Periodontal Status Of Patients Research Articles

Exploring the bi-directional relationship between periodontitis and dyslipidemia: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.

As periodontitis and dyslipidemia are diseases that occur with high incidence, the relationship between them has attracted much attention. Previous studies on these diseases have tended to focus on lipid parameters and periodontitis, we aimed to investigate the relationship between dyslipidemia and periodontitis. A comprehensive search to identify the studies investigating the relationship between dyslipidemia and periodontitis was performed on PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library before the date of August, 2023. Studies were considered eligible if they contained data on abnormal blood lipid parameters and periodontitis. Studies that reported mean differences and 95% confidence intervals or odds ratios were used. A total of 73 publications were included in the meta-analysis. Hyper total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are risk factors for periodontitis. Periodontal disease is a risk factor for high TG and low HDL levels. Three months after periodontal treatment, the levels of TC, TG and HDL were significantly improved, and statin treatment only improved gingival index (GI) levels compared to that of the dietary control. The findings reported here suggest that the mutual promotion of periodontitis and dyslipidemia can be confirmed. Non-surgical periodontal therapy may improve lipid abnormalities. It can't be demonstrated whether systematic application of statins have a better effect on the improvement in periodontal status in patients with dyslipidemia compared to that of the control.

Comorbidity of periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis

Summary. Currently, the relationship between periodontal diseases and somatic pathology has been proven. Studies on the relationship between periodontal diseases and atopic diseases are few, which determines the relevance of this study.
 Purpose of the study. To characterize the relationship between inflammatory periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis.
 Methods. Using the citation-analytical databases PubMed, Google Scholar and eLibrary, 26,470 full-text publications on the research topic were found from 2016 to 2023.
 Results and discussion: An analysis of literature data was carried out to study the relationship between inflammatory periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis. The presence of oral pathology in patients with atopic diseases can, on the one hand, lead to a worsening of the course of the atopic disease, and on the other hand, an atopic disease can contribute to the development of oral diseases. After conducting a literature search and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the sample, complete overlap of the research topics was found in only 3 publications. The data obtained turned out to be contradictory, since two publications established a direct connection between periodontitis and atopic dermatitis, and one publication did not. In publications touching on the research topic on certain aspects, the possible mechanisms of comorbidity of periodontal diseases and atopic diseases are characterized and opinions are presented on the existence of a feedback or direct relationship between these pathologies.
 Conclusion: To date, the periodontal status of patients with atopic dermatitis remains poorly understood, and the evidence linking oral diseases to it is ambiguous. The presented studies partially confirmed the direct connection between periodontal diseases and atopic dermatitis, but the hygiene hypothesis, according to which there is an inverse relationship between periodontal diseases and atopic diseases, was not confirmed.

Clinical relevance of distolingual roots and periodontal status in mandibular first molars: a cross-sectional study employing CBCT analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Distolingual root of the permanent mandibular first molar (PMFM-DLR) has been frequently reported, which may complicate the treatment of periodontitis. This study aimed to assess the morphological features of PMFM-DLR and investigate the correlation between the morphological features of PMFM-DLR and periodontal status in patients with Eastern Chinese ethnic background. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 836 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with 1497 mandibular first molars were analyzed to observe the prevalence of PMFM-DLR at the patients and tooth levels in Eastern China. Among them, complete periodontal charts were available for 69 Chinese patients with 103 teeth. Correlation and regression analyses were used to evaluate the correlation between the morphological features of DLR, bone loss, and periodontal clinical parameters, including clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and furcation involvement (FI). RESULTS: The patient-level prevalence and tooth-level prevalence of DLR in mandibular first molars were 29.4% and 26.3%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that bone loss at the lingual site and CAL were negatively affected by the angle of separation between distolingual and mesial roots in the transverse section, while they were significantly influenced by age and the angle of separation between distobuccal and mesial roots in the coronal section. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of PMFM-DLR in Eastern China was relatively high in our cohort. The morphological features of DLR were correlated with the periodontal status of mandibular first molars. This study provides critical information on the morphological features of DLR for improved diagnosis and treatment options of mandibular molars with DLR.

