Time Period Research Articles

Gastropod assemblages in the harsh environment of Mediterranean Dinaric karst intermittent rivers

Freshwater snails inhabit a wide range of freshwater habitats, including the intermittent ones, specific adaptations enabling them to survive the dry phase for an extended period of time. Despite an increasing scientific interest in biota occurring in intermittent freshwater habitats, our knowledge about environmental factors shaping freshwater gastropod assemblages in such habitats is still poor. Therefore, this study aimed to assess gastropod assemblage composition in four karst intermittent rivers in the Mediterranean during the lotic phase, compare gastropod taxa richness and abundance among the rivers, and determine their relationships with environmental variables. A total of six taxa was recorded, with each river harbouring a unique, species-poor (up to three species) assemblage. Gastropod assemblages were influenced by the physico-chemical water properties, especially the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water, conductivity, and chemical oxygen demand. Our results provide a basis for further research on freshwater snail assemblages in the Mediterranean karst intermittent rivers, as the need to protect these vulnerable ecosystems and develop adequate monitoring practices becomes imperative due to climate change and anthropogenic pressures.

Research on highway rain monitoring based on rain monitoring coefficient.

The real-time and accurate monitoring of severe weather is the key to reducing traffic accidents on highways. Currently, rainy day monitoring based on video images focuses on removing the impact of rain. This article aims to build a monitoring model for rainy days and rainfall intensity to achieve precise monitoring of rainy days on highways. This paper introduces an algorithm that combines the frequency domain and spatial domain, thresholding, and morphology. It incorporates high-pass filtering, full-domain value segmentation, the OTSU method (the maximum inter-class difference method), mask processing, and morphological opening for denoising. The algorithm is designed to build the rain coefficient model Prain coefficient and determine the intensity of rainfall based on the value of Prain coefficient. To validate the model, data from sunny, cloudy, and rainy days in different sections and time periods of the Jinan Bypass G2001 line were used. The aim is to raise awareness about driving safety on highways. The main findings are: the rain coefficient model Prain coefficient can accurately identify cloudy and rainy days and assess the intensity of rainfall. This method is not only suitable for highways but also for ordinary road sections. The model's accuracy has been verified, and the algorithm in this study has the highest accuracy. This research is crucial for road traffic safety, particularly during bad weather such as rain.

Recording Quality Is Systematically Related to Electrode Impedance.

Extracellular recordings with planar microelectrodes are the gold standard technique for recording the fast action potentials of neurons in the intact brain. The introduction of microfabrication techniques has revolutionized the in vivo recording of neuronal activity and introduced high-density, multi-electrode arrays that increase the spatial resolution of recordings and the number of neurons that can be simultaneously recorded. Despite these innovations, there is still debate about the ideal electrical transfer characteristics of extracellular electrodes. This uncertainty is partly due to the lack of systematic studies comparing electrodes with different characteristics, particularly for chronically implanted arrays over extended time periods. Here a high-density, flexible, and thin-film array is fabricated and tested, containing four distinct electrode types differing in surface material and surface topology and, thus, impedance. It is found that recording quality is strongly related to electrode impedance with signal amplitude and unit yield negatively correlated to impedance. Electrode impedances are stable for the duration of the experiment (up to 12 weeks) and recording quality does not deteriorate. The findings support the expectation from the theory that recording quality will increase as impedance decreases.

Administration of the GSK Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine to Pregnant Persons in Error.

The GSK and Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines are both indicated for adults aged 60 years and older, but only the Pfizer product is approved for use in pregnancy to prevent RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants aged younger than 6 months. To assess for vaccine administration errors (ie, administration of the GSK RSV vaccine to pregnant persons) VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System), a U.S. passive reporting system, was searched for the time period from August 2023 to January 2024. A total of 113 reports of these administration errors were identified. Most reports (103, 91.2%) did not describe an adverse event. These administration errors are preventable with proper education and training and other preventive measures.

Measurement Invariance of a Quality-of-life Measure, CASP-12, within the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)

AbstractCASP-12 is a frequently used quality of life scale for older people, but limited efforts have been made to test the factor structure or to explore the measurement consistency of the scale across key characteristics. The aim of this study is to examine if the CASP-12 questionnaire has a well-defined factor structure with a second-order structure factor nested within four first-order domains: control, autonomy, pleasure, and self-realization. The study also aims to investigates if this factor structure is interpreted similarly by respondents of different genders, ages, educational levels, net wealth, and at two time periods, using a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA). The results show that CASP-12 with lower four first-order domains (CASP-12-4D) is consistent across genders and two time periods and satisfies the second-order strong-invariance criteria. Furthermore, the instrument demonstrates consistency in weak levels across three age groups (50–59, 60–69, and 70–90), educational levels and net wealth, but not strong invariance. The sample was divided into three subsamples based on age groups to address this issue. The consistency of CASP-12-4D has met the second-order strong invariance level requirement across gender, age, education level and two-time periods. Net wealth however still fails to meet the strong invariance levels. The CASP-12-4D version will suit social and public health research which controls for age and wealth status.

