Liberation Period Research Articles

The reflection of Newman's defensible space theory on Turkey's neighbourhoods: typomorphological analysis of safe-space within an analytical framework

PurposeThe research intends to investigate the different typological and morphological characteristics of the neighbourhood spaces produced by different urban dynamics since the late nineteenth century in Turkey.Design/methodology/approachThe main problem that drives the research is that a significant increase in the construction of gated communities has started to be seen in the last five years as a solution to safety issues in Turkey. However, these gated communities as safe-spaces have resulted in the danger of destroying neighbourhood life's physical and social dynamics by changing their spatial configuration. The study offers an analytical framework structured from defensible space theory and other safe-space theories in the literature. It has analysed the effect of physical characteristics of urban fabric on the production of safe-space in neighbourhoods through mappings and site observations. The case studies are conducted in three different morphological periods in Turkey, which are the Seyrancik neighbourhood in Bolu (the Ottoman Period), the Subayevleri neighbourhood in Ankara (the Republican Period) and the Karaman neighbourhood in Sakarya (the Liberalisation Period).FindingsThe analysis concludes that any type does not come to the fore in the production of defensible space in terms of its spatial features, but each has various strengths and weaknesses. As a result, this study emphasises the role of design in providing defensible neighbourhoods in the case of Turkey's cities and reveals the aspects that will guide the design of an urban and housing form in terms of the safety–environment relationship in Turkey.Originality/valueThe significance of the study is the comparative analytical approach to studying the housing development and demonstrates a method for analysing safety issues in the transformation process of neighbourhood structures in Turkey.

Increasing trend in accidental pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths and diverging overdose death correlates following the opioid prescription policy liberalization in Norway 2010-2018.

During the last decade, opioid prescription policies in Norway have been liberalised and pharmaceutical opioid (PO) dispensing has increased. Against this backdrop, we examined the trends in and the correlates of accidental overdose deaths attributable to PO in the period 2010-2018 in comparison with traditional heroin overdose deaths. Accidental overdose deaths attributable to PO or heroin were identified through the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry (n = 1267) and cross-linked with population and patient registries. Overdose death correlates were examined using multivariable logistic regression. The trend in accidental overdose deaths attributable to PO increased significantly from 2010 to 2018. Females, people aged 50 years or older, disability pension recipients and/or those with the highest net wealth had a greater risk of a PO vs. heroin overdose death, while those dying in public spaces, living in urban areas, having recent specialized drug treatment encounters, and/or criminal charge(s) had a lower risk. Among those with primary health care encounters, those with back problems and accidents and injuries had a greater risk of a PO vs. heroin overdose death, while those with a substance use disorder had a lower risk. The increase in accidental overdose deaths attributable to PO coincides with the period of opioid prescription policy liberalization and an increase in PO consumption in Norway. The PO and heroin overdose deaths differed in terms of the associated sociodemographic characteristics, primary and secondary health care encounters, diagnoses, and criminal charges, indicating a need for additional interventions aimed at preventing PO overdose deaths specifically.

Marietta Sadova: Fascist Identities and Political Compromise in Communist Romania

"After a brief period of liberalization in 1956, cultural politics in communist Romania went through an ideological radicalization between 1958 and the early 1960s, which led to intimidation campaigns, arrests, trials, and condemnations of several groups of interwar intellectuals. Director and actress Marietta Sadova was convicted in the 'Noica-Pillat' trial in March 1960. This paper aims to unravel the complex interaction between culture and politics through a qualitative analysis of Marietta Sadova's case study. The focus will be on the Securitate's surveillance, coercion methods, and narrative construction on one hand and the artist's surviving fascist identity, compromises made to survive, and the validity of cultural niches of existence on the other. The theoretical and methodological apparatus is built on new historiographical approaches to communist repression, including the ability of the secret police to construct and politically instrumentalize guilt narratives. The results suggest that the interaction between the interwar intellectuals and the communist authorities was neither unidirectional nor unitary but multi-layered and mutually depended on negotiations and concessions, as well as on the secret police agents' newly acquired methods of creating and repressing 'hostile' social networks. Keywords: communism, cultural politics, fascism, Marietta Sadova, repression, theatre "

강철과 어머니와 고리키 : 80년대 운동권의 러시아 문학정신

Soviet literature enjoyed its heydays in the 1980s. It was a cultural political phenomenon, which could be viewed as a revival of the Soviet boom shared by the leftist intellectuals during the colonial and Liberation period. N. Ostrovsky

