Liberation Period Research Articles

Evaluating the liberalization process on Telecommunications services for EU countries

This paper investigates the main determinants of Telecommunications demand for European Union (EU) countries using a panel data set for 19 EU countries over the period 1991-2010, capturing the years before and after the liberalization process. The goal is to clarify whether any changes in the demand of Telecommunications, as expressed by volume of traffic in local, mobile and international market segments, are attributed to regulatory process or to some other major drivers, taking also into account the relevant price elasticities. It turns out that the regulatory process does not seem to have significant impact on demand for Telecommunications services for the first period of liberalization.

Technical and structural change, and the fall in the manufacturing output–capital ratio in Mexico, 1990–2015

The article studies the fall in the manufacturing output–capital (OC) ratio in Mexico in the post-trade liberalisation period 1990–2015. From a classical perspective, a pattern of falling OC ratio, rising labour productivity and greater capital intensity can be interpreted as a case of Marx-biased technical change. A within–between-industry decomposition shows, however, that in Mexico the fall in the average OC ratio reflects not only within-industry technical change but also structural change, in the form of a change in the composition of the capital stock towards industries with low or declining OC ratios. Econometric estimations, moreover, show that within-industry technical change was not related to the initial level or change in domestic labour costs, as in the dominant interpretation of the sources of Marx-biased technical change, but was driven instead by Mexico’s industrial integration with the USA. Within-industry technical change—and convergence to US OC ratios—dominated in an early phase, but were replaced by structural change and divergence in a later phase, following the China shock of the early 2000s. Irrespective of the source of change in the average OC ratio, though, both within-industry technical change in the early phase and structural change in the late one tended to reduce the average profit rate in the Mexican manufacturing sector.

Manisnya Kopi di Era Liberal: Perkebunan Kopi Afdeling Malang, 1870-1930

This article discusses about the coffee plantation at Afdeling Malang in 1870-1930 with the dynamics of emergence on the agrarian laws during liberal period. This research uses historical method. It shows that the journey of coffee plantation during that time had been fluctuated. To achieve the expected production, foreign private investora were involved to establish new plantations or branch of the plantation (with the same brand). They did the nusery on coffee plants, the use of various types such as Robusta, Arabica/Java and Liberia. Towards 1898 until 1910s, bladziektedisease suffered coffee plants. The coffee production was decreased, it needed the another coffee variety that could more resist from disease. The malaisecrisis in 1930 had influenced coffee plantation, due to the number of coffee plantations were decrease, it affected the production that was lower compare than before.

A Study on Left and Right Literary Controversies during Liberation Period

A Study on Left and Right Literary Controversies during Liberation Period

A Study on the Essays about Introducing Foreign Literature & the Essays written in the Liberation Period by Kim Jin‒seop

A Study on the Essays about Introducing Foreign Literature & the Essays written in the Liberation Period by Kim Jin‒seop

The Representation of Nation in the Literature of Liberation Period(1945-1948) by Kim Dong-in

The Representation of Nation in the Literature of Liberation Period(1945-1948) by Kim Dong-in

잡지『신천지』의 해방기 문학적 특성 연구

잡지『신천지』의 해방기 문학적 특성 연구

The Imagination of Popular Sovereignty by Oh, Jang-Hwan during the Liberation Period and the Internal Logic of Defecting to North Korea

The Imagination of Popular Sovereignty by Oh, Jang-Hwan during the Liberation Period and the Internal Logic of Defecting to North Korea

Oh, Jang-Hwan as Mediator : A Study on the generation process of Oh, Jang-Hwan's poetics in the liberation period

Oh, Jang-Hwan as Mediator : A Study on the generation process of Oh, Jang-Hwan's poetics in the liberation period

Narrative aspects of liberation period in the History of modern Korean literature written in China and Japan

Narrative aspects of liberation period in the History of modern Korean literature written in China and Japan

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL SURABAYA AND ITS IMPACT ON NATIVES, 1830-1930

This study explores the process of economic development of Surabaya residency in the period 1830-1930 and its implications for the natives’ economy. The indicator of economic development is focused on export of agricultural and export-import activities of Surabaya in 1830-1930. The natives’ economic progress will be seen at the level of their income. The minimum standard used to measure the level of prosperity is the per year income of a native.The rise and decline of the Surabaya economy during the period of Cultivation System and the liberal period can be observed from the export of agricultural products and the value of the foreign trade surplus. The highest value of foreign trade surplus in the Cultivation System period occurred in 1850s. At that time the overall value of foreign trade surplus of Surabaya showed was 0.54 per cent. The highest foreign trade surplus in liberal period was 0.96 per cent which occurred in 1920, when the price of sugar was rapidly increasing. The implication of the economic development of Surabaya for the native can also be differentiated between the period of the Cultivation System and the liberal period. In the period of the Cultivation System the economic condition of people was really miserable, especially in sugar cane plantation areas. The hardship of the people in Surabaya was describe by the nineteenth-century historian Hageman as temporary slavery (tijdelijke slavernij). The economic condition of the people in Surabaya in liberal period can be considered prosperous, especially after the abolishment of the compulsory work. In the city of Surabaya which was the capital city of the residency, as a result of the expansion of trading, shipping and industry, employment was abundant and the people became prosperous too. After 1870 a skilled laborer (tukang) in the capital city of Surabaya received an income of 1.00- 1.50 guilders per day. The depression of the people resurfaced when the economic crisis hit 1930s. As a result, much investment went bankrupt. In addition, a number of development projects of the government had to be stopped which resulted in increasing unemployment.