Assessment of periodontal status in patients with oral lichen planus.

Inflammatory pathogenesis is common to periodontitis and oral lichen planus. This study was conducted to assess and compare the periodontal status of patients with and without oral lichen planus. 108 patients comprising 54 with oral lichen planus and 54 age-matched systemically healthy participants without oral lichen planus were selected. Periodontal parameters, ie Plaque Index, Gingival Index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and periodontal phenotype were measured. On comparing the test and control groups, statistically significant differences were observed in respect to Plaque Index (P = .00), Gingival Index (P = .00), and bleeding on probing (P = .00). A higher proportion of sites with deeper pockets was observed in the test group (P = .00). On comparison of various oral lichen planus subtypes, significant difference was observed in respect to Gingival Index (P = .00) and bleeding on probing (P = .00). A higher proportion of sites with deeper pockets (P = .01) and greater CAL (P = .00) was observed in the erosive/atrophic subgroup compared to the reticular group. However, the differences between the reticular (a less severe form of oral lichen planus) and control group in terms of Gingival Index (P = .94), Plaque Index (P = .05), bleeding on probing (P = .17), probing pocket depth (P = .56), and clinical attachment level (P = .23) were not statistically significant. Statistically significant differences were observed in terms of Gingival Index (P = .01) and bleeding on probing (P = .00) between thin and thick periodontal phenotypes in the oral lichen planus group. Statistically significant positive correlations in periodontal parameters with increased gingival involvement and severity were observed using Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Significantly greater periodontal inflammation in the test group means there is a risk of greater attachment loss in future. Thus, increased attention towards periodontal health in these patients might reduce the rate of disease progression.

The orthodontic treatment and the periodontal status of patients.

Aim: To review and analyze modern professional literature on the impact of orthodontic treatment of maxillofacial anomalies on the periodontal status of patients, in particular, the subsiqent pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of periodontal diseases in this category of patients. Materials and Methods: Bibliometric and analytical methods were used data from international scientific sources in the field of studying the impact of orthodontic treatment on the state of periodontal tissues were used. Conclusions: Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment need the increased attention to the state of periodontal tissues and regular high-quality both professional and individual oral hygiene. A comprehensive approach to treatment and preventive measures for periodontal diseases, taking into account all pathogenetic links of their development in this category of patients, aims not only to keep the periodontium healthy, but also to ensure successful completion of orthodontic treatment. Taking into account consideration the periodontal status of patients allows individual correction of the treatment plan to increase its clinical effectiveness both in the early and in the long term.

PERIODONTAL STATUS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH MEDITERRANEAN DIET (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Introduction: The condition of the periodontal tissues can usually be checked by conducting a periodontal screening or examination of the periodontal tissues. From this examination, the health status of the periodontal tissue will be obtained, which can facilitate findings related to periodontal disease. Diet has been reported to be significantly associated with periodontal health. A diet that is known to have a beneficial effect on treating inflammation in the oral cavity is the Mediterranean diet. Aim: This literature review discusses the conclusive results of periodontal status in patients or individuals with a Mediterranean diet obtained from several studies. Review: The clinical parameters measured on examination of the periodontal tissue to obtain periodontal health status were plaque and calculus scores, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level or clinical attachment loss (CAL). Nutritional factors are known to act as sources of interference and modulation. A diet that lacks micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) can exacerbate the inflammatory response of the periodontal tissues. The Mediterranean diet is known to be low in saturated fat and rich in polyphenols, oleocanthal, lycopene, minerals, fiber, vitamins, and omega-3 fatty acids. This diet can provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that can affect the periodontal tissue. Although not very numerous, there are studies examining periodontal tissue and periodontal disease in individuals with a Mediterranean diet. These studies require the health status of the periodontal tissues. Conclusion: Periodontal health status in individuals with a Mediterranean diet based on several studies shows quite good results, where there is a decrease in scores on bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and low plaque index.

