Dysmenorrhea Research Articles

Consensus on Symptom Selection for Endometriosis Questionnaires: A Modified e-Delphi Study.

To build consensus on most important symptoms and related consequences for use in questionnaires to characterise individuals with suspected and confirmed endometriosis in the general population. A questionnaire of 107 symptoms and related consequences of endometriosis was collaboratively developed by patients, medical doctors and researchers and further assessed in a two-round e-Delphi study. Participants assessed the relevance of the symptoms, and a priori it was decided that 70% was the threshold for inclusion of a symptom. Participants represented 7 countries, including Australia, Denmark, France, Hungary, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Turkey. Individuals with endometriosis, medical doctors and researchers with expertise in endometriosis. A modified e-Delphi study. Consensus-based selection of symptoms for endometriosis questionnaires. Seventy-six participants completed the first Delphi round and 65 completed the second round. Four symptoms met consensus in the first round (menstrual pain, pain during sexual intercourse, cyclic pain during defecation, and infertility), with two additional symptoms reaching consensus in the second round (cyclic pain and increased doctor/health care contacts for abdominal/pelvic pain). This study highlighted six symptoms relevant for inclusion in endometriosis research questionnaires: menstrual pain, pain during sexual intercourse, cyclic pain during defecation, cyclic pain, infertility, and a high number of doctor/health care visits due to abdominal/pelvic pain. Recognising a broad range of potential symptoms is essential for raising awareness and supporting early detection efforts.

The Effect of Honey on The Level of Dysmenorrhea Pain in Nursing Students of Muhammadiyah University Tasikmalaya

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological disorder among women of all ages and races. Dysmenorrhea is defined as pain during menstruation that is accompanied by cramping and centered in the lower abdomen. Dysmenorrhea can cause a number of problems, including activity limitation, decreased academic performance, and difficulty sleeping so that it can interfere with life activities. Currently, there is a need for the use of herbs and alternative medicine to overcome dysmenorrhea, one of which is using honey which can reduce menstrual pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of honey on the level of dysmenorrhea pain in nursing students at Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya University. This research method uses Quasi Exsperimen research method with Pre-Experimental design with one group pre-test and post-test design approach. This research was conducted at the University of Muhammadiyah Tasikmalaya. Respondents measured pain levels during dysmenorrhea before and after honey administration. The results showed that giving honey had an effect on reducing menstrual pain or dysmenorrhea in nursing students as indicated by a value of P = 0.000. The conclusion is that there is a change in the intensity of menstrual pain before and after giving honey. Suggestions are expected that the results of this study can be implemented by further researchers as an alternative to dysmenorrhea pain.

Investigating the Relationship between Dysmenorrhea and Menstrual Disorders with the Type and Severity of Blood Pressure Disorders in Pregnancy in Bandar Abbas Hospitals in 2024

Background: The current study aims to investigate the relationship between dysmenorrhea and menstrual disorders with the type and severity of blood pressure disorders in pregnancy in Bandar Abbas hospitals in 2024. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study of the descriptive-analytic type. 404 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy who were hospitalized in Bandar Abbas hospitals due to high blood pressure were included in this study. After receiving the consent form, the demographic-social and medical information form was recorded by a researcher from patients' files. The blood pressure of pregnant women was measured during hospitalization. The dysmenorrhea multidimensional scoring system questionnaire and checklist on other menstrual cycle disorders such as menorrhagia and menstrual irregularity were completed by the participants. After collecting the data, SPSS version 26 software was used to analyze the data. Results: According to the results of the present study, it has been shown that the average age of the patients was 30.43 ± 5.82. There is a significant positive correlation between primary dysmenorrhea and gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and superimposed (p < 0.05). There is a significant positive correlation between secondary dysmenorrhea and gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and superimposed (p < 0.05). There is a significant positive correlation between menstrual disorders and gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and superimposed (p < 0.05). There is a significant positive correlation between hypermenorrhea and gestational hypertension and superimposed (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between menstrual disorders and hypertension in pregnancy.

The Effect of Aromatherapy Massage on Cramp Frequency, Pain Intensity, and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients With Muscle Cramps: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Mixed Study.

