Emergence Period Research Articles

Gender Accessibility to Agricultural Production Resources amongst Rural Farmers in the North-Eastern Nigeria

This paper reviewed gender issues on accessibility to agricultural production resources and extension services amongst rural farmers in the predominant crises regions of North-East Nigeria, The study applied qualitative analysis in reviewing related literatures, workshop proceedings, seminars, intervention projects, and situation reports on the crisis-torn regions of the Country to elicit cogent facts and figures, The findings revealed that there is a great deal of gender disparity in favour of the men folk as against women and youths in the accessibility to production resources and extension services in the affected regions of the study. This has not only affected their production output but also makes them vulnerable in crisis situations. The paper thus recommends strongly for gender mainstreaming policies towards ensuring equitable access to production resources and extension services in periods of emergencies in these regions. The aftermath is for sustainability in Agricultural production and improvement in rural livelihood to guarantee food security.

Impacts of corporate announcements on stock returns during the global pandemic: evidence from the Indian stock market

PurposeThe authors examine the impacts of corporate announcements on stock returns during the pandemic stress.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ the event study methodology with the market model on a sample of 90 events (announcement and ex-date).FindingsThe authors find that all the corporate announcements do not impact the stock returns in a similar pattern. While the bonus announcement, ex-bonus and ex-split events led to positive significant abnormal returns on the event date, the rights issue and stock-split announcements failed to influence the stock returns. The findings suggest that before making such announcements, the corporates should wait until the market recovers because even the positively impacting events result in negative market responses during pandemic stress.Practical implicationsThis study will guide the policymakers to stimulate share prices during such pandemics with the help of various corporate announcements. The investors will be assisted in understanding the stock market mechanism and making wise decisions before reacting to corporate actions during a pandemic or emergency period. While the policymakers are concerned with influencing the share prices, the investors are concerned with the composition of the risk-return parameters in their portfolio. This study will act as an essential investment tool for both.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, the authors conduct the first-ever study to examine the impacts of corporate announcements during a pandemic stress period that significantly contributes to the literature. The authors examine the announcement effects in India and accurately anticipate that this study will be a pioneer in this field. This study also paves the way for future researches in this area.

Seasonal Prevalence of the Invasive Longhorn Beetle Aromia bungii in Osaka Prefecture, Japan

Simple SummaryRecently, damage caused by the invasive longhorn beetle Aromia bungii in Rosaceae trees, such as ornamental cherry, peach, and Japanese apricot, has become a serious problem in Japan, indicating the need to establish an effective control program against the beetle. To determine the optimal timing for pest control, we surveyed the seasonal abundance of the adult beetle based on the number of adults sighted on host trees over 3 years at three study sites (one site from 2019–2021 and two sites from 2020–2021) in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The field surveys revealed that adult appearance periods spanned 2 months (from June to August) and that the peak sightings occurred in late June. The adults were more abundant in the field in the early phase of the appearance periods. These results will help in the timely control of A. bungii adults to reduce their population density in the field. An optimal timing of application is near the peak day, which occurs in late June in Osaka Prefecture. Because seasonal adult abundance varies among regions, it is important to investigate each invaded region.A thorough understanding of the seasonal prevalence of invasive pests in newly invaded regions is key for establishing an appropriate and localized control plan for their successful eradication. In this study, we investigated the seasonal prevalence of the invasive longhorn beetle Aromia bungii (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. We determined the number of adult beetles sighted on host trees more than once a week from late May or early June to late August for 3 years at three study sites (one site from 2019–2021 and two sites from 2020–2021). The appearance period of A. bungii adults spanned over 2 months (June–August), and peak sighting in the field occurred in late June; the adults were more abundant in the early phase of their seasonal prevalence (around the peak dates) and almost disappeared by August. The number of adult beetles emerging from A. bungii-infested trees at one study site was surveyed daily in 2021. This survey showed a short-span adult emergence period: Approximately 1 month from the first emergence day, supporting the idea of the concentration of adult abundance in the early phase. These results will help to establish a timely pest-control plan for A. bungii in Osaka Prefecture.

