Periodontitis Patients Research Articles

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Different Disinfectants on Contaminated Toothbrushes in Healthy and Chronic Periodontitis Patients – A Comparative Study

ABSTRACT Background: Toothbrushes that are used regularly can accumulate a high amount of microorganisms, which have the potential to cause infections or reinfections. There is a need for toothbrush disinfection methods which are effective and can be easily implemented. The present study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of different disinfectants on contaminated toothbrushes in healthy and chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients were taken who were divided into two Groups A and B: Group A consisted of 30 healthy patients who were further subgrouped as Group A1 (control group), Group A2 (1% sodium hypochlorite), Group A3 (1% vinegar), and Group A4 (ultraviolet [UV] sanitizer) and Group B consisted of 30 patients with mild-to-moderate generalized chronic periodontitis who were further subgrouped as B1, B2, B3, and B4 based on the different disinfection processes. Microbial counts were assessed and compared. A paired sample t-test was used for statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.001. Results: All disinfectants showed a statistically significant reduction in microbial load on contaminated toothbrushes in both the groups (P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference between the efficacies of vinegar and sodium hypochlorite when compared with UV sanitizer in both the groups (P = 0.115 and P = 0.205). Conclusion: The study concluded that UV sanitizer can be used as a preferable toothbrush disinfection method.

Association between Subjective Happiness and Periodontal Disease in Patients Visiting at a Tertiary Care Centre of Central Nepal

Introduction: Happiness has been considered as a colloquial term for subjective well-being. There is a causal relationships and factors contributing to happiness achievement and satisfaction. One of the major factors is oral health in which periodontitis plays a major role. Objective: To explore the association between subjective happiness and periodontal disease. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology from August 2018 to June 2019 after obtaining ethical clearance from the institutional review committee (IRC). Where 103 patients with chronic periodontitis according to the 1999 classification system were recruited by convenient sampling methods and were asked to fill out the questionnaire of subjective happiness scale given by Lyubomirsky. This scale was compared on the basis of periodontitis severity. Data were collected and entered into Microsoft Excel and statistical analysis was done using SPSS v.20. Data were represented as mean and standard deviations and the association between happiness and periodontitis was determined using Chi-square test. Results: Out of 103 patients the mean subjective happiness score was found to be 18.78±1.692. Similarly, there was no significant association between happiness scale and periodontitis in the present study (P value = 0.821). Conclusions: There is evidence of the relationship between subjective happiness and periodontitis. The findings of this study revealed a new perspective on periodontitis, including the potential for innovative treatments of a specific population with periodontitis.

Prevalence of Tooth Loss due to Periodontitis in Patients Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Epidemiological studies have been showing that caries is the main reason for tooth loss. But nowadays, it seems to show an increasing trend of tooth loss due to periodontal reasons rather than caries. The retention of natural teeth can improve the quality of life by maintaining the ability to chew and digest food. Thus, directly or indirectly periodontitis leading to tooth loss affects quality of life.
 Objective: To determine the prevalence of tooth loss in periodontitis patients.
 Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology from June 2023 to September 2023 after obtaining ethical clearance from institutional review committee. Study participants were patients diagnosed as periodontitis according to world workshop in periodontics 2017 classification and prevalence of tooth loss was recorded according to the history of mobile tooth. Poor prognosis and hopeless prognosis were counted as to be extracted tooth in the study. Collected data were entered into the excel sheet and further statistical analysis was done using SPSS v.20.
 Results: Mean of tooth loss due to periodontitis was found to be 3.74±3.285 and tooth to be extracted is 1.94±1.884. 
 Conclusion: As the age increases number of tooth loss increases, likewise current smokers have more amount of tooth loss than that of former and nonsmokers. Likewise, mandibular anterior region was most common for prevalence for tooth loss.