Effects of three orthodontic retainers on periodontal pathogens and periodontal parameters

The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the changes in periodontal pathogens and periodontal status within 6 months of wearing three orthodontic retainers, namely, vacuum-formed retainer (VFR), Hawley retainer (HR), and lingual fixed retainer (LR). In total, 48 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with ordinary metal brackets were divided into VFR, HR, and LR groups (n = 16 per group). Saliva samples were collected at the time of debonding (T0) and after 1 month (T1), 3 months (T2), and 6 months (T3). Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) were quantitatively analyzed using real-time PCR. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PLI), and probing depth (PD) were measured at the four time points to evaluate changes in periodontal state. SPSS20.0 software was used to analyze the data, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2300073704), the registration was retrospective. Compared to baseline (T0) values, Pg, Aa, GI, PLI, and PD were significantly decreased in all three groups 1 month after wearing the retainer (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed in Aa at T3 among the three groups, whereby the HR group exhibited significantly better results compared to the VFR and LR groups (p < 0.05). Differences were found among the three groups’ Porphyromonas gingivalis at T3, and the HR group was significantly better than the VFR and LR groups (P < 0.05). From T1 to T2, GI, PLI, and PD of the three groups tended to be stable, however differences were observed at T3, with the PLI and PD of the HR group being the lowest among the three groups (p < 0.05). Regardless of the type of retainer used, the periodontal condition of patients was significantly improved after removal of the metal brackets. After 6 months of retainer use, the Hawley retainer was superior to vacuum-formed retainer and lingual fixed retainer with regard to Pg, Aa, and periodontal clinical parameters.

Comparative Analysis of Dentition and Periodontal Status in Patients With Unilateral Smokeless Tobacco Pouch Keratosis.

The consumption of smokeless tobacco (SLT) and related products has become an epidemic worldwide, especially among young people, as they come into direct contact with the tissues of the oral cavity. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study was conducted to compare the status of dentition and periodontal health of teeth associated with the unilateral SLT pouch keratosis with the unaffected contralateral side. In this study, 96 SLT users from north Maharashtra, India, with unilateral SLT pouch keratosis were studied. Demographic data, past and present SLT use history, features of SLT pouch keratosis, modified community periodontal index, dentition status index, and loss of tooth attachment were recorded. Data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis using the unpaired t-test and chi-square test. The results of the present study showed a significant difference (p≤0.05) in gingival bleeding, pocket depth, and attachment loss in teeth associated with smokeless tobacco keratosis (STK) compared to teeth at the contralateral sides of the arch. The duration of tobacco use had a significant effect on the severity of loss of attachment at SLT pouch keratosis sides. There was a significant difference (p≤0.05) in the mean scores of the sound crown, carious crown, and coronal caries status between the SLT pouch keratosis side and the contralateral side. The results of the study revealed that significant gingival bleeding, gingival recession, and attachment loss in the teeth are associated with SLT pouch keratosis compared with the teeth on the contralateral side without the lesion.

Oral health-related quality of life and periodontal status according to smoking status.

Studies evaluating smoking and periodontal status show controversial results regarding the impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQol). The aim was to evaluate the association between OHRQol and periodontal status in patients according to their smoking habit. Cross-sectional study with a total of 100 patients (31.44 ± 8.50 years, 55% females) answered the short version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and underwent a periodontal examination. Associations between periodontal status and total mean OHIP-14 scores related with smoking habit were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis test. Mean percentage of sites with Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) and Number of Teeth were significantly different between current smokers (n = 53) and never (n = 40) or former smokers (n = 7; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference for Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD) in relation to smoking status. A total mean OHIP-14 score of 13.07 was observed for the entire sample. The corresponding total mean OHIP-14 scores, for current smokers, never smokers and former smokers, were 15, 10 and 13 (p = 0.280), respectively. The domains social disability and handicap of the OHIP-14 were worse in current smokers (p = 0.028 and p = 0.026, respectively). Current smoking was associated with a negative influence on OHRQoL in the domain of social disability and handicap. In addition, smokers have worse periodontal status, related to less BOP, greater CAL and fewer teeth than never and former smokers.