KAJIAN NORMATIF PENERAPAN PIDANA MATI BAGI KORUPTOR DANA PENANGGULANGAN COVID-19

Various positive responses and government efforts in overcoming the impacts caused by the Covid-19 pandemic in various aspects of the field. The status of the Covid-19 outbreak in Indonesia itself has been determined through Presidential Decree Number 11 of 2020 concerning the Determination of Public Health Emergency of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) and Presidential Decree Number 12 of 2020 concerning Determination of Non-natural Disasters for the Spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) as a National Disaster. However, the process of distributing social assistance by the government experienced various obstacles or the heavy disbursement of funds during the pandemic made the Corruption Eradication Commission act quickly in arresting several persons who misappropriated funds. Corruption committed during the Covid-19 pandemic emergency (non-natural disaster) is very detrimental and must be held criminally responsible for its actions. Therefore, it is important to know whether criminal responsibility for corruption perpetrators of social assistance during this pandemic has a deterrent effect or not. Considering that the Covid-19 emergency period has been designated by the government as a national disaster so that it fulfills the requirements for the phrase 'certain circumstances' contained in Article 2 paragraph 2 of Law Number 31 of 1999. This study uses a normative juridical method, namely examining laws and regulations, theory and legal concepts. The results of this study are to find out whether perpetrators of corruption during the Covid-19 period can be sentenced to prison and fines or even the death penalty.

Trichoderma harzianum Suşlarının Domates Fide Kalitesine Etkileri

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Trichoderma harzianum on seedling growth and quality as two consecutive experiments during the spring months of 2018. In the first experiment, four different T. harzianum strains and a commercial preparate were used by adding into seed sowing substrate and compared with control group which had no treatment. The most promising strain (strain2), was used with and without foliar fertilizer (20:20:20) and foliar fertilizer itself was considered as control. Emergence period and rate were determined to observe the effects of treatments of germination of seeds. Regarding the seedling growth and quality, seedling length, root length, hypocotyl diameter, leaf thickness, fresh and dry weights of root and shoots, dry matter content, color, chlorophyll index, leaf macro and micro plant nutrient contents and seedling quality index were determined at the planting stage. Data obtained from the first experiment showed that the effects of T. harzianum strains on seedling morphology, physiology and nutrient content were different. Among the tested strains, strain2 showed better performance on seedling length, root and shoot dry matter contents, total fresh weight, chlorophyll, a color value and P, Ca, Mn, Cu and Zn contents of leaves and improved seedling quality. The second experiment result showed that the foliar fertilizer application increased the efficiency of T. harzianum strain2. T. harzianum strain2 without foliar fertilizer remained below the control treament in all measured parameters. When all the data were evaluated together, it was concluded that T. harzianum could be used to increase seedling quality due to its positive effects on seedling biomass, plant nutrition uptake and quality index. Moreover, it can be used in organic seedling production as alternative biostimulant.

Biparental incubation behavior in the domestic house-farmed swiftlets (Aerodramus sp.) in central Peninsular Malaysia

Abstract While the breeding biology of the edible-nest swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus has previously been studied, research has been limited to direct observations made on cave colonies and details on their incubation behavior remain unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the biparental investment of domestic house-farmed white-nest swiftlets Aerodramus sp. during incubation. This study was conducted at a swiftlet house farm in Bentong, Pahang, central Peninsular Malaysia, from August 2019 to July 2020. An infrared camera connected to a digital video recorder was installed inside the house farm to monitor swiftlets’ daily activities. We determined that the time required for swiftlets to incubate their eggs was 23 ± 0.73 days, while the hatching success rate was 75%. Swiftlets exhibit intermittent incubation with fluctuations in incubation rate from egg-laying until hatching. Both parents incubate equally, with males notably incubate longer at night and females in the morning. The incubation period is influenced by clutch size; parents incubating two eggs have a shorter incubation period than parents that incubating a single egg. Parents alternately exchanged incubation roles when both sexes attended the nest, which often occurred in the early morning before the first emergence period and during nightfall after swiftlets returned to their nests. We identified two behavioral signals during parental exchange: (1) volunteering to move aside and allowing the partner to incubate and (2) being forced by the partner to move aside. The information provided by this study can be useful to bird-nest farmers, who can use it to increase their swiftlet populations by reducing the fatality of nestlings and maintaining a sustainable yield of harvesting.