The Effect of Body Mass Index on the KYN/TRP Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Periodontitis

ABSTRACT
 Purpose: The tryptophan–kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway is associated with inflammation and kynurenine pathway (KP) dysregulation is present in overweight and obesity. Meanwhile, obesity and periodontitis are two of the most frequent noncommunicable illnesses, and epidemiological studies show that obesity has a role in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. However, the association between elevated body mass index and KP on periodontal disease etiology is unknown. As a result, our study is aimed to investigate the possible relationship within TRP/KYN ratio and BMI relationship in periodontitis.
 Materials & Method: The study comprised 20 periodontitis patients (P, Generalized Stage III Grade B, n=20) and 20 healthy persons (C, n=20). Clinical parameters (Bleeding index on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and pocket depth (PD)), and BMI were recorded at the beginning of the study. Salivary and serum KYN/TRP ratios were analyzed by using mass spectrometry–liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS).
 Results: Clinical periodontal parameters were statistically significantly higher in P group than in C group (p

Demonstration of Urease Activity in Subgingival Plaque Sample of Periodontitis Patients in a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal

Demonstration of Urease Activity in Subgingival Plaque Sample of Periodontitis Patients in a Tertiary Care Center of Nepal

The Level of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 in Gingival Crevicular fluid and Serum Pre-Post Scaling and Root Planning in Chronic Periodontitis Patients in Western Libya: Comparative Study

Despite the critical role of vitamin D in the body, it can be affected by several factors that may cause deficiency and imbalances in vitamin D levels. The study aimed to evaluate 25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 in chronic periodontitis patients. The total study participants were 40 patients. They were divided into (20) as a study group with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, and (20) chronic gingivitis patients were chosen as a control group. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum samples were collected at baseline and six weeks after therapy for the study group and at baseline for the control group. Systemic and local levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The study group of diseased patients received initial periodontal therapy (SRP). The study showed that respective local 25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 levels significantly increased from baseline up to six weeks after (SRP) (3.41ng/ml versus 4.57ng/ml), P=0.022. The respective systemic 25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 levels significantly increased after six weeks from SRP (39.88ng/ml versus 41.48 ng/ml), P=0.001.

Immunoaffinity-enriched salivary small extracellular vesicles in periodontitis

Aim: Saliva extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as a significant reservoir of biomarkers that may be of clinical use in disease diagnosis. Saliva, however, contains EVs of both host- and bacterial- origin. Identifying suitable EVs for disease diagnosis involves enriching host EVs and limiting non-host contamination with effective isolation methods. The objectives of this research were: (1) to evaluate the salivary EVs enrichment in 12 periodontally healthy patients by two different methods: size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and bead-based immunoaffinity capture (EXO-NET®); (2) to analyze the variance expression of inflammatory cytokines in EXO-NET-enriched EVs, comparing individuals with periodontitis (n = 20) to non-periodontitis (n = 12). Methods: Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 12 periodontally healthy and 20 periodontitis patients. EVs were isolated from the 12 non-periodontitis patients using SEC (referred to as SEC-EVs) and EXO-NET (referred to as EXO-NET EVs), after which their total protein content, 37 EV surface markers, and bacterial pathogens expression were compared. Subsequently, the inflammatory cytokines expression levels (interleukin-IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-10) in EXO-NET EVs were measured for non-periodontitis and periodontitis. Results: EXO-NET EVs contained more EV-specific protein and substantially higher expression of EV surface markers (CD9, CD81, CD63), but less pathogenic DNA was detected compared to that in SEC-EVs. Additionally, EXO-NET EVs from periodontitis patients contained higher amounts of IL-6 and IL-8, and decreased IL-10, compared to those from non-periodontitis patients. Conclusion: The findings suggest that immunoaffinity capture (EXO-NET) is a dependable method for salivary EVs enrichment, resulting in a higher yield of host EVs with reduced bacterial DNA detection compared to SEC. Furthermore, the research proposes that immunoaffinity capture enriched EVs can function as biomarkers for periodontitis, demonstrated by an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines from periodontitis patients.

Osteocalcin levels in gingival crevicular fluid periodontitis patient with and without type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a systemic disease with a high prevalence in Indonesia. Periodontitis is a complication of DM with frequent occurrences. Periodontitis with DM causes greater bone damage than non-DM periodontitis because its conditions can affect osteoblast and osteoclast activity. Osteocalcin (OC), mostly synthesized by osteoblasts, regulates the activity of bone formation and turnover so that it can be a marker of bone formation and turnover to see the severity of the disease. OC can be found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). This study aimed to determine osteocalcin levels in gingival crevicular fluid periodontitis patients with uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and non-Diabetes Mellitus.Method: Samples used in this study were gingival crevicular fluid taken from 20 samples of periodontitis patients with DM type 2 (DMT2P) and 20 samples of periodontitis non-DM patients. The OC levels were analyzed using ELISA Kit Osteocalcin then statistical tests were carried out.Result: The results showed that the OC level of the DMT2P group was 0.369 ± 0.140 while the periodontitis non-DM group was 0.664 ± 0.141.Conclusion: The OC levels of periodontitis patients with DM are lower than periodontitis patients non-DM.

