Totalitarian Period Research Articles

U.S.K., S.T. “UKRAINE”, FC “KARPATY”, FC “RUH”: THE NAMES OF THE UKRAINIAN TEAMS IN THE 130-YEAR HISTORY OF LVIV FOOTBALL

The article examines the names of Lviv football teams over the 130-year history of football development in the city of Lviv. The subject of the analysis is the motivational base and peculiarities of creating the names of football clubs in Lviv. Sources of factual material – sports periodicals, archival materials, works of sports historians and information received from football experts. In the early days of Lviv football, Ukrainian teams chose names with a national and cultural component in their meaning, taking care to identify Ukrainian teams among clubs of other nations. In the 1920s and 1930s, teams had names with onyms and appellatives that indicated associations with the historical, geographical, and cultural realities of Great Ukraine to demonstrate the unity of the nation and Ukrainian ethnic lands. Some of the nominations contained connotations important to Ukrainians in Galicia, which indicates a careful selection of representative names for Ukrainian clubs in Lviv. In the Soviet period, the colonial influence on the naming system of Lviv football teams was manifested in the unification of club names in accordance with the established canon of naming and in the tendency to reflect Soviet realities and ideological symbols in the names. After the restoration of Ukrainian independence, the percentage of teams that chose to name lexemes with an ethnocultural component in the meaning increased noticeably. Individual clubs have retained the names of the totalitarian period. The consequence of the influence of the commercial factor on the naming of wives is an increase in the number of nominations that come from the names of sponsors of football teams. So, the names of Lviv football clubs arose as a result of onimization and transonymization as the main methods of lexical-semantic word formation. Football naming was influenced by various factors – national, totalitarian and commercial, the mixing of which was recorded at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. Key words: names of Lviv football teams, motivation of names, onimization, transonymization.

Образ врача в рецепции отечественной критики и литературоведения XX-XXI веков

The article highlights the stages of literary and critical reception of the doctor’s image presented in Russian prose in the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. The work is novel in that it is the first to consider and systematize different points of view of critics and literary scholars on the nature of the doctor’s artistic image, on the doctor’s place in the cultural and historical space of Russia. The research aims to identify the key trends in the reception of the doctor’s image in Russian criticism and literary studies in the 20th and 21st centuries. As a result, it is found that while the thinkers of the 19th century highlight characterological features of a doctor character such as inner freedom, thirst for knowledge and empiricism of thinking inherent in the new generation, the critics and literary scholars of the early 20th century consider a doctor character in the context of the era of scientific discovery. During the period of totalitarianism, the hero is evaluated in terms of having “obligatory” qualities and his involvement with socialism and its achievements. Since the late 1980s, a doctor character has been analyzed from the position of his belonging to the intelligentsia, whose representatives are characterized by internal contradictions. The studies of the early 21st century attempt to reinterpret traditional renderings of Russian classical literature, outline new approaches to the analysis of a literary image: a doctor character is presented as a bearer of the highest spiritual value, a way to transmit hidden meanings.

Conservative ideas in pedagogical thinking of phenomenologist Ján Patočka and personalist Ladislav Hanus

In this paper we focus on the reflection of conservative ideas reflected in pedagogical thinking. The conservative trend in the philosophy of education is presented in a selection of two representatives from the environment of the former Czechoslovakia, who lived and were active in the period of totalitarian real socialism. We present the philosopher and phenomenologist Ján Patočka and the personalist and theologian Ladislav Hanus. Both of them are united by the fact that their works are based on the common philosophical direction of phenomenology and existentialism. In addition, both representatives, above all, through their personal life stories, have been committed to humanistic and conservative values, for which they had to endure persecution during the totalitarian period. They tried to pass on their convictions through the formation, upbringing and education of the younger generation. This common purpose also linked them to pedagogy, to the development of philosophical pedagogical thinking. This article will compare the philosophical views of both, as well as the personalistic and anthropological conceptions of society that were rooted in phenomenology as well as in the tradition of Christian humanism. The contribution of the life and work of J. Patočka and L. Hanus remains significant for contemporary pedagogy and philosophy of education. The paper has also attempted to add some of the basic knowledge of philosophy of education needed in the education of future teachers.

