Risk Of Periodontitis Research Articles

An updated medical history form for people living with diabetes mellitus.

The two-way link between diabetes mellitus and periodontitis is well-recognised, that there is an increased risk of periodontitis for diabetics and is probably related to inflammatory reactions, although further work is required to confirm this hypothesis.Traditionally, dentists have asked their patients if they are diabetic with a simple yes/no question. As more people become diabetic and often have associated complex health problems, this is insufficient information. Glycated haemoglobin levels have been shown to be important in defining diabetic risks. Dentists should be aware of their significance and ask for these results as a matter of routine. More comprehensive questions are suggested.

No genetic association between sleep traits and periodontitis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to investigate the potential genetic link between sleep traits and periodontitis. Methods A two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted using publicly available genome-wide association studies data on chronotype, daytime sleepiness, daytime napping frequency, insomnia, sleep duration, snoring, and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), along with a separate dataset on periodontitis. Results Chronotype (OR = 0.929, 95% CI = 0.788–1.095), daytime sleepiness (OR = 0.492, 95% CI = 0.186–1.306), daytime napping frequency (OR = 1.178, 95% CI = 0.745–1.863), sleep duration (OR = 0.868, 95% CI = 0.644–1.169), AHI (OR = 1.124, 95% CI = 0.980–1.289), insomnia (OR = 0.832, 95% CI = 0.440–1.573), and snoring (OR = 0.641, 95% CI = 0.198–2.075) had no effect on periodontitis. Similarly, periodontitis demonstrated no significant effect on sleep traits. Conclusions There is no evidence of a bidirectional genetic relationship between sleep traits and the risk of periodontitis.

Exploring the interplay between diet and oral inflammation

The relationship between diet and oral inflammation is intricate and significant, influencing overall periodontal health through various mechanisms. Nutritional factors such as vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds play pivotal roles in either exacerbating or mitigating inflammatory processes in the oral cavity. Vitamin C, essential for collagen synthesis and tissue repair, along with calcium, critical for bone health, are key nutrients that support periodontal health by reducing susceptibility to gingival inflammation and periodontitis. Polyphenols, abundant in fruits, vegetables, and tea, exhibit strong anti-inflammatory properties that protect against oxidative stress and inflammation in oral tissues. Dietary patterns also have a profound impact on oral health. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, has been associated with lower levels of periodontal inflammation due to its high content of antioxidants and polyphenols. Conversely, the Western diet, characterized by high consumption of refined carbohydrates, sugars, and saturated fats, is linked to increased periodontal disease risk, promoting hyperglycemia and insulin resistance that exacerbate inflammatory responses. Vegetarian and plant-based diets, which emphasize the intake of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich foods, are associated with better periodontal health markers, including lower bleeding on probing and reduced periodontal pocket depth. Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nutrients are crucial in combating oxidative stress and reducing inflammation, essential for maintaining oral health. Vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, omega-3 fatty acids, and green tea polyphenols are particularly beneficial, reducing oxidative damage and inflammation in periodontal tissues. Dietary strategies incorporating these nutrients effectively support oral health and can be part of a comprehensive approach to preventing and managing periodontal disease. Diet plays a critical role in oral health, influencing periodontal inflammation through specific nutrients and overall dietary patterns. Emphasizing the intake of antioxidant-rich and anti-inflammatory foods, while minimizing harmful dietary components, is fundamental in promoting and maintaining periodontal health.

Oxidative balance scores in Korean adults are associated with periodontitis.