Cancer Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) Regarding the Policies Implemented to Contain the Spread of Sars-CoV-2 and Vaccination Campaign at Veneto Institute of Oncology.

PurposeThe SARS-CoV-2 spread has impacted Healthcare systems. COVID-19 pandemic has had consequences for patients with cancer, being associated with delays in diagnosis, in treatment And follow-up care, increase in overall infection rates and higher mortality. A survey on COVID-19 and a vaccination-questionnaire were developed at different times of the outbreak, to evaluate cancer patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) on the policies implemented to reduce the infection from SARS-CoV-2 and on the timing and methods of COVID-19 vaccination.Patients and MethodsThe survey was distributed to all patients accessing the Institute during the “first-wave” Of the pandemic, evaluating patients’ concerns about the pandemic, the pandemics’ consequences on their cancer care, and their perception Of the measures adopted to limit the infection spread. The vaccination-questionnaire was proposed to 10% of the first 5297 cancer patients vaccinated with two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19 vaccine. This questionnaire aimed at assessing the degree Of satisfaction with the Institutional vaccination campaign and vaccination-related adverse events.ResultsFrom May 18th 2020 to June 15th 2020 the survey was completed by 3238 patients. Most of the responders expressed concern on the pandemic yet acknowledging their oncological disease as a priority. Measures implemented were appreciated by patients. Telemedicine was positively evaluated and the absence of the caregiver during the visit did not determine discomfort for two thirds of patients. From March 6th 2021 to May 8th 2021 the vaccination-questionnaire was completed by 357 patients. The 98.8% were satisfied with the vaccination campaign. No serious vaccination-correlated adverse events were reported. No patient had to delay/discontinue chemotherapy due to vaccination.ConclusionPREMs during COVID-19 pandemic and related vaccination can provide important information to help reorganization of the health care systems for cancer care. Patients’ feedback on the organizational changes implemented in the emergency period are essential for healthcare improvement and to help informed choices that are consistent with patients’ needs.

USING OF ONLINE MATHEMATICS LEARNING MEDIA IN CLASS VIII SMP NEGERI 1 PASIR PENYU

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted various sectors, such as health, social, political, economic, and education. Educators must ensure that teaching and learning activities continue, even though students are home. The Central and Regional Governments took the Large-Scale Social Restriction Policy (PSBB) to contain the spread of the Corona-19 virus, which has disrupted the face-to-face learning process. The solution, educators design learning media as innovations by utilizing bold media (online). This is in accordance with the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia regarding Circular Letter Number 4 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Education Policies in the Emergency Period for the Spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). Educators can do learning together simultaneously using groups on social media such as WhatsApp (WA), telegram, Instagram, zoom application, google meet, learning videos via youtube links, and other media as learning media. The method used in writing this article is a qualitative method that describes something based on data and numbers narrated in concluding sentences. Besides that, the writing of this article is library research.

COVID-19 confinement impact on weight gain and physical activity in the older adult population: Data from the LOST in Lombardia study.

Background & aimsCOVID-19 containment measures significantly impacted lifestyle of the general population, including physical activity. Although the older adults are particularly susceptible to the potential consequences of sedentary lifestyle and inactivity, few studies investigated pandemic effects in this segment of the population. We aimed to evaluate COVID-19 pandemic effects on weight gain and physical activity in the Italian older adults, and assess the impact of possible changes in physical activity on mental health wellbeing.MethodsIn November 2020, a cross-sectional survey was conducted on a representative sample of 4400 older adults (aged 65 or more) from the Lombardy region, Northern Italy. Changes in body mass index (BMI) and physical activity were assessed, compared to the previous year. Using unconditional multiple logistic models, we estimated the odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of a decrease in physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic and we evaluated if decreased physical activity was a determinant of a worsening in psychological wellbeing.ResultsNeither weight gain nor increase in obesity prevalence occurred during the pandemic. Mean time spent in physical activity significantly decreased, with 43.8% of participants reporting a decrease of 1 h/week or more during COVID-19 pandemic. A decreased physical activity was determinant of a worsening of selected mental health outcomes, such as: sleep quality (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.91–3.15) and quantity (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.18–2.02), anxiety (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.14–1.52) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.38–1.88).ConclusionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, while no major changes in BMI were observed, physical activity significantly declined in the older adults. In this population, the lack of physical activity might have contributed to the observed worsening in mental health. During emergency periods, encouraging physical activity might be effective also to preserve psychological wellbeing.