Albena Shkodrova. Communist Gourmet. The Curious Story of Food in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria

Albena Shkodrova. <i>Communist Gourmet. The Curious Story of Food in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria</i>

Social and Political Conditions for Intellectual’s Literary-Art Activities in 1920s

This paper analyses the most important processes of Ukrainian culture development in early totalitarian period of 1920s. The fundamental approach for assessing this period was the fact that the formation of the totalitarian regime had the primary influence on the cultural in general and literary-art activities in particular and was transforming it in the way the regime saw the “cultural revolution”. The 1920s were marked as the period of the soviet policy against intellectuals. Same concerns the policy of “ukrainisation”, despite it caused the acceleration of the Ukrainian culture development, in its essence has not created a freedom of development and was a controlled by bolsheviks’ party process of the regime adaptation to the reality of national republics. Thus the analysis of a change in approaches to intellectuals and their role in society, which was living through the heavy transformations of forced character, is important aspect of totalitarian USRR regime development. The subject matter of this paper is the analysis of social and political conditions for the literary and artistic intellectuals in 1920s in motion and analysis of the connections with the political processes in USSR. Mass social oppression and social engineering are the aspects specific for the soviet regime. The issue of literary-art activities are analysed in three aspects: intellectuals in soviet ideology; state politics innovations against literary and artistic intellectuals in 1920s; general soviet approaches to conquering and controlling the Ukrainian literature and art representatives in the USSR. We have identified that social and political conditions had significant differences with the Russia and USSR in general. This was due to the fact that the national character of intellectuals was creating a tension between the center and republics. We explored the fact that the soviet policy against literary and artistic intellectuals had a non-linear character and had the peculiarities different to the general political processes.

Control and Inner exile of female educators during the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera

The aim of this article is to study the consequences of Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship on women educators, focusing our interest on repression and internal exile during this totalitarian period. Our study takes as its starting point the conceptual debate on inner exile as a consequence of totalitarian regimes and their repercussions on female educators. The analysis of the research shows the mechanisms of reaction of some female teachers to the control, local despotism and punitivism that was exercised over the teaching profession during this regime. At the same time, it has allowed us to demonstrate with some examples the oppressive context of the female teaching collective, contributing to the reconstruction of some trajectories during the inner exile of two teacher trainers: Gloria Giner and Concepción Alfaya.

Historical prerequisites for the formation of the foundations of the modern humanitarian policy of Ukraine

The purpose of the research is to study рistorical background of formation of basements of contemporary humanitarian policy of Ukraine. The subject of the study is the humanitarian policy of Ukraine at different times of the development of the country. Methodology. The following methods of scientific knowledge helped to achieve the objectives set in the Article: logical modeling, logical and semantic, historical and legal, comparative analysis, abstract and logical. Research results. The legal instruments, which determined the principles of policy in the humanitarian sphere of various state systems on the territory of modern Ukraine in historical retrospect are considered. Considerable attention is paid to problems and difficulties, as well as approaches to the periodization of the history of the state and law in Ukraine, the periods of policy implementation in the humanitarian sphere on the Ukrainian lands at different times. Practical implementation. The peculiarities of the historical aspects of the formation of Ukraine’s humanitarian policy, which are related to long stateless periods, when Ukraine was part of the state systems of various empires, are determined. Value/originality. It is proven that the Soviet period of totalitarianism could not destroy the progressive assets of the Ukrainian people in matters of State formation according to the Western model.

Changes in the Research Methodology of Contemporary Ukrainian Art: Representation of Femininity

The article discusses the shift from the methodology of the Soviet totalitarian period in Ukrainian art history to the modern methods that are more appropriate for the interpretation of contemporary Ukrainian art. The analysis showed that, during the Soviet period, art and art history in Ukraine were under strict ideological and political control. Art history and criticism were widely used as a means of ideological propaganda, and therefore art studies could not fully represent and interpret art. A considerable part of the art phenomena was ignored by researchers due to the hierarchy of trends and genres of art established in the USSR; art historians had to assess the “validity” of an artwork or an artist according to the official ideology. The variety of methods and research instruments was limited and insufficient for the research of contemporary Ukrainian art, including feminist art. The creative work of the Ukrainian female artist Alina Kopytsa is shown as an example in order to demonstrate the expedience of modern approaches, which are still not common for Ukrainian art history. Thus, a wider range of methods and approaches is regarded as the means to develop an effective methodological background, and to provide a better understanding of contemporary Ukrainian art.