Influence of electronic cigarettes and tobacco heating systems on the periodontal condition in patients of different age and gender

Objective: to compare the characteristics of the periodontal condition in three categories of patients: smokers of electronic cigarettes, smokers of tobacco heating systems and non-smokers, taking into account age and gender. Material and methods. A comprehensive analysis of 1754 patient-smoker records was carried out: 1122 — electronic cigarettes (ES), 632 —tobacco heating systems (SNT). Data from 566 non-smokers were used as a control group (GC). Patients of all groups were divided into subgroups depending on age and gender. The clinical condition of the periodontium was assessed by dental indices and indicators. Statistical data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Statistica 64 ver. 20.0 programs. Results. Gingivitis prevailed in the groups of persons with ES, SNT and GS. The frequency of gingivitis in the ES group decreases with age, while in the SNT group it increases. Among HS patients, gingivitis was recorded in all age groups. The frequency of acute periodontitis was highest in patients of the ES and SNT groups aged 35-39 years. In the Civil Code — at the age of 30-34 years. The frequency of gingivitis and acute periodontitis in persons of the SNT and ES group is more pronounced in women. In GS, these figures are almost equal. The frequency of registration of chronic localized periodontitis in persons of the SNT group is more pronounced in women, in the ES group these figures are higher in men. The frequency of registration of chronic general periodontitis in persons of all groups is more pronounced in women. Conclusion. The results of the study proved that the use of ES and SNT is a negative factor causing the occurrence of periodontal diseases.

Relationship between glycemic control and periodontal status in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Relevance. The study of the dental status, including periodontal, in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, has a high scientific and clinical significance in terms of early diagnosis and prediction of the pathology of the dentoalveolar system in this group of patients.Materials and methods. The study included 54 adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 14-17 y.o.; of which 44% were boys, and 56% were girls. The duration of diabetes was 71.2 ± 46 months. Oral cavity condition evaluation included an interview and examination using instrumental and index assessment. The index assessment included the Green-Vermilion oral hygiene index (OHI-S), the papillary-marginal-attached index (PMA), Russell’s periodontal index (PI) and the decayed-missing-filled index (DMFT). To evaluate the diabetes factor impact on the periodontal tissues, we assessed the level of HbA1c, the duration of DM1, sex, age, and the presence of microangiopathy specific for type 1 diabetes, followed by multivariate regression analysis using JAMOVI 2.3.13 software.Results. The study established that only 11% of the examined adolescents had compensated type 1 diabetes with an HbA1c level &lt;7%. As for the index assessment of the oral cavity condition, most patients had mild or moderate deviations, indicating initial changes, including ones in periodontium. We also established a significant adverse effect of HbA1c increase, i.e., metabolic decompensation, on all studied indices (OHI-S, PI, PMA).Conclusion. Initial inflammatory periodontal changes in type 1 DM may occur at a fairly early age and do not depend on age, sex and the presence of vascular complications, and are associated with worse glycemic control numbers. Dental check-ups of adolescents with type 1 diabetes require periodontal index assessment and collaboration of dentists and pediatric endocrinologists.

Estimation of Salivary IL-6 Level in relation of Periodontal Status in Patients with Hyperthyroidism

Background: The overproduction of thyroid hormones is known as hyperthyroidism. Increased susceptibility to caries and periodontal disease are two potential oral symptoms. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) was observed to significantly increased in the hyperthyroid group. According to multiple research, IL-6 dysregulation has been linked to a number of oral disorders, including periodontal diseases. The study aimed to evaluate periodontal health status in relation to IL6 among hyperthyroidism patients. Subjects and Methods: The sample was composed of 90 female patients aged 25-45 years attending endocrine disorder center in al-Najaf Governorate/Iraq which include hyperthyroid group and healthy group, the hyperthyroid patients were diagnosed by specialist and under treatment with carbimazole. The clinical examination of periodontal health status assessment was performed according to WHO (2013) in addition to evaluation the Plaque and gingival condition. The Saliva was collected to evaluate IL-6 concentrations. Results: The plaque index (PLI) in the study group was more than the control with a significant difference (P&lt;0.05). The gingival index (GI) in the study was more than the control but with no significant difference (P&gt;0.05). Both periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were higher in the study group than in the control group, with a significant difference. IL-6 was higher in the study group than in control with a significant difference. There was a positive non-significant correlation between PPD and CAL with IL-6 in hyperthyroid patients.