The Oxidative Balance Score (OBS) is a comprehensive metric that assesses the state of a person's oxidative balance. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the oxidative balance score and moderate and severe periodontitis in a representative sample of Korean adults. Healthcare big data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018) was used, and 16,489 adults aged ≥19years were included. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of sex-specific oxidative balance scores on periodontitis. In comparison with participants with a lower oxidative balance score, those with a higher oxidative balance score had a lower incidence of moderate and severe periodontitis (p<0.05). After adjusting for covariates, the oxidative balance score was negatively associated with moderate (odds ratio [OR]=0.952; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.934-0.971) and severe (OR=0.958; 95% CI: 0.931-0.986) periodontitis; however, the result was not significant for severe periodontitis in women's (OR=0.975; 95% CI: 0.934-1.018). Our study showed a statistically significant association between OBS and moderate and severe periodontitis, the small effect size should be interpreted with caution. The oxidative balance score was associated with moderate and severe periodontitis in Korean adults. Therefore, managing this score may help reduce the risk of periodontitis.

Hepatitis B infection is associated with periodontitis: the national health and nutrition examination survey (2009–2014)

BackgroundCurrent research has been inconclusive regarding whether hepatitis B infection is associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. This study aims to test the null hypothesis that no association exists between hepatitis B infection and an increased risk of periodontitis using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009–2014).MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2009–2014) to assess the rate of the prevalence of periodontitis in patients with and without hepatitis B infection. Participants who had tested for hepatitis B and periodontitis were included. The included participants were divided into no/mild periodontitis and moderate/severe periodontitis groups according to their periodontal status. The association between hepatitis B infection and chronic periodontitis was evaluated by multivariable regression analyses adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, income-to-poverty ratio, smoking, alcohol, BMI, ALT, AST, creatinine, hypertension, and diabetes.ResultsA total of 5957 participants were included and divided into two groups: inactive periodontitis group (n = 3444) and active periodontitis group (n = 2513). The results showed that participants with hepatitis B had a higher risk of periodontitis. After adjusting for covariables, adults with hepatitis B infection were 38% more likely to have periodontitis compared to those without hepatitis B infection (95% Confidence Interval [CI]:1.085–1.754).ConclusionsIn general, the results suggest that CHB is positively associated with the more severe periodontitis. These results suggest that people with hepatitis B infection should take good periodontal care measures to avoid the occurrence and development of periodontitis.

The Protective Role Antioxidant of Vitamin C in the Prevention of oral Disease: A Scoping Review of Current Literature.

This review meticulously examined the connection between vitamin C and periodontal disease, as well as the potential of vitamin C to prevent this condition. To gather relevant data, comprehensive electronic searches were conducted across various databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, focusing on studies that explored the relationship between vitamin C and periodontal disease in individuals aged between 18 and above. From an initial pool of 421 articles, 14 were ultimately chosen for detailed analysis. This selection encompassed seven cross-sectional studies, two case-control studies, two cohort studies, and three randomized controlled trials. The analysis of these studies revealed a consistent negative association between vitamin C intake, as well as its levels in the blood, and the incidence of periodontal disease across all seven cross-sectional studies. This indicates that higher vitamin C intake and blood levels are linked to a decreased risk of developing periodontal disease. In the two case-control studies, individuals suffering from periodontitis were found to have both a lower intake of vitamin C and reduced levels of vitamin C in their blood compared to those without the disease, further underscoring the potential protective role of vitamin C against periodontal disease. The progression of periodontal disease was observed to be more rapid in patients with lower dietary intake or blood levels of vitamin C compared to controls. Regarding the effects of vitamin C administration as an intervention, there was an improvement noted in gingival bleeding among patients with gingivitis; however, no significant benefits were observed in cases of periodontitis, specifically concerning alveolar bone absorption. Through the meticulous examination of available studies, this systematic review underscores the notion that adequate vitamin C intake and maintaining sufficient levels of vitamin C in the blood can contribute significantly to reducing the risk of periodontal disease.

Ganoderma Microsporum Immunomodulatory Protein Alleviates Inflammaging and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes-Associated Periodontitis via Nrf2 Signaling Activation: An In Vitro Study.