Muscle cramps, which are frequently encountered in hemodialysis patients, affect individuals bio-psycho-socially, limit their activities of daily living, and reduce their quality of life. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of aromatherapy massage applied in 12 sessions over 4weeks on cramp frequency, pain severity, and quality of life. The study was conducted as a pretest-posttest, randomized controlled, and single-blinded using a quantitative and qualitative research design. The sample consisted of 94 individuals randomized into 3 groups: intervention (n=30), placebo control (n=32), and control (n=32). Received foot and lower leg massage with essential oils for the intervention group and baby oil for the placebo control group. Muscle cramp and pain were measured by visual analog scale (VAS), and quality of life was measured by Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index-Dialysis Version III. Qualitative data were collected with an individual interview form. In both the intervention and placebo control groups, cramp frequency and pain intensity decreased, while quality of life improved (P <.05). Patients' activities of daily living improved. Aromatherapy massage was more effective in the first weeks and also decreased l-carnitine and analgesic consumption (P <.05). The obtained qualitative data supported the quantitative data. Aromatherapy and classical massage helped reduce patients' muscle cramps and pain. Patients' quality of life and activities of daily living improved. Aromatherapy massage was more effective in managing muscle cramps.

THE INFLUENCE OF AMIRKAN GYMNASTICS (ANTI DYSMENORRHEA FOR ADOLESCENTS THROUGH MOVEMENT) ON REDUCING DYSMENORRHEA PAIN LEVELS

Menstrual pain has a significant impact on teenage girls as it disrupts their daily activities. Dysmenorrhea that often occurs in adolescents is primary dysmenorrhea, which is menstrual pain that occurs after the first few years of menstruation. One of the exercises that can be used to alleviate dysmenorrhea is gymnastics.Research Objective: To determine the effect of AMIRKAN exercise on the reduction of menstrual pain in junior high school students in Labuapi District. This type of research is pre-experimental with a one group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study consists of all seventh and eighth-grade female students from each school: SMPN 1 Labuapi with 134 students, SMPN 2 Labuapi with 134 students, and SMPN 3 Labuapi with 137 students. The sampling technique was based on calculations using Proportional Random Sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, totaling 100 students. Data analysis used the chi-square test. The research shows that the Amirkan exercise (anti-dysmenorrhea for adolescents through movement) has an effect on reducing dysmenorrhea pain levels among seventh and eighth-grade female students at junior high schools in Labuapi District. The Amirkan exercise intervention, performed regularly 2-3 days before menstruation, can stretch the abdominal and pelvic muscles, making it a potential effort to reduce menstrual pain.

Update on Alternative Methods for the Management of Dysmenorrhea: A Narrative Review

Introduction: The term dysmenorrhea originates from the Greek words "dis" (difficult), "men" (month), and "rheo" (flow), which together mean "difficult menstrual flow." However, it is commonly used to refer to painful menstruation, a common gynecological issue that can affect women of reproductive age. This condition is characterized by intense abdominal and pelvic pain during menstruation, impacting women's daily activities.Objective: To update alternative methods for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea that improve the health and quality of life of women of childbearing age.Methods: A narrative review was conducted, initially considering 1574 scientific articles, applying inclusion and exclusion criteria to select 33 publications from the last 6 years. These publications were sourced from major databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, SciELO, and Google Scholar, focusing on alternative methods for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.Results: Ten articles were analyzed, presenting the main results on the effectiveness of exercises, massages, vitamin supplements, electrostimulation, and sleep changes to relieve menstrual pain.Conclusions: The review explores alternative methods to treat dysmenorrhea, highlighting the lack of protocols in Latin America and empirical studies in Ecuador. It analyzes non-pharmacological practices and emphasizes the importance of education in self-care and holistic approaches.