교육잡지 창간호에 나타난 교육의 의미 고찰

This study examined the meaning of education by analyzing the cover, table of contents, and contents of the first issue of an educational magazine founded in the 1990s from the liberation of 1945 to the 1990s. The main contents of the study are as follows. First, the main theme of educational magazines launched during the liberation period in 1945 and the 1950s was ‘reconstruction and common sense of education’. Second, educational magazines launched in the 1960s and 1970s focused on 'enlightenment and popularization of education'. Third, educational magazines launched in the 1980s often focused on 'reformation and specialization of education'. Fourth, the educational magazine, launched in the 1990s, focused on nurturing talented people needed by our society and improving school education, and aimed at 'diversification and advancement of education'. These results suggest that today's educational magazines should not only play the role of information magazines that reflect the flow of education, but also focus on the production of high-quality articles tailored to readers.

Non-Discrimination and special protection for migrants and refugees

In the Americas, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) have established that the principle of equality and non-discrimination requires States to both ensure that migrants are not discriminated against on any of the protected grounds of the American Convention on Human Rights, as well as to take specific action to protect certain groups of migrants that are in a situation of vulnerability. Via a comparative quantitative analysis of the immigration and refugee laws, as well as implementing regulations, of 20 Latin American countries, we examine the extent of non-discrimination and special protection provided by the region’s migratory legislation. Our results reveal three main findings. First, more recent immigration and refugee laws tend to be more expansive, which reflects the period of migratory liberalisation in the region. Second, while non-discrimination clauses are more dominant in laws, special protection clauses are primarily present in implementing regulations. This suggests that countries see special protection as a tool to positive discrimination of particularly vulnerable groups. Third, although we identify an overall expansion on protection grounds, countries’ migratory laws mostly reflect traditional categories like: sex/gender; race/ethnicity/colour; nationality; economic/social condition; and religion. Overall, although laudable, the impact of these provisions on reversing structural discrimination from an intersectional approach remains questionable.

The Political Economy of Trade Barriers in Peru

This paper analyzes the political economy factors and actors that may have influenced trade instruments in Peru during the liberalization period of 2001-2015 (which started in 1990 under Fujimori’s administration). The evidence supports the hypothesis that Peruvian trade barriers liberalization in period 2000-2015 was led by the powerful “Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF)”, accompanied by traditional and diversified exporters (that consolidated the unilateral trade liberalization) and by import substitution firms that influenced to some degree, and slowed down the rate of liberalization of unilateral trade barriers. In addition, the unilateral trade liberalization was facilitated by the weak role of the formal labor force and liberal-oriented consumer interest groups.

Dravidian thought over time and its spread

The rule of ‘does not change’ in the world is not fixed. Various thought movements under that rule appear every day around the world. It is natural for a variety of ‘songs’ and ‘movements’ to appear and disappear in the wake of crises. They emerge on all platforms when they have a profound impact on people for a period of time. In particular, it manifests itself in various forms in the activities of the educated people, in the arts, in literary works, and so on. Are more evident in literary works than in works and aesthetics. The educated community disseminates the platform of thought in a literary way. Thus, when the racial ideology of ‘Dravidianism’ appeared on an Indian scale it emerged as a symbol of individuality. Its intensity brought about a change in the world thinking after the english accepted and disseminated the notion that the Tamil language and the people who spoke that language were independent and beyond the tradition of Indian aryan thought. Similarly, art and literature in the Indian landscape, especially in the south, became widespread. Had a profound effect on the writing. ‘Dravidian Thought’ is one of the most active thought movements in Tamil Nadu. It has an impact that transcends national sentiments. Dravidian thought was recreated from ancient Tamil sources. Concepts about dravida continued to take shape in the literature of the liberation period. Dravidian ideas can be seen in the objects of film, drama, dance, and literature, and the tendency of the state to seize power. This article highlights the fact that dravidian thought, which emerged half a century ago and took great shape, continues to thrive because it continues to be popular today.