Relationship Between Staging and Grading of Periodontitis and Periimplantitis: A Retrospective Study

Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the relationship between peri-implantitis and stage/grade of periodontitis. 
 Methods: Records of 171 periodontitis patients with 318 dental implants were screened. Classification of diagnosed patients with periodontitis were done by both stage (1, 2, 3 and 4) and grade (A, B and C). Peri-implant health status was evaluated as no peri-implantitis or with peri-implantitis. Marginal bone loss severity of implants diagnosed with peri-implantitis, prosthesis type (single, bridge), location of dental implants (maxilla, mandibula, anterior and posterior), smoking (yes/no) and diabetes history (yes/no) of the patients were also evaluated. Analysis was done at implant level.
 Results: A total of 203 (63.8%) dental implants were diagnosed with peri-implantitis. There were statistical differences in the stage and grade of periodontitis between implants diagnosed with no peri-implantitis and peri-implantitis (p

Salivary Protein Quantification among Periodontitis Patients with Different Disease Severity: A Pilot Study

The salivary protein quantification reflecting the periodontal pathophysiology among patients with different periodontitis severity has not been well explored. This quantification is fundamental as the changes in the quantity of proteins in different severities of periodontitis can reflect the periodontal complex alterations. This pilot study aimed to quantify and compare the salivary proteins by collecting unstimulated saliva from periodontitis patients and healthy individuals. The radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) protocol was used to extract protein from patients’ saliva and quantified using the Nanodrop Spectrophotometer 2000/2000c (A280) set at 280 nm wavelength. The mean concentration of salivary proteins was shown to be 26.48 + 2.95 mg/mL in healthy patients, 22.00 + 0.38 mg/mL in Stage 1 periodontitis patients, 27.34 + 1.61 mg/mL in Stage 2 periodontitis patients, 27.11 + 0.66 mg/mL in Stage 3 periodontitis patients and 24.89 + 1.91 mg/mL in Stage 4 periodontitis patients. However, the mean difference between all groups was not statistically significant. Within the limitations of this study, there was no difference in the salivary protein quantity among patients with different stages of periodontitis.

Gingival crevicular fluid levels of apelin correlates with clinical periodontal diagnosis.

Limitations of clinical periodontal measurements have led to the search for reliable biomarkers that can be used in diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal diseases. Considering the relationship of adipokines with periodontal disease, diabetes, and obesity, apelin may be a biomarker for periodontal diseases due to its modulating effects on inflammation. The present study was conducted to determine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) apelin levels in systemically healthy individuals and to evaluate the potential of apelin as a biomarker for periodontal diagnosis. Ten individuals with clinically healthy periodontal tissues, 10 patients diagnosed with gingivitis, and 10 patients with periodontitis were included in the present study. Whole mouth clinical periodontal measurements were recorded and GCF samples were obtained from the buccal approximal regions of single-rooted teeth with features that would represent clinical periodontal diagnosis. Apelin level in the samples was determined by ELISA. Clinical and biochemical findings were statistically analyzed. Possible relationship between the variables was evaluated with Pearson correlation analysis. Apelin level in the gingivitis group was higher than that in the clinically healthy group (p = 0.000) and lower than that in the periodontitis group (p = 0.000). A positive correlation was found between GCF apelin concentration and plaque score, bleeding on probing, and probing depth (p = 0.000). Within the limits of this study, it can be suggested that GCF apelin concentration may be a biomarker that can distinguish between healthy periodontal tissues, gingivitis, and periodontitis patients. Apelin concentration in the gingival crevicular fluid may aid in the diagnosis of periodontal disease.

High incidence of periodontitis in patients with ascitic decompensated cirrhosis.