The combination effect of basil leaves and red betel leaves as analgesic to reduce dysmenorrhea in reproductive woman

Dysmenorrhea, characterized by severe lower abdominal pain during menstruation, affects a significant proportion of women of reproductive age, impairing daily activities. The pathophysiology of dysmenorrhea is primarily linked to elevated prostaglandin production (PGF2α and PGE2) and heightened uterine sensitivity, which induce myometrial contractions, hypoxia, and pain. Factors such as stress, obesity, and family history contribute to its prevalence. In recent years, medicinal plants have emerged as alternative therapies to manage dysmenorrhea symptoms. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and red betel (Piper crocatum) are known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties due to their rich phytochemical content, including flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils. Basil leaves inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, reducing prostaglandin synthesis, while red betel leaves enhance antioxidant activity and modulate inflammatory responses. This study aims to investigate the combined effects of basil and red betel leaves in alleviating dysmenorrhea symptoms. Despite the lack of experimental studies on their synergistic effects, their anti-inflammatory mechanisms—targeting prostaglandin production and NF-κB pathways—present promising potential for reducing menstrual pain.

Review on Natural Treatment of Dysemohrrea

Dysmenorrhea is known as the sever menstrual pains that are caused due to release of higher (or) lower levels of prostaglandisis. The release of prostaglandis is from sexual hormones. These Dysmenorrhea is treated through different traditional medicinal system like (Ayurveda, unnani, sidda etc). These systems are reducing pain trough different herbals. The herbals are obtain from different parts of the plants like (roots, stems, fruits. Flowering tips etc..). The herbal drugs that not only reduce the pain of the menstrual cramps but also causes many beneficial affects to the health to the females. The herbal drugs that are naturally obtained from the soil so theses are not having any sides effects in there menstrual time. These herbals having analgesic, and blocking of release of prostaglandins and decreasing the prostaglandins. These drugs reduce the pain from roots of cause. The herbals a play main and important role in reducing the menstrual cramps and menstrual mood. These drugs are helps to reset the mood of the females and theses natural drugs will cure the menstrual cramps for roots of cause.

Therapeutic Physical Exercise for Dysmenorrhea: A Scoping Review

Background: Dysmenorrhea affects many women of reproductive age. Physical exercise has been used as an effective intervention for pain reduction and to improve well-being. Physiotherapy, involving movement and exercise, can be effective in relieving menstrual pain and provide additional benefits. The aim is to identify therapeutic physical exercise program and exercise protocols used to reduce pain among these women. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute’s methodology, using the PCC acronym. Articles were sourced from: PubMed, Cochrane Library, PEDro and ScienceDirect, covering studies published between 1 January 2013 and 30 April 2023, representing the period we considered most appropriate at the time the study was initiated. Qualitative studies, books, book chapters, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and review articles were excluded. Studies were analyzed according to the PRISMA-ScR framework. Results: 3325 studies were identified, but only 9 were included. Considerable variation was observed in the types and parameters of the exercise program across studies, including differences in duration, intensity, number of repetitions and series. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight that aerobic training, particularly among women in their 20s, emerged as the most frequently utilized form of therapeutic physical exercise for alleviating menstrual pain in the studies reviewed. This suggests that aerobic exercise may hold significant promise as a non-pharmacological intervention for managing dysmenorrhea.

TERAPI HERBAL MINUMAN KUNYIT ASAM UNTUK MENURUNKAN INTENSITAS NYERI DISMENORE PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI PONDOK PESANTREN

Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain, is a common health problem that is often experienced by adolescent girls, especially those who live in Islamic boarding schools. Herbal therapy based on local wisdom is important to provide intervention to adolescent girls, turmeric and tamarind drinks have emerged as a very promising alternative and are increasingly popular in the community. Through this approach, it is hoped that adolescent girls can gain a better understanding of dysmenorrhea pain management and obtain safe and effective alternative treatments. The method of implementing community service is carried out first with preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The implementation stage is carried out by providing interactive education about dysmenorrhea, the factors that influence it, and the benefits of turmeric and tamarind as a natural alternative, printing step-by-step instructions for making turmeric and tamarind herbal medicine by involving active participant participation, distributing turmeric and tamarind herbal medicine to participants accompanied by an explanation of its benefits and nutritional content, detailed explanation of the correct way to consume it, the right dosage, and the recommended frequency of use and a question and answer session to clarify questions or concerns of participants regarding the use of turmeric and tamarind herbal medicine. The results showed that the intensity of Dysmenorrhea Pain 80% of participants reported decreasing after consuming turmeric and tamarind drinks regularly. The average decrease in pain intensity was 3 points on a pain scale of 0-10. This shows that dysmenorrhea pain can be reduced with turmeric and tamarind herbal drink therapy.