Legal Protection For Citizens Rights’ From Quarantine Areas Secretly And Without a Basis During The Covid19 Pandemic

: Covid-19 pandemic that occurred in several countries in the world, including Indonesia, caused many new phenomena in society, including in legal, social and economic terms. The police have carried out many dispersal of crowd activities ranging from cafes to parties. Many short videos have been circulated about the disbandment of the party and statements by members of the National Police that ordering their subordinates to take the organizer of the activity to the police station. Starting with the Declaration of the Head of the Indonesian National Police Number: Mak/2/III/2020 regarding Compliance with Government Policies in Handling the Spread of the Corona Virus (Covid-19) on March 19th 2020. POLRI also issued the “Covid-19 Pandemic Guidelines for Law Enforcement”. On page 9 it says that, “Restriction of movement at crossing points the border, in the Lock Down area”. The implementation of emergency conditions, dispersal force, including the secretive area quaantine not only caused panic for the community but also had an impact on social and economic life, especially for the poor and vulnerable group. The fulfillment of basic human rights, such as the right to get food and other necessities during the emergency period becomes very difficult, on the other hand they are actually sanctioned because they do not follow the emergency status, which actually doesn't exist yet. Basically, guarantees for the protection of the rights of Indonesian citizens have been guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and there are also various laws that regulate human rights. However, there are several forms of government discretion regarding emergencies that have resulted in many interpretations of guaranteeing the rights of citizens in the future, in addition, many legal policies have changed as an effort to deal with the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. The identification and analysis of legal regulations needs to be carried out more in-depth research, both in terms of regulations and policies to ensure the rights of citizens so that they are protected during the pandemic in Indonesia. The phenomenon of regional quarantine is becoming widely practiced in various regions, but have these activities been researched regarding the fulfillment of the basic rights of citizens? Especially for regional quarantine which is implemented secretly and is not in accordance with the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the legal regulations properly so that Government policies in order to accelerate the handling of the Covid-19 Pandemic do not violate the basic rights of citizens. The research method that used in this research is Normative legal research, with an emphasis on the source of law, legislation, government policies and existing literature. The research analysis method that used is descriptive analysis. To do a follow up of this research in order to have more value, then after this research is complete, the researcher will upload the results of this research to an accredited national journal and this can be used as teaching materials and discussions related to Law and Human Rights and the State of Law and Democracy especially in the Faculty of Law, University of Merdeka Pasuruan..

MALAYSIA’S COUNTER-TERRORISM POLICY: SHIFTING FROM THE EXECUTIVE-BASED TO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE APPROACH?

Malaysia’s counter-terrorism strategy has its roots within the 12-year campaign against the communist insurgency between 1948 and 1960. During the emergency period, the government relied heavily on executive-based measures, which operated as a primary instrument to execute the “Winning Hearts and Minds” agenda. The state executive body and its agents had a wide range of powers at its disposal, including indefinite detention without trial and the restriction of residence against terrorist suspects. A similar approach was maintained through various legislations, even after the country gained independence in 1957. However, recent developments indicate a significant change in the attitude of the government. The criminal justice approach begins to gain greater prominence, this being evident from the growing number of prosecutions against terror suspects and the creation of new terrorism-related offences. This paper first examines whether the apparent change is genuine and sustainable in the long term. This concern is connected with the nature and limits of the criminal law and justice system, along with other challenges derived from the existing structure, culture, and practices within the country. By adopting a socio-legal approach, this research also investigates the factors favouring and hindering the criminal justice approach empirically and theoretically as a primary legal response to countering terrorism in Malaysia. The ultimate aim is to contextualise an effective and fair legal response to terrorism that is able to operate within multifaceted counter-terrorism arrangements involving different stakeholders.

COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates Among Unvaccinated and Fully Vaccinated Adults with and Without Booster Doses During Periods of Delta and Omicron Variant Emergence - 25 U.S. Jurisdictions, April 4-December 25, 2021.

Previous reports of COVID-19 case, hospitalization, and death rates by vaccination status† indicate that vaccine protection against infection, as well as serious COVID-19 illness for some groups, declined with the emergence of the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and waning of vaccine-induced immunity (1-4). During August-November 2021, CDC recommended§ additional primary COVID-19 vaccine doses among immunocompromised persons and booster doses among persons aged ≥18 years (5). The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant emerged in the United States during December 2021 (6) and by December 25 accounted for 72% of sequenced lineages (7). To assess the impact of full vaccination with additional and booster doses (booster doses),¶ case and death rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated among unvaccinated and fully vaccinated adults by receipt of booster doses during pre-Delta (April-May 2021), Delta emergence (June 2021), Delta predominance (July-November 2021), and Omicron emergence (December 2021) periods in the United States. During 2021, averaged weekly, age-standardized case IRRs among unvaccinated persons compared with fully vaccinated persons decreased from 13.9 pre-Delta to 8.7 as Delta emerged, and to 5.1 during the period of Delta predominance. During October-November, unvaccinated persons had 13.9 and 53.2 times the risks for infection and COVID-19-associated death, respectively, compared with fully vaccinated persons who received booster doses, and 4.0 and 12.7 times the risks compared with fully vaccinated persons without booster doses. When the Omicron variant emerged during December 2021, case IRRs decreased to 4.9 for fully vaccinated persons with booster doses and 2.8 for those without booster doses, relative to October-November 2021. The highest impact of booster doses against infection and death compared with full vaccination without booster doses was recorded among persons aged 50-64 and ≥65 years. Eligible persons should stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccinations.

The Problem Concerning Integrity of the National Economy in the Divided Polish Lands: The Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830)

The article considers the history of the Polish national economy and national market in the period of emergence of so-called bourgeois nations in Europe, when lands of former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were partitioned between three
 powers: the Russian Empire, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The history of nations in the 19th century is often studied in such conditions when the part
 of the ethnic community became the part of the foreign country as it occurred with Poland. Under the foreign domination, ethnic and national development factors as well as cultural and political separation of the Polish society from societies of Russia,
 Austria and Prussia remained intact for a long time and developed in their own way. Those tendencies especially appeared in the system of the national economy, which was the fundament of the nation as the historical community. The separate economic
 policy of the Kingdom of Poland created a basis of the national market and the national economy not only for the Kingdom itself, but for all Polish lands. The article shows that the economic unity of the Polish lands had been existing up to the last
 decades of the 19th century, when centripetal forces became to prevail in the economic development of Russia, Austria and Prussia due to the industry and capital concentration. It was the main reason of disintegration of the Polish economic space

Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Daring Pada Siswa Kelas 3 SD Negeri 5 Blahbatuh di Masa Pandemi COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed everyone's life in all aspects of life. The government has limited all community activities so that there are no crowds to avoid and break the chain of the spread of COVID-19. Based on the contents of circular letter number 15 of 2020 regarding Guidelines for Organizing Learning from Home in an emergency period of the spread of Covid-19, the Education Office of Gianyar Regency has shifted teaching and learning activities in the classroom to online or virtual learning. This phenomenon is certainly a new thing experienced by an educator and also experienced by students because they have to use online learning media as a liaison between teachers and students. The use of online learning media during the COVID-19 pandemic is an alternative choice to provide a sense of security in teaching and learning. At SD N 5 Bahbatuh, especially in grade III, the policy of the learning media used is WhatsApp. Seeing the ability of students who can only apply cellphones to WhatsApp media. Based on the results of this study, researchers can conclude that the use of learning media that is often used by teachers and preferred by students, namely WhatsApp Group is because it is easy to access and does not require a lot of quota to access it. However, as for the obstacles that students often experience when learning online during the pandemic, it is difficult to understand the subject matter, not to mention the tasks given by teachers and also parents who have busy schedules cannot always guide their children in online learning. Therefore, this online learning makes students unhappy.