Creativity and creative process in moldovan higher journalism education in the totalitarian period

The article is devoted to the examination of the principles of organization of higher journalistic education in the MSSR, in particular, to the study of educational activities aimed at the formation and development of skills and creative abilities of future journalists. The identification and description these activities from a conceptual and functional perspective, as well as the follow-up of the dynamics of their development, offers the possibility to outline a new, pragmatic vision on the university education in the totalitarian period. This pragmatic approach, as opposed to the ideological one, highlighted the good practices existing in that higher education system. Over time, these practices have formed models of journalistic training, which have been the basis of contemporary Moldovan higher journalism education. According to the authors, one of the basic objectives of that education was the development of creative skills, which was achieved by the training and later by amplifying the divergent thinking, flexibility and originality of students. And just as the creative process does not follow a single pattern, the strategies, techniques, tactics, in general, the ways of formation, development, modeling, etc. of the creative skills and abilities of future journalists were very varied; they had a central place in the curriculum and in the teaching process, being studied throughout the training. Exactly the activities aimed at training creative skills and abilities, despite the deeply ideological nature of higher education in the Soviet period, gave a functional-pragmatic and distinctive character to university journalistic training.

სამკურნალო-დასასვენებელი კურორტ წყალტუბოს ტოტალიტარული პერიოდის სანატორიუმებისა და სააბაზანოების მხატვრულ-დეკორატიული მოტივები ეროვნულ ტრადიციებთან კონტექსტში

It is very important to study the issue of nationality and to establish the connection between national traditions and totalitarian architecture. The connection of artistic-decorative motifs of the totalitarian period sanatoriums and baths of the medical-recreational resort, in the context of national traditions is discussed. The issue of unity of national traditions, classical and national decor is discussed. Taking into account their subordination approaches, a comparative analysis was made. During the research a lot of literature, albums, photographs kept in private archives and all the documents that would allow us to discuss the artistic-decorative features of the buildings built in the totalitarian period in the medical-recreational resort Tskaltubo in the context of connection with national tradition were found and studied.

FROM BALAN TO CHOMSKY – THE FIRST STEPS OF YORDAN PENČEV IN THE BULGARIAN SYNTAX

The paper discusses how Yordan Penčev, the pioneer of the Bulgarian generative syntax, bridged the ideas of Alexander Teodorov-Balan’s native formal school with those of Noam Chomsky’s – the representative of the American generative-transformational grammar. Penčev established such connections in his first publications ever (1953, 1958), thus strengthening the thread of the Bulgarian syntactic formalism, despite the obstructions of the totalitarian period. The text focuses on the core of Balan’s ideas, as commented by Penčev in his first two publications, such as distinction between lexical notion and syntactic meaning, case as a semantic category, classification of pronouns based on syntactic criteria, and positing a prepositional phrase as a full-fledged member of the constituent structure. Further on, the paper compares the ideas commented by Penčev in those early publications with the corresponding ones in the early Chomsky’s works (1957), whereby strong similarity is shown. Finally, the mentioned ideas are compared with the key words in the titles of Penčev’s subsequent publications until 1972. The comparison results show that the key issues of Balan, interpreted in Chomskyan light, turn out to have been programming for the early period of Yordan Penčev in general. By way of affirming selected Balan's formal ideas in the Bulgarian linguistics, Penčev opened the way for creative borrowing and development of the then dominant American generative ideas.

Тріада «митець – влада – преса» у контексті соціальних комунікацій УРСР (1950–1980 рр.)