Periodontitis, characterized by inflammation and loss of periodontal tissue, is a significant health complication for individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM). Buildup of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in DM poses an increased risk of periodontitis via inflammaging. Ganoderma immunomodulatory protein (GMI) shows promise in suppressing inflammaging by mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation via Nrf2 modulation. However, its specific protective effects are not fully understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate GMI's anti-inflammaging properties and its underlying mechanism in diabetic-associated periodontitis (DP). We first simulated DP by culturing human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) with AGEs and lipopolysaccharides from P. gingivalis (LPS). We then evaluated the impact of GMI on cell proliferation, migration and wound healing. Additionally, we assessed GMI's effects on the components of inflammaging such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, cellular senescence expression, IL-6 and IL-8 secretions, and NF-κB phosphorylation. Next, we explored whether GMI's anti-inflammaging effects are mediated through the Nrf2 pathway by evaluating Nrf2 and HO-1, followed by the assessment of IL-6 and IL-8 post-Nrf2 knockdown. Our findings revealed that GMI treatment suppressed ROS production, cell senescence, IL-6 and IL-8 and NF-κB phosphorylation. Furthermore, GMI upregulated Nrf2/HO-1 expression and its protective effects were reversed when Nrf2 was knocked down. In conclusion, GMI exerts its anti-inflammaging effect via the modulation of the Nrf2/NF-κB signaling axis in DP in vitro, highlighting its potential as an effective adjunct treatment for diabetes-related periodontitis.

Periodontitis is an immune-related adverse event associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: A multi-center cohort study

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs) across various organ systems including oral health complications such as dry mouth and stomatitis. In this study, we aimed to determine the risk of periodontitis among patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and to test the associations between ICI-associated periodontitis and other immune-related adverse events (irAEs). We performed a retrospective cohort study involving adult cancer patients between January 2010 and November 2021. Patients on an ICI were propensity score-matched to patients not on an ICI. The primary outcome was the occurrence of periodontitis. ICIs included programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors. The risk of periodontitis following ICI use was derived through a Cox proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Overall, 868 patients on an ICI were matched to patients not on an ICI. Among the ICI cohort, 41 (4.7 %) patients developed periodontitis. The incidence rate of periodontitis was significantly higher in patients on an ICI than in patients not on an ICI (55.3 vs 25.8 per 100 patient-years, incidence rate ratio = 2.14, 95 % CI = 1.38–3.33). Both the use of PD-L1 inhibitors (multivariate HR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.3–4.7) and PD-1 inhibitors (multivariate HR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.2–3.2) were associated with the risk of periodontitis. The presence of immune-related periodontitis was associated with better overall survival (not reached vs 17 months, log-rank p-value<0.001), progression-free survival (14.9 vs 5.6 months, log-rank p-value = 0.01), and other concomitant immune-related cutaneous adverse events. In conclusion, ICI was associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. Immune-related periodontitis as an irAE was associated with better cancer survival and concomitant cutaneous irAEs.

Association between biological ageing and periodontitis: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey and multi-omics Mendelian randomization analysis.

To investigate the relationship and potential causality between biological ageing and periodontitis. We obtained the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics as well as single-cell sequencing data. Multivariate regression analysis based on cross-sectional data, Mendelian randomization (MR) and multi-omics integration analysis were employed to explore the causal association and potential molecular mechanisms between biological ageing and periodontitis. Additionally, two-step MR mediation analysis explored the risk factors in biological ageing-mediated periodontitis. We analysed data from 3189 participants in the NHANES data and found that higher biological age was associated with increased risk of periodontitis. MR analyses revealed causal associations between biological age measures and periodontitis risk. Frailty (odds ratio [OR] = 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-4.18, p = .039) and GrimAge acceleration (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01-1.32, p = .033) were causally associated with periodontitis risk, and these results were validated in a large-scale meta-periodontitis GWAS dataset. Additionally, the risk effects of body mass index, waist circumference and lifetime smoking on periodontitis were partially mediated by frailty and GrimAge acceleration. Evidence from cross-sectional survey and MR analysis suggests that biological ageing increases the risk of periodontitis. Additionally, improving the associated risk factors can help prevent both ageing and periodontitis.

Analyzing the Relationship Between Chronic Periodontitis and Psychological Stress in Elderly Patients: A Study Protocol.