Association between Sjögren’s Syndrome and Periodontitis: Epidemiological, Fundamental and Clinical Data: A Systematic Review

In recent decades, researchers have investigated the bidirectional links between periodontal disease and systemic diseases, and the results have allowed the development of the concept of periodontal medicine. This concept incorporates and analyzes the mutually influential interactions that can occur between periodontitis and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular diseases. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that targets the exocrine glands of the body, such as the lacrimal and salivary glands. The amount of saliva produced may gradually decrease with the progression of the disease, which can have an impact on the structures within the oral cavity. Although the reduction in saliva flow produces negative effects in the oral cavity, a direct association between Sjögren's syndrome and periodontal disease has not yet been demonstrated. Available studies on this topic have not identified significant differences in the periodontal status of patients with Sjögren's syndrome and control groups at the clinical and bacteriological levels. On the other hand, other studies on this topic consider that patients with periodontitis have a higher risk of developing Sjögren's syndrome than the general population. Therefore, the results remain inconclusive, highlighting the need for further complementary studies.

Marker of gingival epithelial cell aging in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Shortening of periodontal telomere length can be not only a factor of physiological aging, but also be a marker of the adverse effects of non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).&#x0D; Objective — to study the changes in periodontal status in patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease.&#x0D; Materials and methods. 76 patients with non‑alcoholic fatty liver disease and 14 somatically healthy patients were selected. Questioning of patients, dental examination with determination of indexes, qPCR studies from scraping from the surface of the attached gum with disposable applicators were carried out.&#x0D; Results. Periodontal diseases in patients with NAFLD had an inflammatory nature of different clinical and morphological forms and were represented mainly by chronic generalized periodontitis. The length of telomeres was significantly shorter in patients with NAFLD compared with the respondents in the control group. A negative average strength relationship was found between telomere length and chronic generalized periodontitis (r = –0.590, p = 0.002), the presence of NAFLD (r = –0.506, p = 0.045), body mass index (r = –0.3068, p = 0.031), level of aspartate aminotransferase (r = –0.286, p = 0.017).&#x0D; Conclusions. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the periodontal tissues in NAFLD contribute to premature cellular aging and shorten the telomere length of gingival epithelial cells. High body mass index is negatively correlated with telomere length, which also confirms premature cellular aging in patients with NAFLD.&#x0D;

Systemic antibiotics increase microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss

Periodontitis is the most widespread oral disease and is closely related to the oral microbiota. The oral microbiota is adversely affected by some pharmacologic treatments. Systemic antibiotics are widely used for infectious diseases but can lead to gut dysbiosis, causing negative effects on the human body. Whether systemic antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can affect the oral microbiota or even periodontitis has not yet been addressed. In this research, mice were exposed to drinking water containing a cocktail of four antibiotics to explore how systemic antibiotics affect microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss. The results demonstrated, for the first time, that gut dysbiosis caused by long-term use of antibiotics can disturb the oral microbiota and aggravate periodontitis. Moreover, the expression of cytokines related to Th17 was increased while transcription factors and cytokines related to Treg were decreased in the periodontal tissue. Fecal microbiota transplantation with normal mice feces restored the gut microbiota and barrier, decreased the pathogenicity of the oral microbiota, reversed the Th17/Treg imbalance in periodontal tissue, and alleviated alveolar bone loss. This study highlights the potential adverse effects of long-term systemic antibiotics-induced gut dysbiosis on the oral microbiota and periodontitis. A Th17/Treg imbalance might be related to this relationship. Importantly, these results reveal that the periodontal condition of patients should be assessed regularly when using systemic antibiotics in clinical practice.