Flexible demand-side management program in accordance with the consumers’ requested constraints

Increasing electrical energy consumption during peak hours leads to increased electrical energy losses and the spread of environmental pollution. For this reason, demand-side management programs have been introduced to reduce consumption during peak hours. The most important challenge of these programs is the low participation of consumers due to their special constraints. Hence, presenting a flexible demand-side management program that optimizes the consumption pattern of consumers in accordance with their requested constraints will have a significant impact on further participation of consumers in reducing the peak consumption. In this paper, a flexible demand-side management program is presented that provides the optimal consumption patterns, by using the stair-step pricing mechanism and considering the consumers requested constraints. The proposed method is carried out for a combination of consumers with various requested constraints such as the lowest and highest possible consumption per hour and the stability of the total consumption of each consumer in a certain period of time. The simulation outcome showed that the proposed algorithm is able to encourage consumers to participate more in energy management program by meeting their various requested constraints. Peak load total consumption experienced a decline of 25.09% from 36649.4 to 27454.3 kW-hours. As a result, the daily energy cost had been reduced by 10.27 % from 13854.466 to 12,431 dollars. This cost reduction was derived from reducing the need for additional energy generation during peak hours due to transferring consumptions to the lower-priced hours.

Morphological and Molecular Changes during Limb Regeneration of the Exopalaemon carinicauda.

With the increase in breeding density of Exopalaemon carinicauda, appendage breakage may occur, which seriously affects survival and economic benefits. To study the limb regeneration process of E. carinicauda, we induced autotomy of the pereopods. After a period of time, wound swelling disappeared, the pigment gradually accumulated, and a tawny film subsequently formed in the wound. The healing period of the wound occurred 24 h after autotomy, and the blastema formation stage occurred 48 h after autotomy. After 4 days of cutting, the limb buds began to differentiate, grow, and expand rapidly, and this process lasted approximately 15 days. Microscopic observations revealed significant changes in the type and number of associated cells including outer epithelial cells, granulocytes, embryonic cells, columnar epidermal cells, elongated cells, and blastoma cells, during the process from limb fracture to regeneration. A comparative transcriptome analysis identified 1415 genes differentially expressed between the J0h (0 h post autotomy) and J18h (18 h post autotomy), and 3952 and 4366 differentially expressed genes for J0 and J14d (14 days post autotomy) and J18h and J14d, respectively. Some of these genes may be related to muscle growth or molting, as indicated by the presence of troponin C, chitinase, actin, innexin, and cathepsin L. As a functional gene involved in epidermal formation, the mRNA expression level of the innexin inx2 in the pereopod of E. carinicauda changed significantly in the experimental groups (p < 0.05). The results of this study contribute to existing knowledge of regeneration mechanisms in crustaceans.

Skeleton-based Human Activity Classification in Sparse Image Sequences

Research results on human activity classification in video are described, based on initial human skeleton estimation in video frames. Both single person actions and two-person interactions are considered. The initial skeleton data is estimated in selected video frames by OpenPose, HRNet or other dedicated library. Important contributions of presented work are computational steps of skeleton tracking and -refinement, and relational feature extraction from pairs of skeleton joints. It is shown, that this feature engineering significantly increases the classification accuracy. Regarding the final neural network encoder-classifier, two different architectures are designed and tested. The first solution is a lightweight MLP network, implementing the idea of a "mixture of pose experts". Several pose classifiers (experts) are trained independently on different time periods (snapshots) of single-person visual actions (or 2-person interactions), while the final classification is a time-related pooling of weighted expert classifications. All pose experts use the same deep encoding network. The second (middle weight) solution is based on a LSTM network.Both solutions are trained and tested on the action set of the well-known NTU RGB+D dataset, although only 2D data are used.Our results show comparable performance with some of the best reported STM- and CNN-based classifiers for this dataset. We conclude that by reducing the noise of skeleton data, highly successful lightweight- and midweight-approaches to visual activity recognition in image sequences can be achieved.

7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanning in Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease: Improving Visualization of the Dorsolateral Subthalamic Nucleus.

Identifying the dorsolateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) can be challenging due to the size and double-oblique orientation. Since 2015 we implemented 7-Tesla T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (7 T T2) for improving visualization and targeting of the dorsolateral STN. We describe the changes in surgical planning and outcome since implementation of 7 T T2 for DBS in PD. By comparing two cohorts of STN DBS patients in different time periods we evaluated the influence of 7 T T2 on STN target planning, the number of microelectrode recording (MER) trajectories, length of STN activity and the postoperative motor (UPDRS) improvement. From February 2007 to January 2014, 1.5 and 3-Tesla T2 guided STN DBS with 3 MER channels was performed in 76 PD patients. Average length of recorded STN activity in the definite electrode trajectory was 3.9 ± 1.5 mm. From January 2015 to January 2022 7 T T2 and MER-guided STN DBS was performed in 182 PD patients. Average length of recorded STN activity in the definite electrode trajectory was 5.1 ± 1.3 mm and used MER channels decreased from 3 to 1. Average UPDRS improvement was comparable. Implementation of 7 T T2 for STN DBS enabled a refinement in targeting. Combining classical DBS targeting with dorsolateral STN alignment may be used to determine the optimal trajectory. The improvement in dorsolateral STN visualization can be used for further target refinements, for example adding probabilistic subthalamic connectivity, to enhance clinical outcome of STN DBS.