Although stress is the body's physiological response to challenging life events, chronic exposure to a stressor may not cause stress. In such cases, stress negatively impacts some physiological functions, which can lead to psychosomatic diseases. According to research, inadequate coping mechanisms and long-term stress are factors that moderate the risk and progression of periodontitis. As a result, theories explaining how stress affects the periodontium have been put forth. The clinical examination comprised measurements of the probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level, number of teeth present, and plaque index. The current study uses a questionnaire to examine how psychosocial stress affects periodontium. A written consent form will be obtained after each patient has received an extensive description of the study's objectives. The instrument for diagnosis and natural illumination will be used during the patient's examination. PPD and clinical attachment loss will be compared with a questionnaire. Patients who are under stress should receive additional periodontal care to prevent periodontal disease from emerging or, if the issue already exists, from progressing to a more critical stage. Stress here deserves special attention because it is a natural part of people's life experiences with various intensities.Prejudice suggests that psychological stress and anxiety have a role in the advancement of periodontitis, which is consistent with the findings.

Oral health in Behçet’s disease and its association with disease severity: a case-control study

Background: Behçet’s disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects various organs, including oral aphthae, genital ulceration, cutaneous manifestation, ocular involvement, and positive pathergy test according to the International Study Group for Behçet’s Disease criteria. This study aimed to investigate the oral health condition of patients with Behçet’s disease and to assess how it correlates with the patient’s gender, clinical symptoms, and severity of the disease. Methods: A total of 92 participants, including 42 patients with Behçet’s disease and 50 healthy controls, were enrolled in this case-control study. The periodontal indices were measured and compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential risk factors for disease severity. The P value must be (P&lt;0.05) to be considered as significant. Results: This study assessed the periodontal health of patients with Behçet’s disease and found that they had significantly higher plaque, gingival, bleeding, and probing depth scores compared to healthy controls (P&lt;0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that plaque accumulation was a significant risk factor for higher severity scores in Behçet’s disease. Gender-specific approaches may be necessary in the management and treatment of periodontal disease in Behçet’s disease patients. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that patients with Behçet’s disease are at increased risk for periodontal disease and its associated symptoms. Specifically, plaque accumulation is a significant risk factor for more severe periodontal health issues in these patients. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to be aware of this increased risk and to develop tailored treatment plans that address both the underlying Behçet’s disease and the associated periodontal disease.

Periodontitis in patients with diabetes and its association with diabetes-related complications. A register-based cohort study

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between type 1 diabetes (T1D)/type 2 diabetes (T2D) and periodontitis and assess the influence of periodontitis on diabetes-related complications.DesignObservational study; longitudinal analysis of register data.SettingSwedish primary...

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and periodontal disease: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study

BackgroundPrevious observational studies have shown a bidirectional association between immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMID) and periodontal disease. However, evidence regarding the causal role of IMID and periodontal disease is still lacking. Therefore, we conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to uncover the potential genetic causal effects between IMID and periodontal disease.MethodsBidirectional two-sample MR analysis was employed. Data for ten IMIDs were sourced from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted by the FinnGen Consortium (range from 1023 to 36321 cases) and UK Biobank (UKB) (range from 150 to 17574 cases). Furthermore, GWAS data for periodontal disease were obtained from the FinnGen Consortium (87497 cases), UKB (458 cases), and Gene Lifestyle Interactions in Dental Endpoints (GLIDE) consortium (17,353 periodontitis cases). Subsequently, the causal relationships were analyzed by random effects inverse variance weighting, weighted median, and MR-Egger. Sensitivity analyses were performed using the Cochrane Q test, funnel plot, and Mr-Egger intercept test to ensure robustness. Eventually, replication analysis and meta-analysis across different databases were carried out.ResultsSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [IVW: OR = 1.079 (95% CI: 1.032–1.128) and P < 0.001], Sjogren syndrome [IVW: OR = 1.082 (95% CI: 1.012–1.157) and P = 0.022] and hypothyroidism [IVW: OR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.13–2.04) and P = 0.005] may increase the risk of periodontal disease. In addition, periodontal disease may reduce the risk of SLE [IVW: OR = 0.8079 (95% CI: 0.6764–0.9650) and P = 0.019] and hyperthyroidism [IVW: OR = 5.59*10–9 (95% CI: 1.43*10–15-2.18*10–2) and P = 0.014]. Meta-analysis indicated a causal correlation between SLE and an increased risk of periodontal disease: [OR = 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03–1.13), P = 0.0009]. No significant evidence suggests bilateral causal relationships between other IMIDs and periodontal disease. No significant estimation of heterogeneity or pleiotropy is detected.ConclusionsOur study has confirmed a genetic causal relationship between IMIDs and periodontal disease, thereby unveiling novel potential mechanisms underlying IMIDs and periodontal disease. This discovery is promising in fostering interdisciplinary collaboration between clinicians and stomatologists to facilitate appropriate and precise screening, prevention, and early treatment of IMIDs and periodontal disease.