Natural Pain Relief : Herbal Dark Chocolate For Menstrual Pain

Individuals have a greater affinity for chocolate than for any other type of food, yet they often have a dislike for medications. Consequently, the objective of this study was to create a chocolate infused with herbal components, specifically designed to alleviate menstrual cramps. Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) is a common problem among women in their reproductive years that can negatively impact their quality of life. About 55% of women experience dysmenorrhea. One of the foods that can reduce menstrual pain is dark chocolate. Other herbal ingredients such as ginger, termeric, mint leaves, almond, cinnamon and honey are also known to reduce pain. However, research on combination of dark chocolate with herbal ingredients has not been conducted. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of dark chocolate with herbs in reducing menstrual pain. Dark chocolate can be used as an alternative to overcome pain during menstruation time because it contains many benefits in the health sector. Chocolate contains copper which used by the body to synthesize collagen and neurotransmitters called endorphins. Endorphin hormone would be a analgesic and natural sedative so as to reduce the intensity of pain such as menstruation pain. Dark chocolate contains more cocoa, making it the best choice to get the health benefits. A physiochemical analysis was conducted on herbal chocolate to identify the presence of proteins, carbohydrates, and glycosides, which indicate the existence of various biomolecular components within the chocolate. This makeschocolate a non-pharmacological alternative for alleviating dysmenorrhea.The purpose of this study was to investigated the influence of dark chocolate on reducing mentrual pain in primary dysmenorhea.

Uterine scar after caesarean section: principles of healing and evaluation criteria

Caesarean delivery results in the formation of a uterine scar. Inadequate scar healing and subsequent formation of an incompetent uterine scar tissue are common complications that may lead to the abnormal uterine bleeding, painful menstrual periods, and secondary infertility. In pregnant women, an incompetent scar may cause life-threatening complications, such as uterine rupture at any gestational age or placenta increta at the scar level. Given the potential dangers of uterine scars, numerous recent studies have focused on identifying risk factors and understanding the pathophysiology of incompetent scar formation, as well as developing diagnostic methods. Early diagnosis is essential in maintaining women’s health and well-being and preventing complications in subsequent pregnancies. Unfortunately, there is currently neither exact understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism of uterine scar formation, nor unambiguous guidelines on some aspects of its diagnosis after caesarean section.

The Effects of Acupressure and Massage on Pain, Menstrual Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: The study was carried out to determine the effects of acupressure and massage on pain severity, menstrual symptoms, and quality of life in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted between January 2021 and May 2021. The study initially enrolled 309 female students with primary dysmenorrhea studying at a university in the Central Anatolia Region of Türkiye. After exclusions (due to secondary dysmenorrhea diagnosis, study discontinuation, or drug use), the study was completed with a total of 267 students. The students were divided into three groups as follows: (1) the acupressure+massage group, (2) the massage-only group, and (3) the control group. Acupressure + massage and massage-only groups were timed for the first 3 days of three consecutive menstrual cycles. The primary outcome of the study was the mean pain score for primary dysmenorrhea. Data were collected with the Visual Analog Scale, Daily Menstrual Symptom Rating Scale, and Short Form 12 Health Survey. Results: In the first cycle and first day of preintervention measurement, the physical and mental health levels, which are the subscales of pain severity, menstrual symptom intensity, and quality of life, were similar in the three groups (p > 0.05). In other measurements during the three cycles, it was determined that the pain severity and menstrual symptom intensity in the acupressure + massage and massage-only group were lower than the control group (p < 0.05). After the intervention, it was determined that there was no significant difference in all subscales of the Quality of Life Scale (p > 0.05). In the acupressure + massage group, three participants reported having adverse reactions, including pain at the acupoints (n = 1) and shift in menstruation cycle (n = 2); in the massage-only group, four participants reported having adverse reactions, including redness (n = 3) and tingling in a finger (n = 1). Conclusion: It was determined that acupressure and massage applied to those with primary dysmenorrhea were effective methods to reduce the pain level and menstrual symptom intensity, but did not affect their quality of life. Clinical Trials Number: A Clinical trials number was received from ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04942288).