Periodontitis has been associated with various liver diseases. However, the relevance of periodontitis in the progression of decompensated cirrhosis remains inconclusive. In particular, it is unclear whether the common periodontitis pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), can be detected not only in the oral mucosa but also in ascites and stool. To investigate the significance of periodontitis, P. gingivalis, and A. actinomycetemcomitans in cirrhosis patients with ascitic decompensation. This prospective study was conducted at the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, a tertiary center in Northern Germany. A cohort of 27 patients with ascitic decompensated liver cirrhosis underwent dental examinations to assess the association between periodontitis and various clinical parameters of cirrhosis, as well as patient outcomes. PCR was used to test gingival samples, ascites, and stool for the presence of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Gingival samples were collected by probing the deepest gum pocket of a sextant and wiping them on a cotton swab. Periodontitis was diagnosed in 22 out of 27 (82%) ascite patients, which is significantly more common than in a control cohort of 100 unselected patients (59%, P = 0.04). P. gingivalis was detected in the gingiva of six patients, and one of them also had P. gingivalis in their stool. However, P. gingivalis was not found in the ascites of any patient. Five out of six patients with P. gingivalis had periodontitis (83%). A. actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any sample. Patients without periodontitis had a significantly higher mortality rate compared to those with periodontitis, and survival (Kaplan-Meier analysis) was longer in patients with periodontitis (P = 0.02). Transplant-free survival was also more common in patients with periodontitis compared to those without (63% vs 0%, P = 0.02). Decompensated cirrhotic patients frequently suffer from periodontitis. However, there was no evidence of the translocation of P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans into ascites. The survival of cirrhotic patients with periodontitis was not reduced.

High-Throughput Combined Analysis of Saliva Microbiota and Metabolomic Profile in Chinese Periodontitis Patients: A Pilot Study.

The onset and progression of periodontitis involves complicated interactions between the dysbiotic oral microbiota and disrupted host immune-inflammatory response, which can be mirrored by the changes in salivary metabolites profile. This pilot study sought to examine the saliva microbiome and metabolome in the Chinese population by the combined approach of 16s rRNA sequencing and high-throughput targeted metabolomics to discover potential cues for host-microbe metabolic interactions. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from eighteen Stage III and IV periodontitis patients and thirteen healthy subjects. Full-mouth periodontal parameters were recorded. The taxonomic composition of microbiota was obtained by 16s rRNA sequencing, and the metabolites were identified and measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis. The oral microbiota composition displayed marked changes where the abundance of 93 microbial taxa differed significantly between the periodontitis and healthy group. Targeted metabolomics identified 103 differential metabolites between the patients and healthy individuals. Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated the upregulation of protein digestion and absorption, histidine metabolism, and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathways in the dysbiotic microbiota, while the ferroptosis, tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and carbon metabolism pathways were upregulated in the patients. Correlation analysis confirmed positive relationships between the clinical parameters, pathogen abundances, and disease-related metabolite levels. The integral analysis of the saliva microbiome and metabolome yielded an accurate presentation of the dysbiotic oral microbiome and functional alterations in host-microbe metabolism. The microbial and metabolic profiling of the saliva could be a potential tool in the diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and pathogenesis study of periodontitis.

A genome-wide association study meta-analysis in a European sample of stage III/IV grade C periodontitis patients ≤35 years of age identifies new risk loci.

Few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been conducted for severe forms of periodontitis (stage III/IV grade C), and the number of known risk genes is scarce. To identify further genetic risk variants to improve the understanding of the disease aetiology, a GWAS meta-analysis in cases with a diagnosis at ≤35 years of age was performed. Genotypes from German, Dutch and Spanish GWAS studies of III/IV-C periodontitis diagnosed at age ≤35 years were imputed using TopMed. After quality control, a meta-analysis was conducted on 8,666,460 variants in 1306 cases and 7817 controls with METAL. Variants were prioritized using FUMA for gene-based tests, functional annotation and a transcriptome-wide association study integrating eQTL data. The study identified a novel genome-wide significant association in the FCER1G gene (p = 1.0 × 10-9 ), which was previously suggestively associated with III/IV-C periodontitis. Six additional genes showed suggestive association with p < 10-5 , including the known risk gene SIGLEC5. HMCN2 showed the second strongest association in this study (p = 6.1 × 10-8 ). This study expands the set of known genetic loci for severe periodontitis with an age of onset ≤35 years. The putative functions ascribed to the associated genes highlight the significance of oral barrier tissue stability, wound healing and tissue regeneration in the aetiology of these periodontitis forms and suggest the importance of tissue regeneration in maintaining oral health.