The association of composite dietary antioxidant index with periodontitis in NHANES 2009-2014.

To date, evidence is rare regarding whether and how dietary antioxidants are associated with the risk of periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the association of composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) with periodontitis and tooth loss, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009-2014). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 10,067 adults aged ≥30 years who underwent assessments of periodontal health and the 1st day dietary recall. Based on a crude model and three adjusted models, multivariate regressions were used to examine the relationship between CDAI and periodontitis-related measurements including probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and tooth loss. Subgroup analyses and the restricted cubic splines plots were applied to examine the association between CDAI ingredients and periodontitis. For the subjects with high CDAI scores, increased CDAI was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reduction of severe periodontitis (odd ratio = 0.663, 95% confidence interval: 0.491-0.896) and increased number of remaining teeth (weighted β[SE] = 1.167[0.211]). However, the protective effect of CDAI on periodontitis vanished (P > 0.05) in active smokers and former smokers. There were threshold levels for β-carotene, Vitamin A, C and E intakes where the risk of periodontitis significantly decreased (P < 0.05) above these levels. Increased CDAI was associated with reduced risk of periodontitis and tooth loss for non-smokers. It was recommendable that proper dietary intakes of β-carotene, Vitamin A, C and E would be of benefit for preventive dental care and adjuvant therapies for periodontitis.

Prevalence of Subgingival Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.

This paper aims to investigate the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and to assess potential indicators of the risk of severe form(s) of periodontitis. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 156 consecutive patients with periodontitis was conducted. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the participants. The identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A descriptive analysis, a chi-square test, and a binary logistic regression statistical evaluation were performed. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in this population of 156 participants was 17.30% (27 patients). The prevalence of stage-III periodontitis was 75.6% and greater in older men, while the prevalence of stage-IV periodontitis was 22.4% and greater in younger women. We observed a significant relation between the risk of severe periodontitis (stage-IV) and poor oral hygiene (p = 0.006), attendance at dental appointments (p ≤ 0.001), and familial history of periodontitis (p = 0.032). In conclusion, twenty-seven individuals were positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans. Poor oral hygiene, family history of periodontitis, and irregular attendance at dental appointments were identified as potential risk factors for severe periodontitis in this cohort.

Association between metal exposures and periodontitis among U.S. adults: the potential mediating role of biological aging