Improve the Quality of Life of Women and Reduce Clinical and Morphological Features of Endometriosis under the Influence of Dienogest Preparation

Background: the aim of our study was to analyze the effect of dienogest on the endometroid glands in the myometrium. A transvaginal sonographic morphologic assessment of the effect of the drugs, taking into account its safety, as well as as an assessment of changes in the quality of life of women associated with decreases in the severity symptoms of adenomyosis and endometriosis. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of Dienogest in improving quality of life to reduce clinical manifestation of adenomyosis. Methods: It is a randomized control study conducted from January 2022 to December 2023 that included women aged 20-50 years, which is diagnosed as adenomyosis by clinical presentation manifested by the presence of pelvic pain, abnormal uterine bleeding, painful, and or heavy menstruation, as well as the presence of anemia and transvaginal sonography. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the name of the drugs that they used. 20 patients of group 1 received the drug “dienogest” at 2 mg/day for 6 months. The second group received the combined oral contraceptive drug, “Marvelon “which contains estrogen and progesterone. The third group included 20 patients who received only progesterone “medroxy”10 mg continuously for 6 months. Result: After the starting of drugs for 6-12 months bloody discharge from the genital tract in group 1 completely stopped in all 8 women. In group ii, the discharge decreased in 3 women and completely stopped in 6 women. In group iii, the discharge decreased in 3 women and completely stopped in 5 women. pain in group 1 completely stopped in 5 women out of 6(83.3%) and 2 women decreased pain out of 6 (33.4%) in the second group the pain stopped completely in 6 women out of 10 (58.3%) and decreased in 4 women out of 10 (34.66%). In the third group, pain completely recovered in 6 out of 10 (60%) and decreased in 4 women out of 10 (40%). According to transvaginal sonographic evidence of myometrium with endometroid glands before treatment, group 1 had 12.2± 3.8 glands before treatment and 1.4 ± .8 after treatment. In the second group, the number of glands before treatment was 10.8 ±1.4 and after treatment 3.8 ±.7 glands. in the third group before treatment, 6.7 ± 2.1 endometroid glands were determined and after treatment 2.7 ±1.4 glands in the field of view. Conclusion: Dienogest is effective in the treatment of endometriosis and reduces both the clinical manifestations of adenomyosis (abnormal uterine bleeding and chronic pelvic pain) and increases hemoglobin levels, together with a decrease in the activity of the endometroid glands in the myometrium. Dienogest is highly selective progesterone against progesterone receptors and has anti-proliferative activity in isolated human endometrial cells. Given the indicators of the 25-item short-form survey questionnaire, the quality of life in all the studied groups improved in all parameters, which indicates the effectiveness of the dienogest-containing drugs used. J Com Med Col Teachers Asso July 2024; 28(2): 65-69

Pharmacological Insights into Salvia Rosmarinus: A Natural Remedy with Diverse Therapeutic Potential

Rosmarinus officinalis, commonly known as rosemary, is an aromatic herb originating from the Mediterranean region, primarily processed in Murcia, Southeast Spain. It is highly valued in the United States and Europe for its antioxidant properties. Rosemary extracts are renowned for their diverse therapeutic applications, such as liver protection, Alzheimer's disease treatment, and inhibiting the growth of new blood vessels. These extracts also play a vital role in food preservation by preventing oxidation and microbial contamination, offering a natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants. In medicinal use, rosemary helps treat conditions like renal colic, menstrual pain, respiratory disorders, and general pain relief. It aids digestion and bile flow due to its carminative and cholagogue properties and has diuretic effects that enhance urine production. Moreover, rosemary exhibits antiepileptic effects and may benefit fertility. The plant's biosynthetic pathways produce phenolic compounds, including caffeic acid (CA) and dihydroxy-phenyl-lactic acid (DOPL). Shikimic acid is crucial in synthesizing amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. The process involves converting phenylalanine into cinnamic acid, leading to the formation of Rosmarinus acid (RA), which is an ester of DOPL and has traditionally been used for its liver-protective and bile-stimulating properties, with Rosemary studies confirming its effectiveness in increasing bile flow and protecting against liver toxicity. Rosemary extracts also reduce the formation of malonaldehyde and the release of enzymes in isolated rat liver cells, confirming their hepatoprotective effects. Rosemary also holds promise in cancer prevention, as its dietary non-nutrients effectively inhibit carcinogenesis. RA, absorbed through oral and parenteral routes, has a half-life of 1.8 hours and is detectable in various tissues, especially in the lungs. The herb's antioxidants, including vitamins C and E, and beta carotene, help mitigate oxidative stress, a major factor in many diseases and aging. These antioxidants prevent DNA damage, protein harm, and uncontrolled lipid peroxidation, which are crucial in disease development.