Prevalence of inflammatory periodontal disease in patients attended in a university dental clinic – a retrospective analysis

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal disease (IPD) in individuals treated in a university dental clinic located in the Center-West of Brazil. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study with census sample. Previously collected data from dental records were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: 151 patients were included on the research. Approximately 60% presented gingivitis and 32.4% periodontitis. 85.4% showed high plaque index (&gt;10%) and 31.7% declared not to use dental floss. 12% of the participants reported being diabetic and 17.2% were smokers. The prevalence of deep pockets was the worst periodontal condition found (15.2%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ILD found in this population was higher than the Brazilian national average. The results can be useful to support buccal and general health promotion strategies on public policies.

Alterations in oxidative stress biomarkers and helper T-cell subgroups in patients with periodontitis and IgA nephropathy.

Investigating the changes in the oxidative stress levels and helper T lymphocyte (Th) subsets in patients with periodontitis and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) to determine their relationship. IgAN has a high prevalence, poor prognosis, and no effective cure. Accumulating evidence has implicated a close relationship between periodontitis and chronic kidney diseases, in which both IgAN and chronic periodontitis show chronic inflammation and abnormal metabolism. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between the two diseases from this perspective. We divided 86 IgAN patients into patients with healthy periodontium (IgAN-H, n = 34) and patients with periodontitis IgAN (IgAN-P, n = 52); moreover, we divided 72 systemically healthy participants into patients with periodontitis (H-P, n = 35) and participants with healthy periodontium (H-H, n = 37). The proportions of Th subsets in peripheral blood were estimated using flow cytometry. Cytokine levels in plasma were assessed using cytokine assay kits. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the plasma levels of oxidative stress. Our results from analyzing the Th cell subsets indicated that Th2 cell counts in the IgAN-P group were significantly lower than those in the IgAN-H group, while Th17 cell counts were increased (p < 0.05). Moreover, the Th1/Th2 ratio and interleukin-6 levels in the IgAN-P group were significantly higher than those in the H-H group (p < 0.01). Compared with that in the H-H group, in the remaining three groups, plasma total oxidation state (TOS) levels were increased (p < 0.01), while plasma total antioxidant state (TAS) levels were decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, estimated glomerular filtration rate was negatively correlated with the probing depth and gingival bleeding index. IgAN was a risk factor for periodontitis, while TAS was a protective factor for periodontitis. The oxidative stress index (OSI) might be valuable for distinguishing periodontitis patients from healthy controls (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve = 0.951). IgAN is an independent risk factor of periodontitis, and the Th17 cell-mediated inflammatory response might be associated with the occurrence of periodontitis in patients with IgAN. Patients with coexisting IgAN and periodontitis exhibit increased oxidative stress, in which TOS and OSI are potential biomarkers for diagnosing periodontitis.

Modulating the sEH/EETs Axis Restrains Specialized Proresolving Mediator Impairment and Regulates T Cell Imbalance in Experimental Periodontitis.

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and other epoxy fatty acids are short-acting lipids involved in resolution of inflammation. Their short half-life, due to its metabolism by soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), limits their effects. Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous regulatory lipids insufficiently synthesized in uncontrolled and chronic inflammation. Using an experimental periodontitis model, we pharmacologically inhibited sEH, examining its impact on T cell activation and systemic SPM production. In humans, we analyzed sEH in the gingival tissue of periodontitis patients. Mice were treated with sEH inhibitor (sEHi) and/or EETs before ligature placement and treated for 14 d. Bone parameters were assessed by microcomputed tomography and methylene blue staining. Blood plasma metabololipidomics were carried out to quantify SPM levels. We also determined T cell activation by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and flow cytometry in cervical lymph nodes. Human gingival samples were collected to analyze sEH using ELISA and electrophoresis. Data reveal that pharmacological sEHi abrogated bone resorption and preserved bone architecture. Metabololipidomics revealed that sEHi enhances lipoxin A4, lipoxin B4, resolvin E2, and resolvin D6. An increased percentage of regulatory T cells over Th17 was noted in sEHi-treated mice. Lastly, inflamed human gingival tissues presented higher levels and expression of sEH than did healthy gingivae, being positively correlated with periodontitis severity. Our findings indicate that sEHi preserves bone architecture and stimulates SPM production, associated with regulatory actions on T cells favoring resolution of inflammation. Because sEH is enhanced in human gingivae from patients with periodontitis and connected with disease severity, inhibition may prove to be an attractive target for managing osteolytic inflammatory diseases.