TIẾP NHẬN ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA CÁC TRÀO LƯU TƯ TƯỞNG PHƯƠNG TÂY ĐỐI VỚI VĂN HỌC TRUNG QUỐC NỬA SAU THẾ KỈ XX

Upon the 90s of 20th century, in the diversification as well as ‘complexity’ of social and cultural norms, the highness of Chinese literary reform slowed down. The vibrant artistic peaks, under the influence of Western philosophical trends, gradually cooled off. It was known that enlightened spirit that shined brightly in the beginning of the reform was unlikely to replicate in all corners of secular society – a society in which successful businessmen were the main driver. Meanwhile, not going public in bookstores, in theaters, or on television means that arts remained a display item. Therefore, art was never closer to the market like this period. Literature tended to depart from the central norms into the periphery. Chinese academics in general and literature in particular, at that time, were not lagging behind the synchronic advances in the West because it was inherited from an earlier period of ideological liberalization in which researchers as well as literary authors were trained on the basics. This essay studies the reception of the influence from Western philosophical trends on Chinese literature by the second half of the 20th century with the aim of partly explaining the above phenomenon.

해방기 여성독본과 여성해방의 거리

Lee Man-kyu, an educator and nationalist during the Japanese colonial period, was belatedly spotlighted in South Korea due to his defection to North Korea during the liberation period. Part of Lee Man-kyu’s educational aspects can be examined in two women’s readers he wrote, Home Reader (1941; 1946) and Women’s lesson in Family of New Era(1946) were published during the liberation period and used as books for women’s education. As can be seen from the title, these two books emphasize naming women as beings in the home and fulfilling their responsibilities as wise wives and mothers. Lee Man-kyu’s view of women is modern in that it imagines a husband-wife-centered family order, while it emphasizes expanded families such as parents, brothers, and sisters. This can also be confirmed by the fact that Lee Man-kyu accepted modern ideas as a Christian, but was conservative in love or marriage. This hybridity is evident when compared to the socialist Choi Hwa-sung’s Joseon Women’s Reader(1948), which was published at a similar time. Choi Hwa-sung emphasizes the need to transform the social system and achieve women’s liberation through the socialist revolution, placing the liberation of Joseon on the same track as women’s liberation. She presented knowledge related to women’s movement history around the world as a reader of women during the liberation period. While Lee Man-kyu assumed women as non-working subjects, Choi Hwa-sung emphasizes women as social beings in a way that women’s right to education also exists for the right to work. Despite the commonalities between the two Christian socialists in North Korea, the position on the theory of women’s liberation is completely changed by gender and generation differences.

사회주의 북한과 최명익 문학의 실증

This article is an empirical study on Choi Myung-ik’s literature conducted in North Korea(1945-1967). There are three things discussed. First, I found several new first-round records that give a glimpse of Choi Myung-ik’s literary and social activities during the period of his return to North Korea. These activities include the revision of the date of birth, the year of school, the activities of the Education Bureau during the liberation period, the joint exhibition of the novel collection Engineer, and the dispatch to the local area Second, the writer discovered six books of Choi Myung-ik’s works. Except for the Bunin book Buddhist monk Seosan which is a copy of the Yanbian Competition Society, the rest are historical materials and children’s and youth literature. After the war, the essence of the most important literature was in those two. Third, 21 new pieces of Choi Myung-ik’s words, which were published in the continuous media during the period of his stay in North Korea, were discovered. Thus, the total number of episodes will increase to 78. It was put into 12 branches by Choi Myung-ik. It is a story with medium-length novels, short stories, bean novels, wall novels, saga stories, true stories, essays, pelletons, reviews, political theories, and juvenile novels. Choi Myung-ik was a dagalae writer. This article greatly expanded the scope of Choi Myung-ik’s literature. Waiting for quick research.

Żydowskie organizacje charytatywne w Królestwie Polskim (1898–1914)

The aim of the work is to present Jewish charity societies in Polish Kingdom; their legal basis for legalization by the state administration, chronology, geography, social position of the founders, changes in the goals of activity and its results, the attitude of state authorities. The source basis are archival files created by the provincial state administration, which legalized and supervised the organization's activities. The press largely ignored Jewish charities organizations, and the information published about them was imprecise. The incomplete state of preservation of the archival collections created by the provincial offices limits the presentation of the issue. Socio-economic changes among Jews in Polish Kingdom in the second half of the 19th century led to an increase in the number of the poor. The first Jewish charitable organizations of a general nature were legalized by the state administration in 1898. In the years 1902–1905, their registration was discontinued. During the period when the state authorities regulated social life (1894–1906), at least 14 societies were legalized. Their founders were bankers, factory owners and great merchants. In the period of liberalization of social life (1906–1914), at least 102 independent organizations and 13 of their branches were registered. They specialized mainly in acting. The outbreak of the revolution in 1905 stimulated the social activation of: traders, craftsmen, private officials and freelancers who began to take part in creating charity organizations. Women also made them. The greatest number of Jewish charitable societies was established in the governorates and large cities that were most advanced in transformations.