The purpose of the article is to define the role of creators and pressin formation of informational system in the Ukrainian Soviet Social Republic, to trace the dependence of creative personalities’ fates on their political positions, to show the meaning of creative personalities in formation the citizens’ consciousness. The research methods which enable reaching the set purpose and tasks are concrete-historical, sociological, systemic, comparative and factorial ones. Results and discussion. The article explores the problem of a creative person’s activity under the conditions of totalitarianism. It is proved, that creative people in the soviet epoch experienced a painful choice: either to glorify the party for gaining fame or to truly show life and be persecuted. The people who were free and disobedient and did not compromiseon principle were persecuted. The political repressions cultivated stressful states. The fear of the regime paralyzed human spirit, generated conformism, which transformed into serving. Conformists lived according to the will of the party performing its requirements and their fate depended on that.Some of the creative intelligence representatives did not publish some of their works keeping them up to the better times in order to follow their inner principles and at the same time not to get in trouble. In spite of the censorship there were attempts to tell the truth in the official press. Conclusions. The problem of a creative person’s activity under the conditions of totalitarianism is a complicated and multi-vector phenomenon. The journalism provided a severe struggle with the display of creativity freedom due to requirements of the communist party. Analyzing the moral aspect of a creative person in the period of totalitarianism, one should not reprove the creators of those times because of their party “idol worship”. What is more important is that under any circumstances real personalities did not lose their human nature and acted as the truth defenders on any occasion. Even under the conditions of the soviet regime for many people publicistic activity wascreativity, but not the way of earning. Key words: Marxism-Leninism, totalitarian system, soviet creative people, soviet journalism, independent information, freedom of creativity, public consciousness

To the Question of Neuter Gender Toponyms’ Declention Ending on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno

The present paper deals with the issue concerning neuter gender toponyms’ declension ending on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno in Russian language. Until the 20th century, these place names had been changed in cases steadily; in the middle of the century, a tendency outlined not to decline these toponyms despite the valid rule. The researchers highlight three reasons for distribution of this phenomenon: the professional speech of military men and topographers, the influence of non-Slavic indeclinable neuter gender toponyms, the attempt to eliminate the possible confusion of neuter and masculine nouns that have the same basis. The author estimates the reliability of the reasons that toponyms on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno appeared in indeclinable form, determines the possibility of these reasons to influence on deviation from the normative practice and makes an independent research based on available material. The main factor that strongly fastened in practice the non-declension of toponyms on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno is the society in which Russian language functioned for the most of 20th century. That was the totalitarian period with its cult of a simple man and orientation on the least educated; this circumstance could not but play in favour for distribution of multiple deviations from the literary norm. In addition, the appearance of numerous toponyms on -ovo/-evo, -ino/-yno formed from the surnames of the communist chiefs (Stalino, Lenino, Kalinino, Ulyanovo, Kuybyshevo, etc.), in indirect cases, created a dangerous analogy with the Soviet leaders, which could contribute in expansion of non-declension.

Peculiarities of using phraseological units in V. Shkliar’s historical novel “Troshcha”

The paper studies the phrasemics in the works of V. Shkliar, a renowned contemporary author, represented in his historical novel “Troshcha”, featuring the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army against the communist totalitarian regime in Western Ukraine in the postwar period. The novel contains important culture-oriented information and is an important source of studying phraseological units in respect of their structural and semantic, as well as functional and semantic role in the work of fiction as figurative and expressive-evaluative components of the author’s individual style. The selection of phraseologisms is contingent to the conceptual message of the novel, the specificities of its plot and composition, the imagery of the novel, its narrative structure and author’s original linguistic world image. Phraseological units perform a significant role in the stylization of the historical epoch. Having employed set expressions, typical exclusively of the period of the national liberation struggle of Ukrainian Insurgent Army, in their nominative function, the author has painted an artistic historical image of reality. Some of the phrasemes, implemented in specific contexts, have acquired negative or positive evaluative connotation. V. Shkliar resorts to Soviet clichés, narratives – expressive markers of the totalitarian period, which by shifting their intense pompous evaluation into a negative one occasionally create ironic and satirical effect. By depicting the images of insurgents, villagers from Western Ukraine, the author has delineated the most essential features of the Ukrainian national character, historical conditions of its formation. While depicting the personalities of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army warriors, V. Shkliar employs the phraseological units representing their disposition, features of character, intellectual abilities, moral and psychological, emotional state, etc. The author also makes use of the dialectal phraseological units of Halychyna in order to convey the original live speech of the characters, reproduce the local flavor. The author uses phraseological units both in their usual and transformed form. By acquiring additional semantic shades, these phrasemes carry out a new contextual meaning, and make the author’s speech more expressive. The author has fixed his own life observations, ideas concerning freedom, betrayal, happiness in maxims, aphorisms which can enrich the phraseological inventory of the national language.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ВБРАННЯ В КОСТЮМІ ДРАМАТИЧНОГО ТЕАТРУ ХХ СТОЛІТТЯ