Impact of COVID -19 Lockdown on sleep quality among undergraduate students of Terna Dental College: A questionnaire based study

Aim:The aim of study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 emergency period in a sample of undergraduate students of the Terna dental college, Nerul, Navi-Mumbai. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in the form of a questionnaire, comprised of a total of 30 closed-ended questions, which were divided into twosections. The first section was designed to gather demographic information and the second sectionfocusedonassessment of sleep quality and insomnia. It was distributed as google forms amongst dental students in Terna dental college. Datawas analyzed statistically using SPSS software. Results- The results of the study showedthat quality of sleep has significantly decreased in after COVID pandemic among undergraduate dental students. Conclusion- Furthermore, awareness should be raised about the importance of proper amount and sleep quality as well as detrimental effects of poor-quality sleep on daily activities, physical and mental well-being, and the overall quality of life. Keywords:COVID-19; Dental Students.

Spatiotemporal patterns of emergence phenology reveal complex species‐specific responses to temperature in aquatic insects

AbstractAimClimate change is broadly affecting phenology, but species‐specific phenological response to temperature is not well understood. In streams, insect emergence has important ecosystem‐level consequences because emergent adults link aquatic and terrestrial food webs. We quantified emergence timing and duration (within‐population synchronicity) of insects among streams along a spatiotemporal gradient of mean water temperature in a montane basin to assess the sensitivity of these phenological traits to heat accumulation from mid‐winter through spring emergence periods.LocationSix headwater streams in the Lookout Creek basin, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, USA.MethodsWe collected emerging adults of four abundant insect species twice weekly throughout spring for 6 consecutive years. We fit Gaussian models to the empirical temporal distributions to characterize peak emergence timing (mean) and duration (days between 5th and 95th percentiles) for each species/stream/year combination. We then quantified relationships between degree‐day accumulation and phenological response.ResultsOnly one of the four species (a caddisfly) showed a simple response of earlier emergence timing in both warmer streams and years. One stonefly had lengthy emergence periods resulting in substantial phenological overlap between warmer and cooler streams/years. Interestingly, two species (a mayfly and a stonefly) responded strongly to temporal (interannual) temperature differences but minimally to spatial differences, indicating that emergence was nearly synchronous among streams, within years. These two species had among‐stream differences approaching 500 degree‐days from mid‐winter to peak emergence. Conversely, duration of emergence was more strongly associated with spatial than temporal differences, with longer duration in lower‐elevation (warmer) streams.Main conclusionsEmergence phenology has species‐specific responses to temperature likely driven by complex cues for diapause or quiescence periods during preceding life cycle stages. We hypothesize a trade‐off between complex phenological response that synchronizes emergence among heterogeneous sites and other traits such as adult longevity and dispersal capacity.

Usability of the SedLine® electroencephalographic monitor of depth of anaesthesia in pigs: a pilot study