Internationalisation of the Indian telecommunication industry (1947–2004): A firm-level perspective

While the importance of the telecom revolution in India has been recognised, little attention has been paid to the diverse international influences at the firm level. This article addresses this gap by developing a firm-level framework, drawing on the resource-based view, institution-based view and the knowledge-based view of the firm, and by drawing on data related to the various foreign firms’ entry strategies during the pre-liberalisation period (1980–1991) and the liberalisation period (1991–). The article demonstrates that the two periods required foreign firms to have different capabilities to enter the Indian telecom industry. The article also sheds light on the international knowledge-transfer process in the Indian telecommunications industry with a specific focus on the differences between different foreign-country firms.

Direct and indirect effects of trade liberalization: Evidence from Chile

Production networks can amplify the effects of trade reforms on firms performance. In this article, I examine the effect of a reduction of foreign tariffs on the productivity of supplier industries of exporters. Using a panel of Chilean plants during a period of trade liberalization with the European Union, the United States, and the Republic of Korea, I show that the average reduction in the foreign tariff faced by downstream industries (1.1 percentage points) increases the productivity of intermediate input suppliers industries by 1.5 percent. The increase in productivity among supplier industries accounts for 22.5 percent of aggregate productivity gains. I find that tariff cuts induce firms to acquire new machinery and pay higher wages to skilled workers. The results are robust when I control for the change in domestic competition and the access to foreign inputs that could potentially drive productivity growth following output and input tariff elimination.

A Study on the Translation of ‘African-American Culture’ in the Period of Liberation : Focusing on translation of African-American poetry of Han, Huk-Gu and Kim, Jong-Wook

A Study on the Translation of ‘African-American Culture’ in the Period of Liberation : Focusing on translation of African-American poetry of Han, Huk-Gu and Kim, Jong-Wook

An Analytical Study on Determinants of Capital Structure Composition During the Post Liberalization Period in India

This paper analyzed the capital structure composition of firms during the post financial liberalization period in India. The study used data of 41 Indian listed firms excluding financial services firms listed on Nifty indices on National Stock Exchange over a time frame of 14 years. The dependent variables taken for financial leverage were EBITDA to interest expense, equity to total assets, and long - term debt to total assets. The capital structure composition was studied across various dimensions, that is, profitability, tangibility, growth, size, volatility, ownership pattern, etc. along with other external dimensions such as taxation policy. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics, correlation, and stepwise regression analysis. Three different models were constructed for analysis through stepwise multiple regression to deduce a unique set of explanatory variables that affected the leverage measure of firms. These models helped to analyze the maximum number of significant factors that had an impact upon the capital structure composition during the post liberalization period in India. The findings of this study suggested that all the explanatory variables studied in the three models were statistically significant with leverage. The results showed that there was an impact of financial liberalization on capital structure composition. ln(EBITDA to interest expense) explained the maximum variation in the capital structure composition after liberalization followed by ln(equity to total assets).

해방기 김광주 ‘귀환 삼부작’ 소설 연구

해방기 김광주 ‘귀환 삼부작’ 소설 연구

해방기 이선희 소설 <창>에 나타난 토지개혁 이데올로기와 서사전략

해방기 이선희 소설 <창>에 나타난 토지개혁 이데올로기와 서사전략

해방직후 귀환 서사에 나타난 내셔널리즘의 형성과 젠더 : 전홍준의 『귀환』과 이금남의 『이향』을 중심으로

해방직후 귀환 서사에 나타난 내셔널리즘의 형성과 젠더 : 전홍준의 『귀환』과 이금남의 『이향』을 중심으로

Export Diversification and Growth in Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation from 1972 to 2015

This paper addresses three issues (a) it attempts to estimate whether product and geographical export diversification has contributed to GDP growth during the 1972-2015 period, (b) identify the determinants of export diversification during this period and (c) ascertain whether a structural break in the export diversification-GDP growth relationship has occurred after 2000, since when policy of liberalization has been pursued. We find a significant though modest positive association between export diversification and GDP growth during 1972-2015 and some evidence that this relationship though remaining statistically significant, however, it somewhat weakened during the liberalization period 2000-2015. We also find that private sector credit and human capital growth and favorable movements in Pakistan’s aggregate terms of trade are negatively associated with product export diversification. Export diversification is currently a policy priority; however, the government’s emphasis has been geographical – not product – export diversification. Our estimations show no positive significant relationship between geographical export diversification and GDP growth. We therefore suggest that incentives should be provided to induce Pakistani exporters to attempt to penetrate global value chain in product areas in which they already have a presence by linking their business strategies to carefully selected leading global market players.

¿Qué liberaron las medidas liberales? La circulación de la tierra en la España del siglo XIX

The idea of “liberating or freeing up” land can be found in numerous studies of Spain’s economic evolution in the second half of the nineteenth century. Many of the measures implemented by the liberals were related to land, some of which have been considered key by Spanish historians. However, recent empirical studies have shown very dynamic land markets even during the Ancien Régime, raising the question of whether the changes should be attributed to liberal measures. This article offers a broad view of the whole of Spain, combining statistics generated by land registry institutions with the most detailed analysis of a geographical area of marked economic vitality and registry activity –the judicial district of Figueres in north-eastern Catalonia. By pointing out the diversity of land ownership forms, practices and circulation, these two approaches call into question the idea that the latter accelerated in the liberal period, and invite us to radically reconsider the object of study and the very process of liberal revolution.