As an object of scientific discourse, the costume has a wide thematic focus. Its different types (historical, traditional, theatrical) had always been correlated in their development. This article aims to generalize the ways and methods of transformation of the Ukrainian national clothes in theatrical patterns of domestic performances of various historical periods of the 20th century. It was important for us to clarify stylistics and typology of stage apparel related to the use of national forms or particular motives. Methods that we used in the article allow to conduct historical comparative analysis partially using the reconstruction method. Within the scope of formal stylistic method, the category of motive was developed. Within the scope of iconography, an analysis of metaphor in theatrical costume was conducted. At the same time, we separately used the semiotic method to study meanings of clothes of modernism and postmodernism periods. Because meaning of the stage costume of the avant-garde time, created using the coded systems of conventional theatre, formed a new artistic spirituality. The novelty of the indicated problem is conditioned on generalizing context of the posed problem in its historical endurance and cultural typologies. Conclusions of the article are based on the hierarchical system of considered examples that demonstrate different meanings of the costume in performances of main periods of the Ukrainian theatre history: classic character of the image and professionalism of the creation in the Coryphaeus Theatre; blossom of artistic innovations in the costume of avant-garde performances; decline of the image as positive in the totalitarian period of 1930–1950s; revival in 1960–1980s and eventually polystylistics of costumes in the performances of Ukrainian Independence period.

Pedagogia Prymasa Tysiąclecia Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego

Pedagogy of the Primate of the Millennium, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński An analysis of source texts and selected biographical studies of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński was carried out from the perspectives of the processes of secularization taking place in Poland in the year AD 2020, the radical attacks of left-wing politicians on the Catholic Church and its relationship with the current governing coalition known as the United Right [Zjednoczona Prawica]. This strikes at the foundations of the Second Vatican Council and the role of the Polish Church in regaining the nation’s freedom from socialist domination in 1989. The author therefore recalls not only the exceptional merits of the Polish Primate during the period of totalitarianism of the „People’s Poland” [Polska Ludowa], but also his message to educator-practitioners, parents, and scientists.

Echoes of the totalitarianism and the systems of values

Totalitarianism and its philosophical, sociological, and psychological aspects are a subject matter of a substantial first part of the article. The second part of the article is more specific, as it demonstrates the goals and the course of the so-called “normalization” on the example of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University, Prague. A great deal of attention is devoted to the phenomenon of fear, which is a fundamental prerequisite of totalitarian systems. Further, it is pointed out that even democratic regimes possess some totalitarian elements, which has been pointed out already by Alexis de Tocqueville, the French historian who personally studied the nascent democratic regime in the 19th century in the United States. Among de Tocqueville’s merits are the first attempts to define the nature of democratic despotism. Democratic despotism is defined in terms of destruction of the human psyche, resignation to the exercise of one’s free will, and such additional character traits, as the tendency to quietism (calm acceptance of things as they come). The following, relatively extensive part, is devoted to values. The explanation of values is based primarily on a publication by the Brno lawyer Vladimír Čermák. Logically, the values of freedom, equality, and justice receive the main attention. The philosophical perspective of the article is represented by the views of the philosopher Ladislav Tondl. The first part of the article is concluded by an overview of methods which psychologists and sociologists use to empirically assess value orientations.The second part of the article deals with a thorough socio-cultural analysis of the so-called “normalization” period (1969–1989). Its analysis has been recently carried out by young historians of the Faculty of Arts of Charles University and it resulted in a book listed in the References. In this Summary, the author considers it important to share the main message resulting from the analysis: Normalization resulted in the debilitation of “the fundamental ability of the intellectuals, i.e., of the ability to form generalized views, which could act as a counterpoint to the naturally (technocratic) discourse of the majority of political elites.” Thus, normalization succeeded in one of its main goals, i.e., not only to discredit but also to undermine the public intellectuals. The political change, brought about by the revolutionary year of 1989, did not take away from normalization accomplishment. That is one of the reasons why even two decades after the democratic Velvet Revolution, the dominant thought patterns in the Czech society still manifest a significant continuity with the preceding totalitarian period.”