Episodes of liberalization in autocracies: a new approach to quantitatively studying democratization

AbstractThis paper introduces a new approach to the quantitative study of democratization. Building on the comparative case-study and large-N literature, it outlines an episode approach that identifies the discrete beginning of a period of political liberalization, traces its progression, and classifies episodes as successful versus different types of failing outcomes, thus avoiding potentially fallacious assumptions of unit homogeneity. We provide a description and analysis of all 383 liberalization episodes from 1900 to 2019, offering new insights on democratic “waves”. We also demonstrate the value of this approach by showing that while several established covariates are valuable for predicting the ultimate outcomes, none explain the onset of a period of liberalization.

Health Security Ideas of Major Political Groups and the US Military Government during the Liberation Period (1945-1948) in Korea.

The liberation period in Korea was when creative imagination and various debates existed about plans for political, economic, and social systems. Among them was the debate over the national health security underlying the social safety net. Although the US influenced the Korean health security after liberation, major political groups on the Korean peninsula also expressed various opinions. However, previous studies have shown little interest in national health security, which operates the public health and medical care systems. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the ideas on national health security presented by major political groups, analyzing the reply proposal of "Jŏnpyŏng" and the health care proposal of the US military government, which has not been reviewed before. The opinions of major political groups including the right-wing Im-hyŏp and left-wing Min-chŏn diverged on national health security issue regarding insurance coverage, measures to secure financial resources, items of insurance benefits, and measures to stabilize the supply and demand of medical personnel. The claims of the US military government can be understood by "Labor Problems and Policies in Korea (Korean Subcommittee)," "Korean Labor Report (Stewart Meacham)," and "Proposed Political Platform Provisional Korean Democratic Government (Sub-commission #2)." The major political groups and the US military government agreed on the need for social protection against death, old age, disability, disease, injury, and unemployment. All of them claimed national health security, in which the roles of the private sector and the government were mixed, should be gradually introduced. The major political groups, in particular, proposed to (1) set workers as beneficiaries of insurance, (2) share financial resources jointly among the state, employers, and workers, and (3) promote the expansion of the number of doctors and medical institutions and prefer cooperative operations of the hospitals established in small administrative units. This paper argues that the ideas on national health security during the liberation period did not completely deviate from the global trend immediately after World War II when countries tried to expand the number of people covered by national health security and strengthen its coverage. Although these ideas were not fully reflected in the Constitution of 1948, it is significant in that the Constitution codified for the first time the state's responsibility for those who have no ability for living due to their health conditions.

‘Died from Debeeration’: the Case of the First Belarusian Political Game

Early computer games of the ‘Eastern bloc’ have been studied as important artefacts of early digital media, but their significance is usually limited to the historical context. In this article, I present a case study of the first popular computer game made in Belarus, which political relevance has persisted through over two decades. In order to achieve multi-sided description and interpretation of the case, three methods are combined: semantic analysis of the game itself, a survey of its typical players, and comparison to similar cases in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Russia. The proposed explanation of the game’s origins highlights the importance of ‘shared commons’, relics of socialism reused for a variety of purposes during the brief period of ideological liberalism. This allows situating this particular form of subversive media in the process of transition from socialism to capitalism in Eastern Europe – the process that has never been concluded in contemporary Belarus, contributing to the totalitarian situation of 2020–2021.

Study on the Growth of Indian Telecom Sector: Evidence from Post- Liberalization Period

The Indian government has taken major steps towards privatization and liberalization of the telecom sector since 1991. As a result, this sector has made tremendous progress by adopting advanced technology and allowing the participation of private telecom operators. The present study highlights the current scenario of Indian telecom sector and examines its growth in the last three decades from 1991 to 2020. For the study, secondary data is used from various sources and descriptive statistical tools are used for the analysis- annual growth rates, compound annual growth rates and percentage shares. The study concludes that there has been a continuous increase in the subscriber base, overall teledensity in both rural and urban areas, number of broadband subscribers and internet subscribers. The share of the public sector has come down, while the share of the private sector has increased remarkably. It is recommended that the Indian government should make the regulatory and policy framework more adaptable to the fast-changing needs of the telecom sector.

