation) as well as the concept of “a destiny” (a shared fate) which must be restored and redistributed under the crisis according to popular beliefs play an important role in the mechanism of developing ways to “overcome” the war among the Russians during the wartime. Wartime ritual practices including baking and cutting bread, redistributing it to the front line, organizing joint meals, etc. confirm the statement. The process of the revival of religious (Orthodox) practices, and the formation of a collective memory of the war and the fallen heroes was inspired from below, from the masses. This initiative included folk forms of veneration and remembrance of the dead, the creation of sacred places associated with the war and the memory about it. Women, who became the main keepers of the tradition, who took upon themselves the functions of harmonizing the socio-psychological situation in rural areas during the difficult war and postwar years, were especially active in these processes. Results. The authors confirm the particular role of traditional types of worldview influencing the modern collective memory as well as social practices during both extreme conditions and everyday life. Ordinary people preferred to turn to centuries-old spiritual traditions of overcoming war traumas and to use the experience of preserving collective memory of them formed in the pre-revolutionary time within the peasant and Cossack communities.

The Moral Philosophy of Capitalism In the View of the Javanese Islamic Trade Ethos

The results of this paper were based on library research which aimed to understand capitalism in terms of Javanese Muslim trade ethos based on the work of experts. On the one hand, there was a mismatch between the economic system of capitalism and the ethos for the objectification of Islam in commerce and the results were suitable for world views and cultural life. Java was in a postcolonial state on the other hand. The method of analyzing its understanding was through historical and normative social as well as normative ethics and metaethics. The analysis resulted in three characteristics of the theoretical construction of Javanese Muslim trade ethos as a way of being kind, namely respect and care for anything, respect and harmony or care for anyone and in accordance with the culture and religious experience of Javanese Muslims at that time. These three characteristics had been proven during the Mangkunegara IV period, capable of creating human progress in various fields of life, especially the Mangkunegaran kingdom, for example, it was called Kala Sumbaga (a prosperous period). Therefore, this theoretical construction was expected to be an alternative to ethical thinking and vision in trade at the regional or national level.

Using Fuzzy Logic Method to Investigate the Effect of Economic Sanctions on Business Cycles in the Islamic Republic of Iran

One of the main economic issues in Iran is the issue of economic sanctions. These sanctions have been imposed by various institutions and countries around the world in various forms since 1979 against Iran. Economic sanctions have affected large sections of Iran’s economy. Meanwhile, economic sanctions against Iran have had far-reaching effects on trade cycles in Iran. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of economic sanctions on the structure of business cycles in Iran. The sanction index is a tool for studying quantitative sanctions. The opinions of 15 experts in sanctions economics were collected using fuzzy questionnaires. And the sanction index was obtained. The fuzzy logic method in the MATLAB software space calculated the economic sanction index for 1979–2019. The self-regression calculated the effect of economic sanctions on business cycles. There are two scenarios in this article. In scenario 1, sanctions increased inflation, reduced production, and reduced investment. Also, during the embargo period, the recessions are longer. The second scenario of the research shows the economy without sanctions. The results showed that, in these conditions, inflation has less effect on production and investment. And the economy will experience a long period of prosperity without sanctions.

Influence of the COVID-19 Crisis on Steel Production in Poland Compared to the Financial Crisis of 2009 and to Boom Periods in the Market

This paper presents an analysis of the volume of steel production in Poland during the COVID-19 crisis in the first half of 2020 in comparison to the volume of steel production during the financial crisis initiated in the US during the period 2007–2008, whose effects, in the form of a large decrease in steel production, were seen in 2009 in Poland. A comparison is also made to periods of prosperity in 2004, 2007, and 2017 (when there was a good economic situation in the steel market in Poland). The selection of the time period—the first half of 2020—was based on the emergence of a new situation in the economy, which was lockdown. The aim of the analysis is to determine the impact of the COVID-19 situation on the steel market (volume of steel production) in Poland. The analysis performed could help entrepreneurs manage their companies during the COVID-19 crisis. This paper belongs to the category of research work. The statistical analysis was realized regarding steel production in Poland. Three periods were analyzed: The first half of 2020—the period termed the COVID-19 crisis; the year 2019—the year of a large decrease in steel production in Poland caused by the world financial crisis; and periods of prosperity in the steel market—the years 2004, 2007, and 2017 (periods before crises). The analysis shows that, in order to assess the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the functioning of enterprises or industries, it is necessary to analyze the situation and compare it with other situations in the past. Moreover, crisis management in the COVID-19 situation must be highly rationalized and real, and the various industrial sectors and companies forming them should adapt this process to their own situation. Results: On the basis of the statistical data, it was found that, in the short term (months), the production of steel during the COVID-19 crisis was a little higher than in the financial crisis of 2009 (excluding steel production in June 2020), and lower than during the boom in the steel market (the comparison to the periods when there was a boom in the Polish steel market was made to show the dynamics of decline).

English major education in China: a chronological analysis

This paper offers an overview over the development of China’s English major in higher educational institutions since 1977 in different stages: the restoration period (1977-1986), developing period (1987-1997), prosperity period (1998-2009), and adjustment period (2010-present). The problems and controversy over this major are also introduced and analysed. Overall, this paper aims to inform readers of the recent history and current situation of the English major in Chinese universities, which might also shed light on the studies of the language related programs in universities in general.

Этнографические музеи Гуанси и культура чжуан в их экспозициях

This article analyzes the history and modern state of anthropological museums in the Guangxi-Zhuang Autonomous Region (PRC) and researches the issue of how Zhuang culture is presented in exhibitions. The Zhuang are by far the most populous minority in China. In spite of their population and importance, foreign scholars do not usually pay much attention to them. The first anthropological museums appeared in China in the 1930s and since then have been developing through the periods of decay and prosperity along with the country itself. At present, the PRC’s anthropological museums are moving along with all the world trends of modernization of working processes and digitalization of practices and techniques. There is a network of ethnic ecomuseums in Guangxi. They were established to preserve local cultures in their own environment. This article shows that the results of the project are not as successful as planned. There are problems of ignorance among the local dwellers to their own culture, lack of funding and lack of interest in ecomuseums from both locals and managing personnel appointed by the government.

Монетные сплавы Херсонеса Таврического периода независимости

This paper presents the results of X-ray fluorescence analysis of the composition of alloys of the two largest collections of coins of ancient Chersonese residing in the State Historical and Archaeological Museum Preserve of Tauric Chersonese and the Yevpatoria Regional Museum. In total, about a thousand coins studied, which, together with the 400 coins previously examined from the State Hermitage Museum, constitutes a solid basis for conclusions. The given paper analyses the data obtained for coins of Chersonese in the Period of Independence, that is from the emergence of local coinage in the early fourth century BC to the wars of Diophantos in the late second century BC. For the first time it has been determined that big dichalkoi were minted from a special coin alloy, two-component high-tin bronze, in the period of economic prosperity of Chersonese in the second half of the fourth and third centuries BC. These coins served as the financial basis for important transformations in the near and distant chora: the land division system of vineyards and territorial expansion of Chersonese into the north-western Taurica. Only in the third century BC, in the period of an unprecedented consolidation of land properties and the transformation of the wine production into a commodity industry, the minting of large silver coins of full metal value began probably for big financial deals and payments in international trade. The crisis in the minting of Chersonese in the late second century BC touched silver drachmae, the overwhelming majority of which were minted from a low-grade silver alloy with the copper comprising more than a third of the composition. Thus, full-weight coins turned to conditional money.