Opportunities for an Academic Career of Women Scientists at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (mid. 1940s-1980’s)

The object of the paper is the development of Bulgarian science during the totalitari-an period (1945-1989), but its subject is the scientific career of the habilitated women, working in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) – the largest scientific organiza-tion in the country at that time. The aim is to explore the opportunities for vertical social (scientific) mobility and the existence of a “glass ceiling” for women’s scientific careers at the BAS. The research uses the social history approach, creating a collec-tive portrait and identifying major trends in the study period, using historical analysis of archival and published documents and content analysis of a prosopographic data-base containing biographies of habilitated women from the institutes and the labora-tories of the BAS.

Soviet everyday life: migrations from rural areas to the city, and their reflection in cinematography (1930-1980)

The subject of this research is the historical-typological peculiarities of reflection in the Soviet cinematography of 1930s &amp;ndash; mid 1980s of internal migrations, primarily from the rural areas, as well as determination in the historical dynamics of their value motivations, factors, means, and gender peculiarities. The object this research is the Soviet everyday life as a holistic lifeworld since the early 1930s to the early 1980s, which includes the three eras of spiritual life of the Soviet society: totalitarianism, &amp;ldquo;thaw&amp;rdquo;, and the &amp;ldquo;70s&amp;rdquo;. The subject of research is viewed in correlation of the ideological and everyday levels of life in their historical dynamics. The article employs the historical typology of culture, content analysis, comparative and hermeneutic methods. The theoretical substantiation of this study consists in the conceptual positions on the artistic methods of the cognition of culture. The conclusion is made that the images of migration in cinematography of the totalitarian period by factors, motives and means are inaccurate. However, from the perspective of systemic-holistic approach, the &amp;ldquo;typical&amp;rdquo; artistic images, which inaccurately reflected the internal migrations, expressed the profound essence of Soviet culture of the totalitarian period: concealment of truth and romanticization of reality. In the more realistic depictions of the cinematography of &amp;ldquo;thaw&amp;rdquo; period was reflected the &amp;ldquo;truth of life&amp;rdquo; and aesthetization of reality, naturalistic style, and social optimism. The formal and &amp;ldquo;enlightening&amp;rdquo; depictions of the &amp;ldquo;70s&amp;rdquo; translated the in-depth essence of this period: escalation of all-round crisis. Cinematographic works that in one or another way touched upon the theme of internal migrations, namely in the 1950s and 1980s, reflected the binary nature of the Russian-Soviet culture and mentality.

Таталiтарная эстэтыка ў беларускай паэзii (на прыкладзе творчасцi Яўгенii Пфляўмбаўм)

The problem of studying characteristics of the art of the totalitarian period remains relevant for several reasons. The first reason is the insufficient research of significant and very interesting material in the whole post-Soviet space in general and in Belarusian literary criticism in particular, the second one is a comprehensive understanding of the literary process of the 1920s and 1930s and the poet’s artistic achievements in the light of new research regarding interdisciplinary discourse that needs to be carried out. The object of the research is represented, first of all, by the works on propaganda. It is especially important to analyze them in the legacy of significant authors, one of whom is Jeugenij Pflaumbaum. In general, his work has been little studied. In J. Pflaumbaum’s works of 1928–1931, the archetypes of the hero, the father, the mother and the enemy (H. Gunther), typical of the art of new or socialist realism, are displayed.