To investigate the usability of the SedLine® monitor in anaesthetized pigs. Five juvenile healthy pigs underwent balanced isoflurane-based general anaesthesia for surgical placement of a subcutaneous jugular venous port. The SedLine® was applied to continuously monitor electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and its modulation during anaesthesia. Computer tomography and magnetic resonance were performed to investigate the relationship between electrodes’ positioning and anatomical structures. The pediatric SedLine® EEG-sensor could be easily applied and SedLine®-generated variables collected. An EEG Density Spectral Array (DS) was displayed over the whole procedure. During surgery, the EEG signal was dominated by elevated power in the delta range (0.5–4 Hz), with an underlying broadband signal (where power decreased with increasing frequency). The emergence period was marked by a decrease in delta power, and a more evenly distributed power over the 4–40 Hz frequency range. From incision to end of surgery, mean SedLine®-generated values (± standard deviation) were overall stable [23.0 (± 2.8) Patient State Index (PSI), 1.0% (± 3.8%) Suppression Ratio (SR), 8.8 Hz (± 2.5 Hz) Spectral Edge Frequency 95% (SEF) left, 7.7 Hz (± 2.4 Hz) SEF right], quickly changing during emergence [75.3 (± 11.1) PSI, 0.0 (± 0.0) SR, 12.5 (± 6.6) SEF left 10.4 (± 6.6) SEF right]. Based on the imaging performed, the sensor does not record EEG signals from the same brain areas as in humans. SedLine®-DSA and -generated variables seemed to reflect variations in depth of anaesthesia in pigs. Further studies are needed to investigate this correlation, as well as to define the species-specific brain structures monitored by the EEG-sensor.

The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Orthodontic Treatments: A Survey Analysis.

: BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 represents the pandemic of the 21st century that has negatively affected the lives of the whole of humanity. For many months, the only weapons to fight against this infection were protective masks and social isolation. During recent months, fear of the virus has led people to avoid crowded environments and events, and to reduce medical checks, limiting them only to emergencies. Outpatient clinics, doctors’ offices, and all closed-in environments were required to limit the patients’ access. Nowadays, the presence of specific protocols around the world, and the extended vaccination campaign, have allowed a reduction of many restrictions. Unfortunately, the virus is still widespread, and dental practice and dental treatments suffer the consequences. Dental therapies in general, and in particular orthodontics, are not considered lifesaving. Due to this, orthodontists, in this historical time, must find solutions for motivating patients to start or continue therapies, while providing a safe way for them to do so. There are orthodontists who have developed, during this period, different ways to help them in treating and communicating with patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the influence of the pandemic on the choice to start orthodontic treatment, oral health care, and the importance placed on the appearance of dental occlusions. Materials and Methods: This study is a survey analysis of 159 people, which was posted in Facebook groups of adult orthodontic patients. The timestamps and answers of responses were analyzed to avoid duplicated or interrupted questionnaires. Conclusions: This study found that the current health emergency has not reduced the demand for orthodontic care, while some patients’ behaviors are changing in relation to oral hygiene and the importance that they attribute to dental health. It seems that dentists’ availability plays a key role in this period of sanitary emergency.

Decreased incidence of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis associated with enhanced public health intervention during the COVID-19 epidemic in China, 2020.

Outbreaks of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) are associated with a high disease burden. In this study, we investigated the association between enhanced public health intervention and the incidence of AHC during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. A total of 212,526 AHC cases were reported in China during 2015–2020. The overall yearly incidence rate and number of AHC cases decreased by 23.08% and 22.15%, respectively, during the COVID-19 epidemic, compared with the previous 5 years (all p < 0.001). Significant reductions in AHC incidence were found both during the emergency period and after the relaxation of emergency measures in 2020 compared to the previous 5 years (22.22% and 28.00% reduction, respectively; p < 0.001). Enhanced public health initiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic in China were therefore associated with lower transmission of pathogens causing AHC.

ANALISIS PEMBELAJARAN DARING DI MADRASAH ALIYAH AN-NUR BENER MERIAH

Since the issuance of the circular letter of the Minister of Education and Culture on March 24, 2020, regarding the implementation of education in the emergency period of the spread of COVID-19, the learning process has been carried out throughout Indonesia online. This study aims to determine the implementation and process of making online learning policies, the media used in online learning, and the assessment carried out in online learning at Madrasah Aliyah An-Nur Bener Meriah. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research, data collection techniques are carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation, while the data is analyzed using qualitative analysis. This study resulted in findings in the form of the implementation of online learning at Madrasah Aliyah An-Nur Bener Meriah since April 2020 after a discussion was held by the head of the madrasa with stakeholders. There are several media used in online learning at Madrasah Aliyah An-Nur Bener Meriah, including Whatsapp, Google Classroom, Zoom Meeting. Assessment is carried out in a formative, fair, objective and transparent manner to get feedback from students and parents.