Visceral pain and sensitisation in women with dysmenorrhea: a narrative review

Visceral pain (VP), from internal organs, is one of the main reasons for health consultations and represents a source of chronic pain. It can provoke referred musculoskeletal pain, viscero-somatic pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. The objective of this narrative review is to analyse the underlying mechanisms of somatic reflexed VP and viscero-visceral sensitisation processes that can occur in women with dysmenorrhea. The affectation of one viscera can lead to a sensitisation in those where metameric innervation is shared. In women with dysmenorrhea and painful menstrual periods, some studies find a concomitance increase in gastrointestinal pathologies. VP is a source of chronic pain, that favours the perception of referred pain in tissues where metameric innervation is shared. Women with dysmenorrhea have more possibilities to develop gastrointestinal pathologies like irritable bowel syndrome.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PEER GROUP SUPPORT IN THE APPLICATION OF ACUPRESSURE AND ABDOMINAL STRETCHING ON MENSTRUAL PAIN IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES WITH THE SELF DETERMINATION MODEL

Background: One of the changes that appears in adolescent is menstruation. One way to reduce menstrual pain is to use relaxation techniques, acupressure, and abdominal stretching. Another way is to help teenagers deal with pain by using group methods, such as peer group support. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Peer Group Support in the application of acupressure and abdominal stretching to menstrual pain in adolescent girls using the self-determination model approach. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test design. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. Inclusion criteria were respondents who had menstruated, experienced menstrual pain, aged at menarche between ≤12 years to ≥14 years, and had a menstrual duration of 7 days, as well as being cooperative and willing to be a respondent. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The sample size was 70 female adolescent respondents. Results: The results of the study with Paired t-test showed that the Acupressure and Abdominal Stretching intervention groups both experienced changes with a value of p = 0.03 in the Acupressure and Abdominal Stretching groups and p = 0.000. On average, there was an increase in overcoming menstrual pain, but in the Acupressure group, there was only a slight increase in the t-count, which was 2.45. In the abdominal stretching group, the t-count value was greater, at 11.16. Conclusion: The published research shows that acupressure and abdominal stretching were also carried out on the same group in the 2 intervention groups. The results were effective and could be carried out together, as evidenced by a decrease in the level of pain during menstruation and self-determination.

Correlation between stress and primary dysmenorrhea at SMAN 4 Kediri

Introduction: The physiological disorder experienced by most women in Indonesia every month is primary dysmenorrhea (60-70%). The incidence of primary dysmenorrhea was experienced by female students at SMAN 4 Kediri City, as many as (90.8%) of all female students. One factor is stress. Objective: Determine the relationship between stress and the incidence of primary dysmenorrhea at SMAN 4 Kediri City. Methods: This research used the Analytical research design correlation with a cross-sectional approach, a population of 258 students, and a simple random sampling with a sample of 39 female students. The instrument used was questionnaires, with Spearman rank correlation analysis. Result: The results of this study were moderate stress 28.2% and moderate pain dysmenorrhea 53.8%. Statistical tests showed the correlation coefficient of Spearman rank sig value was 0.030; there was a significant relationship with a reasonably strong relationship strength of 0.347. Stress is the cause of dysmenorrhea to prevent dysmenorrhea can be minimized by preventing stress. Conclusion: the higher the stress, the higher the risk of dysmenorrhea in female students at SMAN 4 Kediri City. The higher the stress level experienced by female students, the greater their risk of experiencing dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain). This suggests that psychological factors such as stress can affect physical health conditions, particularly related to menstrual disorders in adolescent girls. To reduce the risk of dysmenorrhea, it is important to pay attention to stress management in students.

International standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine techniques: clinical guidelines for dysmenorrhea (2022).

Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition that is further divided into two categories, namely primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) gives good clinical results for the treatment of dysmenorrhea based on the basic principles of holistic view and syndrome differentiation. However, presently, the clinical practice guidelines in TCM for dysmenorrhea treatment are required. The guideline is formulated in strict accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine with reference to the General Principles for the Compilation of International Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndromes and General Principles for the Compilation of International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Diseases and accordance with the principles and methods of The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation in China (AGREE-China) and World Health Organization guidelines. This guideline includes clinical issues by literature search and questionnaire survey, and eight background questions and 23 prospect questions were finally created. Based on the evidence retrieval, synthesis, consideration of patient preferences and values, intervention costs, advantages, and disadvantages, recommendations are created using the Delphi method and expert consensus method. This guideline clarified the definition, diagnosis, and TCM syndrome classification for dysmenorrhea, and recommends different TCM treatments based on the level of evidence, including Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese patent medicine, acupuncture, and other auxiliary therapies. The present guideline is an international clinical practice guideline for the treatment of dysmenorrhea using TCM. This guideline will provide substantive evidence and standardized guidance for the treatment of dysmenorrhea using TCM, improve the quality and safety of medical services, and standardize diagnosis and treatment plans for dysmenorrhea.

Effectiveness Of Yoga Therapy For Relief Of Dysmenorrhoea Among Adolescents Of A Selected High School In Mangalore

Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. These are the formative years when maximum amount of physical, psychological and behavioural changes takes place1 . The adolescent years constitute a period when girls are vulnerable to the development of menstrual dysfunctions. The common menstrual cycle problems are dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, pre-menstrual syndrome and irregular menstruation. Dysmenorrhoea is by far the most common and addressed complaint2 . The management of dysmenorrhoea is multifaceted and depends on the severity of the problem. It is necessary that the adolescents be educated regarding alternatives for alleviating menstrual discomfort3 . Yoga is one of the simple, cost effective and natural method. Yoga, by its nature is easier for children to learn than adults because their bodies are closer to the natural stage. Hence the researcher felt the need to evaluate the effectiveness of yoga therapy for the relief of dysmenorrhoea among adolescents of selected high schools in Mangalore. Objectives: • To determine the severity of dysmenorrhoea among adolescents in the experimental and control group as measured by dysmenorrhoea assessment scale. • To evaluate the effectiveness of Yoga therapy in the experimental group • To compare the severity of dysmenorrhoea between experimental and control group. Methodology: An evaluative research approach with quasi-experimental design was used for the study. The study was carried out in a selected high school at Mangalore after obtaining written permission from the school authorities. The sample comprised of 40 adolescents in the age group of 12 to 16 years selected by purposive sampling technique. Pre-test data was conducted by administering dysmenorrhoea assessment scale to both the experimental and control group. The second day onwards yoga therapy was taught to the experimental group 45 minutes a day, five days a week, for four weeks prior to the next menstruation. Post-test was conducted after their next menstruation in both groups using same dysmenorrhea assessment scale. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results showed that majority of sample in the experimental group (55%) and in control group (65%) had 4 – 5 days of menstruation. In the experimental group most (95%) of the sample in the pre-test had moderate pain and 5% had severe pain whereas, in the post-test 80% of sample had mild pain and only 20% moderate pain. The pre and post-test data of control group depicted that the entire sample had moderate pain consistently. The mean post-test dysmenorrhoea score (19.1) was lower than the mean pre-test dysmenorrhoea score (28.95) in the experimental group. The mean post-test dysmenorrhoea score (26.5) was almost similar to the mean pre-test dysmenorrhoea score (27.25) in the control group. The findings showed a significant difference in the mean dysmenorrhoea score (t19= 8.249, p&lt; 0.05) and symptoms experienced during painful menstruation (t19= 6.496, p&lt;0.05) in the experimental group before and after giving yoga therapy. The significant difference in the dysmenorrhoea score was also observed between experimental and the control group (t38= 7.581, p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that majority of the sample experienced moderate dysmenorrhoea. Yoga therapy was effective in reducing the severity of dysmenorrhoea in the experimental group