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the associations between metal exposures and periodontitis among U.S. adults, as well as the mediated effect of biological aging.MethodsUsing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2014, we explored the single and mixed impacts of metal exposures on periodontitis through adjusted weighted logistic regression, robust Poisson regression, restricted cubic spline regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression models. This study included 2,393 participants, with 46.9% experiencing periodontitis. Concentrations of nine urinary metals, including barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), cesium (Cs), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), thallium (Tl), tungsten (Tu), and uranium (Ur), were measured using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In addition, we analyzed the association between metals and periodontitis, stratified by age, body mass index, gender, and smoking status. Mediation models were also applied to investigate the mediated effects of biological aging between metal exposures and periodontitis.ResultsWeighted logistic and robust Poisson regression identified positive associations between Cd, Pb and periodontitis (P < 0.05). BKMR analyses indicated that mixed metal exposures were significantly associated with periodontitis, particularly among smokers, second-hand smokers, and males, with Cd, Pb, Tl, and Ba contributing the most. Furthermore, subgroup analyses observed a modifying effect on the associations between urinary Cd, Pb and periodontitis in stratified gender and BMI subgroups in robust Poisson regression. Phenotype age was found to mediate the association between metals and periodontitis.ConclusionsThis study identified significant positive associations between metal exposures and periodontitis in the U.S. adults. In addition, the association between metal exposures and periodontitis could vary in different gender, BMI and smoking subgroups. These associations were likely partly mediated by biological aging, suggesting that metals may potentially increase the risk of periodontitis by promoting cell senescence and overall aging of the body.Graphical

The regulatory effect of zinc on the association between periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BackgroundZinc has been proven to be effective against periodontitis, and also reported to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study aims to explore the regulatory effect of zinc intake on the association between periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Logistic regression model was used to explore the association between zinc-RDA or periodontitis and 10-year ASCVD risk ≥ 20%, and results were shown as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The regulatory effect of zinc intake on the association between periodontitis and 10-year ASCVD risk ≥ 20% was also assessed using logistic regression model. Subgroup analysis was performed based on age, gender, obesity, education level, lipid-lowering therapy, and dental floss.Results6,075 patients were finally included for analysis. Zinc intake reaching the recommended level (OR = 0.82, 95%CI: 0.69–0.98) and periodontitis (OR = 2.47, 95%CI: 2.04-3.00) were found to be associated with 0.82-fold and 2.47-fold odds of 10-year ASCVD risk ≥ 20%, respectively. In addition, we found that the odds of 10-year ASCVD risk ≥ 20% was lower in patients with zinc intake reaching the recommended level than those without [OR (95%CI): 2.25 (1.81–2.80) vs. 2.72 (2.05–3.62)]. The similar regulatory effect was found in patients with age ≥ 60 years and < 60 years, in male and female, with or without obesity, in different education levels, with or without lipid lowering therapy, and with or without use of dental floss (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study found the regulatory effect of adequate zinc intake on the association between periodontitis and ASCVD, providing guidance for periodontitis patients to decrease the risk of ASCVD.

Clinical Study and Microbiological Analysis of Periodontopathogenic Microflora Analyzed among Children and Adolescents with Cardiovascular Diseases Compared to Group with Good General Status.

Periodontal diseases, as an important part of oral pathology, present different characteristics when affecting children and adolescents or young adults. Studies have shown that adolescence and childhood are closely related to a high risk of periodontal disease, but the follow-up for periodontal health or damage at this age has been insufficiently appreciated until now. The aim of this study was to identify subgingival microorganisms using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a group of children and adolescents aged 7-17 years with and without cardiovascular disease. The group of 62 subjects with gingival inflammation and poor hygiene was divided into two groups according to general condition: 31 subjects with carduivascular disease (group A) and 31 subjects without cardiovascular disease (group C). Subjects were examined in the initial consultation, the state of hygiene and periodontal inflammation was assessed using the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI), and samples were taken from the gingival sulcus using sterile paper cones to determine nine subgingival microorganisms. Nine subgingival microorganisms were identified: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Treponema denticola (Td), Tannerella forsythias (Tf), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Peptostreptococcus (Micromonas) micros (Pm), Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Eubacterium nodatum (En), and Capnocytophaga gingivalis (Cg). The patients were included in a specialist treatment program which aimed to relieve the inflammatory condition, remove local irritative factors, and train the patients to perform proper oral hygiene at home by using primary and secondary oral hygiene products. Subjects were reevaluated 3 months after treatment, when measurements for the PI and GI and microbiological determinations were repeated. The results showed a predominance of subjects aged 16-17 years (12.4%). Among the subjects with marked gingival inflammation, the male gender was predominant (58.06%). The PI values changed considerably after treatment, with lower values in patients presenting a general condition without cardiovascular disease (PI = 8.10%) compared with the patients with cardiovascular disease (PI = 13.77%). After treatment, the GI showed considerable changes in both groups. Red, orange, and purple complex microorganisms were found before treatment and decreased considerably after treatment in both groups. The highest values were found for Treponema denticola (140,000 (1.4 × 105)) in patients with cardiovascular disease and generalized gingival inflammation. Of the pathogenic microorganisms, the most common was Tannerella forsythia in 52 patients before treatment, and red microorganisms considerably appeared in only 10 patients after treatment. Capnocytophaga gingivalis remained constant both in the diseased state and after treatment and was consistent with periodontal health. Children with cardiovascular diseases had a higher prevalence of gingival manifestations. The composition of the subgingival microbial plaque was directly influenced by the degree of oral hygiene, but the response to specialized treatment was also influenced by the general health status. The results of this study support the conclusion that periodontal pathogens appear and multiply in the absence of proper hygiene in childhood after the eruption of permanent teeth, and their action leads to the initiation of periodontal diseases.