Tooth loss and periodontal status in patients with cardiovascular disease in the Serbian population: A randomized prospective study.

Chronic periodontal infections may predispose to cardiovascular disease. Since tooth loss may be due to periodontitis it is assumed that tooth loss can also predisposes cardiovascular disease. The aim was to investigate the possible relationship between the severity of the clinical picture of periodontitis and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the association between clinical periodontal parameters, tooth loss and cardiovascular incident. A total of 100 subjects (50 subjects diagnosed with cardiovascular disease and 50 in control group without cardiovascular disease) underwent a dental examination. Tooth loss in all participants was caused only as a consequence of periodontitis. In addition to periodontal status, conventional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, smoking, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes) were measured, too. Periodontal status was worse in patients in the group with cardiovascular disease compared to the group without cardiovascular disease. A significant association was observed between tooth loss levels and cardiovascular disease. In the group of patients who had cardiovascular disease, tooth loss was more than 50%. In the group of patients without cardiovascular disease, tooth loss was about 20% of the total number of teeth. A significant association was observed between tooth loss levels and cardiovascular disease prevalence. This study presents relationship between number of teeth and cardiovascular disease, indicating a link between oral health and cardiovascular disease.

Assessment of Periodontal Status in Patients with Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Depression leads to behavioral and systemic changes making individuals more susceptible to inflammatory diseases. This study was conducted to assess the periodontal status of patients with clinically diagnosed mild and moderate depression. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 135 participants. Test group 1 (n = 45) consisted of patients clinically diagnosed with mild depression, test group 2 (n = 45) included patients with moderate depression and the control group (n = 45) included non-depressive participants. Sociodemographic characteristics and periodontal parameters were recorded. Results: Plaque levels and gingival inflammation were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mild and moderate depression patients than in controls. Significant greater number of sites with bleeding on probing, increasing probing pocket depth (PPD), sites with PPD 4–5 mm, ≥6 mm, attachment loss 3–4 mm, and high prevalence with grade C periodontitis were observed in moderate depression patients, compared to patients with mild depression and healthy controls. On applying partial correlation, periodontal parameters were positively correlated with depression, while a negative correlation was found with income status. On regression analysis, bleeding on probing as a dependent variable was also associated with depression. Conclusions: Patients with moderate depression showed high periodontal destruction and inflammation as compared to those with mild depression. Further, deep pockets were associated with depressive patients. Periodontal care is required in such patients so that the progression of periodontal diseases can be prevented at the earliest.

Effect of salivary urea, pH and ureolytic microflora on dental calculus formation and its correlation with periodontal status.

Dental calculus, formed by mineralization of plaque predisposes to the development of periodontal disease. To evaluate the influence of salivary urea and the presence of ureolytic bacteria on dental calculus formation and periodontal status in patients with good, fair and poor oral hygiene. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out on 135 patients, 18-60 years of age. Based on the simplified calculus index, patients were divided into three groups, good oral hygiene, fair oral hygiene and poor oral hygiene. Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, pocket probing depth and clinical attachment level and salivary pH were recorded for each subject. Saliva samples were collected to evaluate the urea levels using autoanalyzer method. Supragingival calculus samples were collected and presence and quantification of ureolytic bacteria were done by gram staining and bacterial culture and confirmed by biochemical reaction. For statistical analysis, test like Shapiro-Wilk test, Kruskal Wallis and Spearman's rho were used. Increase in salivary pH was associated with increased odds of higher calculus index score (odds ratio=2.785). There was a non-significant weak correlation between salivary urea and ureolytic bacteria in dental calculus in all the three groups (p>0.05). Higher calculus index score was associated with increased odds of presence of ureolytic bacteria (odds ratio>1). Higher level of ureolytic bacteria with increasing calculus index score may breakdown the salivary urea to ammonia resulting in a ureolytic pH rise that facilitate calcium phosphate saturation leading to more calculus formation.