New Asean Member Countries’ Exports to Japan: An Assessment of the New Goods Margin

Growth in exports along extensive margins has been observed during periods of trade liberalization. A rise in new goods margins is important for developing countries as this is a sign of increasing productivity of local firms and a move from overdependence on a small basket of goods. Adapting the methodology of Kehoe and Rul. This study evaluates the changes in the share of total value of the least traded export goods from new ASEAN member countries to Japan before and after the ratification of the ASEAN-Japan FTA. For each of the four countries, a baseline of HS lines of products comprising near 10% of total export value in 2009 was created from the BACI dataset. The analyses show that by 2018 the share of least traded goods to Japan have risen to almost 69% of total export value for Cambodia, 57% for Myanmar and 55% for Laos. For Vietnam, the rise is a modest 29%.

Penerapan Thought Stopping (TS) dan Assertive Trainning (AT) terhadap Kecemasan Warga Binaan Sebelum Bebas di Lembaga Perempuan Kelas II A Pekanbaru

The life that a female citizen lives in prison makes her face psychological problems such as loss of family, loss of self-control, model loss, and loss of support. It can also lead to anxiety among female assisted people associated with the negative stigma that still exists around the community. People who still look negative about the status of ex-citizens. The purpose of this study was determine the factors that affect the anxiety of female assisted people before the liberation period at the Institute of Special Education Children Pekanbaru. This research method is done by using Cross sectional method. The population of this study is all female assisted citizens in Special Education Institution Anak Pekanbaru children who will be free in the year 2017 as many as 30 people, using a questionnaire that has been standardized and has been tested the validity. Based on the results of this study most of the female assisted people experience mild anxiety as much as 66,7%. The results of this study found no relationship that affects the anxiety of female assisted women before the liberation period. The conclusion of this research is the majority of female assisted people in Lemabag Special Education of Children of Pekanbaru have mild anxiety and from four factors studied, one factor that influence the anxiety of female assisted people is social environment factor with environment category is not conducive. Suggestions for the targeted citizens is to increase confidence and hone skills during the prison to be able to suck themselves after coming out of prisons.

Creative search in national publications and functional phenomena in new media

The article groups trends in the modern infosphere and analyzes their features. Moreover, the editorial policy of the National Press ("Egemen Qazaqstan", "Aikyn", "Qazaq adebieti") in the industrial and innovative era, information decisions and the importance of social phenomena, events and times from the perspective of the National Worldview are characterized. Today's increase in cross-cultural integration and the impact of journalistic centers that strive to disseminate high-quality information from anywhere on the creation of a whole world information space obliges us to turn the National information science into new channels in a major flood of news. For this purpose, the research article focused on the peculiarities of mastering the new media sources of the newspapers: "Egemen Qazaqstan", "Aikyn", "Qazaq adebieti", which serve to meet the spiritual needs of a high-quality audience, analyzed the creative search and multicultural abilities of journalists who grew up during the liberation period in the management of spiritual, educational and recreational functions. This step in science will help to establish the proportion of global tolerance and national temperament and define domestic models in the new media age. By classifying creative and technical phenomena in the mass media, journalistic initiatives and audience awareness through comparative methodology, we could identify proposals and new directions. According to the results of the research, projects that expanded our media horizons, such as "Poetry corner", "Ornek", "Stadium", "Lessons on learning dombyra", "News in the new genre of storytelling "Shorts", "Photo chronicle", "Kobyz saryny", "Tanym" and "Let's listen Kui", "Gifts for children", are in need of scientific evaluation. Of course, as scientific ideas, it is necessary to analyze the functional nature of these publications in conjunction with their actions in the transformation of new media. After all, the social activity of educational functions on the new media platform is always relevant. Keywords: communication, visualization, interface, navigation, artificial intelligence, press, national values.

Trade Competitiveness and Trend Pattern of Plantation Crop Exports in India

The foremost focus of this study is to scan the export performance of plantation sector in India for the years 1987-2019 using the CGAR, Cuddy-Della Valle instability index and index number. The analysis mainly draws conclusion on the selected major plantation crop tea, coffee, and cocoa. The analysis of growth trends of plantation crop exports during the overall period registered positive growth rate for export quantity and export unit value. The high growth rates of cocoa products together with high instability indices in the export revealed the prospects for Indian plantation sector in the global market during the post liberalization period. Incase of tea and coffee showed annual growth rate at minimum and instability indicating low to medium range during the overall period. While the trend analysis with the help of index number showed fluctuations in export quantity and export value throughout the study period which may be due to changing policies and its execution at different periods of time. The result indicated that India must give much effort to increase the export share of plantation crop and other value-added plantation products like green tea, toasted coffee grain, cocoa paste etc. to augment the foreign earnings.