Depression, stress-related disorders and risk for dental caries and periodontitis: A bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization study

AimsOur Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis focused on investigating the bidirectional relationships between major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety and stress-related disorder (ASRD), and dental caries as well as periodontitis. Materials and methodsWe used summary statistics from two studies: an MDD genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 135,458 cases with 344,901 controls and a Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) GWAS based on 12,655 ASRD individuals and 19,225 controls from Denmark. GWASs on dental caries and periodontitis were based on the Gene-Lifestyle Interactions in Dental Endpoints (GLIDE) consortium. We employed different MR approaches, such as inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR–Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO, to calculate causal effects. ResultsSingle-variable MR analysis revealed that ASRD was potentially significantly associated with decayed, missing, and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS) (β = 0.056; 95 % CI: 0.009, 0.103; p = 0.018). Periodontitis was suggested to be causally related to increased ASRD risk (OR = 1.143, 95 % CI: 1.008, 1.298; p = 0.038). According to the multivariable MR analysis, no significant associations were detected between MDD and ASRD with dental caries and periodontitis, and vice versa. ConclusionsASRD demonstrated a potential association with DMFS, and periodontitis was found to potentially impact ASRD according to single-variable MR analysis. Nevertheless, no significant associations were identified between MDD, ASRD, dental caries, or periodontitis after adjusting for smoking status and education level. Hence, more robust genetic instruments are required to validate and reinforce our findings.

Association between serum neurofilament light chain and periodontitis

ObjectivesThe association between serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and periodontitis remains unclear, and there is a need to examine the contribution of serum albumin (SA) in this association. The objective of the study is to investigate the correlation between sNfLand periodontitis, while examining the potential mediator role of SA in this association.MethodsThe study, which included 1218 participants from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), aimed to evaluate the association between sNfL and periodontitis through weighted multivariable logistic regression analysis, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models, and stratified models. In addition, mediation analysis was used to investigate the role of SA in mediating this association.ResultsThe multivariable logistic regression models revealed that sNfL was significantly linked to periodontitis (model 1: odds ratio [OR], 3.08, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48 to 6.39, model 2: OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.73 to 7.90, model 3: OR, 3.58, 95% CI, 1.52 to 8.43). The RCS models suggested a linear relationship between sNfL and periodontitis. The stratified analysis revealed no significant moderating effects (p-value > 0.05). The mediation analysis demonstrated that SA mediated the correlation between sNfL and periodontitis, with a mediation proportion of 10.62%.ConclusionsThe results point to sNfL being a factor in the heightened risk of periodontitis. Additionally, SA may mediate the changes in periodontitis that are associated with sNfL.Clinical relevancesNfL may contribute to the development of periodontitis by mediating changes in SA in humans.