Evaluation of Pain, Dietary Intake, Body Mass Index, and Periodontal Status in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment With Bite Raiser.

Background The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of bite raisers on patients' body mass index (BMI), nutrient intake, periodontal status, and pain experienced during orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods This cohort study included 44 patients aged 18 to 35 years old; undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Patients of the intervention group received a composite resin bite raiser (3M Espe, St. Paul, USA)over their first mandibular molars along with fixed orthodontic appliances (slot 0.022 × 0.030", 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif), while the control group only received a fixed orthodontic appliance. Pain levels using the visual analog scale (VAS), dietary intake (calories, proteins, carbohydrate, and fat intake), body mass index (BMI), tooth mobility, bleeding on probing (BOP), and pocket depth (PD) were assessed for all patients in the first three months after fixed orthodontic appliance placement. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA)at a significance level of 0.05. Results The pain had an increasing and then decreasing significant trend during the study for all patients (P<0.001). Calory intake also had an increasing and then decreasing significant trend for all participants (P=0.007). The consumption of carbohydrates and BMI significantly decreased during the study in both groups of patients (P<0.01) and tooth mobility, BOP, and PD significantly increased for all participants (P<0.001). No significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups in terms of the above-mentioned variables. Conclusion The application of bite raiser does not influence patients' pain, dietary intake, BMI, and periodontal status. However, fixed orthodontic appliances affect patients' calorie and carbohydrate intake, patients' BMI, and periodontal indexes including tooth mobility, BOP, and PD.

Study of the clinical efficacy of the crystalline form of the immunomodulatory drug based on antimicrobial peptides and cytokines complex in the treatment of patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases

On the basis of clinical periodontal indices of Muhlemann, RMA and Silness-Loe, the effectiveness of a new water-soluble form of the immunomodulatory drug Superlimf L in the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases was studied.&#x0D; Material and methods. 2 groups of patients with moderate periodontitis were formed: the experimental group (Group A) and the control group (Group B) (30 patients in each group). Before the start of treatment, all patients were taught the rules of correct brushing. Piezon-Master-400 and polishing the surfaces of the roots of the teeth in patients of the experimental group (A) were introduced into the periodontal pockets on cotton turundas with a solution of Superlimf® L. Previously, the pulvis of the Superlimf® L was dissolved in 5 ml of distilled water. Cotton turundas soaked in the preparation solution were introduced into periodontal pockets and soaked swabs were applied to the surfaces of gum — for 40 minutes. The procedures were carried out daily for 2 weeks. In the control group, the intervention was limited to the removal of dental deposits and subsequent controlled brushing of the teeth once every 3 days. The duration of the study was 2 weeks. An index assessment of the periodontal condition in patients of both groups was performed before treatment and, 3, 7 and 14 days after treatment.&#x0D; Treatment results. Clinically visible improvement in the condition of periodontal tissues after mechanical treatment occurred in patients of both groups after 3 days. The dynamics of the Silness-Loe index was very demonstrative in patients of both groups. Being initially almost equally high (2.35±0.45 units), after 3 days these values decreased by more than half. However, the difference in the decrease in the value of the Muhlemann index and PMA in patients of groups A and B was very significant. If in the control group (group B) after 3 days the intensity of bleeding during a probe test decreased by no more than 20%, then in patients in group A it decreased by almost half. In subsequent periods of observation, the decrease in inflammation and bleeding indices was also almost 3 times more intense in patients in group A than in patients in the control group. It is characteristic that the Silness-Loe plaque index already on the 7th day in patients in group B was significantly higher than in patients in group A. By the end of the study, both clinically and according to the index assessment of the condition of the periodontium in patients who received Superlimf® L, the condition of periodontal tissues was significantly better than in patients in the control group (Group B).&#x0D; Conclusion. Pronounced efficacy, the absence of adverse effects when using the product, good organoleptic indicators — all of the above allows specialists to use the powder form of the new drug Superlimf® L for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal diseases both in the conditions of dental units, as well as recommend to patients after their preliminary instruction and training apply the remedy at home.