A novel clinical protocol for dentin hypersensitivity management based on regenerative dental gel associated with calcium: A case study in a patient with periodontal disease

Introduction: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is defined as pain caused by dentin exposure in response to various stimuli. Patients with periodontal disease (PD) frequently report DH due to root surface exposure or after periodontal treatment. Bioactive agents derived from calcium and/or silicon-based systems, such as REFIX technology, have been used to promote tooth regeneration, with focus on tooth sensitivity treatment. Case Report: Based on this, the efficacy of REFIX gel combined with calcium on the treatment of a DH was evaluated in a PD 45-year-old male patient. The patient’s right and left sides were randomly selected to use one of the prophylaxis dental protocols: REFIX dental gel/calcium (RDGCa) (experimental: 13, 14, 15 teeth) or Pumice Stone (PS) (control: 23, 24, 25 teeth). The products were applied using dental polishing brush during 10 seconds in each tooth surface. Schiff Air Index (SAI) for sensitive teeth (0–3) were performed by applying air jet to each tooth’s vestibular surface for 5 seconds after and before the prophylaxis. The patient reported pain and interruption of the stimulus before and after PS prophylaxis (SAI 3 and 3 respectively). There was a reduction in pain when RDGCa protocol was used (SAI 3—before/SAI 1—after). In this instance, the patient felt the stimulus but did not request to be interrupted. This contrasted with the outcomes of the initial stimulus as well as PS. Conclusion: The results showed that the RDGCa strategy was successful in lowering DH in PD patients.

Establishment of models to predict factors influencing periodontitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with periodontitis. Currently, there are few studies proposing predictive models for periodontitis in patients with T2DM. To determine the factors influencing periodontitis in patients with T2DM by constructing logistic regression and random forest models. In this a retrospective study, 300 patients with T2DM who were hospitalized at the First People's Hospital of Wenling from January 2022 to June 2022 were selected for inclusion, and their data were collected from hospital records. We used logistic regression to analyze factors associated with periodontitis in patients with T2DM, and random forest and logistic regression prediction models were established. The prediction efficiency of the models was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Of 300 patients with T2DM, 224 had periodontitis, with an incidence of 74.67%. Logistic regression analysis showed that age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.047, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.017-1.078], teeth brushing frequency (OR = 4.303, 95%CI: 2.154-8.599), education level (OR = 0.528, 95%CI: 0.348-0.800), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (OR = 2.545, 95%CI: 1.770-3.661), total cholesterol (TC) (OR = 2.872, 95%CI: 1.725-4.781), and triglyceride (TG) (OR = 3.306, 95%CI: 1.019-10.723) influenced the occurrence of periodontitis (P < 0.05). The random forest model showed that the most influential variable was HbA1c followed by age, TC, TG, education level, brushing frequency, and sex. Comparison of the prediction effects of the two models showed that in the training dataset, the AUC of the random forest model was higher than that of the logistic regression model (AUC = 1.000 vs AUC = 0.851; P < 0.05). In the validation dataset, there was no significant difference in AUC between the random forest and logistic regression models (AUC = 0.946 vs AUC = 0.915; P > 0.05). Both random forest and logistic regression models have good predictive value and can accurately predict the risk of periodontitis in patients with T2DM.

The spatial transcriptomic landscape of human gingiva in health and periodontitis.

The gingiva is a key oral barrier that protects oral tissues from various stimuli. A loss of gingival tissue homeostasis causes periodontitis, one of the most prevalent inflammatory diseases in humans. The human gingiva exists as a complex cell network comprising specialized structures. To understand the tissue-specific pathophysiology of the gingiva, we applied a recently developed spatial enhanced resolution omics-sequencing (Stereo-seq) technique to obtain a spatial transcriptome (ST) atlas of the gingiva in healthy individuals and periodontitis patients. By utilizing Stereo-seq, we identified the major cell types present in the gingiva, which included epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as subgroups of epithelial cells and immune cells. We further observed that inflammation-related signalling pathways, such as the JAK-STAT and NF-κB signalling pathways, were significantly upregulated in the endothelial cells of the gingiva of periodontitis patients compared with those of healthy individuals. Additionally, we characterized the spatial distribution of periodontitis risk genes in the gingiva and found that the expression of IFI16 was significantly increased in endothelial cells of inflamed gingiva. In conclusion, our Stereo-seq findings may facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for periodontitis by mapping periodontitis-relevant genes and pathways and effector cells.