Paper: Modeling and scenario analysis of residential building energy conservation in cities of different weather

Building models are used to predict energy consumption and CO2 emissions under current and future conditions and serve as a basis for building design. The most important energy saving potentials in buildings can be achieved by improving the thermal performance of building and the efficiency of the district heating system. This study investigated energy savings in buildings in cold and hot regions of China and Africa and developed a modeling approach for energy savings in heating and cooling of residential buildings. We have provided an overview of long-term scenarios for energy demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Using the industry-renowned software RETScreen, parameter simulations and optimizations are performed over the three time periods (currently 2030 and 2050). As a result, it was found that energy consumption has also increased and the comfort level of high-rise houses is about 10–21% higher than that of cold regions. The comfortable temperature range in these different cities is between 20°C and 29°C. We have showed the difference between the observed values and the model simulations (model bias) for HDD and CDD in cold and hot regions of China and Africa. This model represents spatial patterns and scales observed in Harbin, Shenzhen and South Africa. These features are characterized by an increased north-south gradient in eastern China, a topographically dependent distribution in western China and an associated increase in average temperature. The most commonly used types of heating in residential areas are heat pumps (31%) and district heating (21%). This is also the preferred case for condensing boilers (17%). In non-residential areas, heat pumps (32%), district heating (27%) and condensing boilers (11%) are the most commonly used heating systems. The total energy demand in Africa and China will be increased from 2020 to 2050. It is expected that the total demand for primary energy in China will be 8770 Mtoe in 2050, which corresponds to an increase in demand for primary energy of 1.9%, while Africa will see an increase of 2.7%. Final energy consumption in China and Africa will be 5776 Mtoe and 970 Mtoe respectively.

CEO dark triad traits and organization COVID-19 response: the mediating effect of COVID-19 anxiety and moderating effect of follower self-leadership

PurposeThis research aims to examine the influence of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) dark triad traits, follower COVID-19 anxiety and self-leadership on follower evaluations of the effectiveness of organizations’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper data were collected over two time periods. At time 1, mid-October 2021, 650 participants responded to questions on their CEO’s leadership traits and self-leadership. At time 2, (3-week lag) 275 matched individual responses provided followers’ evaluations of the effectiveness of the organization’s COVID-19 response and follower self-leadership.FindingsCEO dark triad traits had direct and indirect negative effects on followers’ evaluations of the organization’s COVID-19 response (through COVID-19 anxiety). Follower self-leadership mitigated the negative effects.Research limitations/implicationsBy examining the moderating role of self-leadership, we can offer organizations evidence-based strategies to mitigate some harmful effects of leaders exhibiting dark triad traits.Practical implicationsGiven that organizations are still dealing with the ongoing ramifications of COVID-19 and planning for future crises, our findings emphasize the negative effects of dark traits on COVID-19 anxiety, and in turn, on follower’s evaluation of effective organization response to a crisis, highlighting the importance of top-level leader selection.Social implicationsOur results bolster Manz’s (1986) argument that self-leadership might be key to achieving peak performance in organizations and important for follower well-being.Originality/valueThis study of dark traits is especially important in a crisis context to understand how leaders affect followers’ perceptions about organizational outcomes and factors that might mediate or moderate the negative impact. Despite interest in understanding leadership during a crisis, the majority of research is focused on positive traits of leaders (Palmer et al., 2020).

Exploring the spatiotemporal relationships between built environment and the public transport competitiveness: A case study from Beijing

Public transport (PT) competitiveness refers to the advantage and attraction of PT compared to other modes of transport from a specific perspective. In recent years, research on PT competitiveness based on accessibility has made significant progress, but the research on impact mechanisms of external influencing factors on PT competitiveness is lagging behind. This study addressed this gap by using a Space Barrier model (SBM) to evaluate PT competitiveness relative to private cars based on real traffic data from Beijing. Additionally, a Spatial Durbin model (SDM) was used to analyze the spatiotemporal relationship between PT competitiveness and six built environment (BE) variables, including the detour coefficient of PT, bus stop density, land use mixture, metro station density, residential density, and road network density during peak and off-peak hours. This study has identified that the influence of BE variables varies across different time periods. Specifically, land use mixture demonstrates notably stronger effects during peak hours as opposed to off-peak hours. During evening peak hours, the influence of land use mixture on PT competitiveness at the origin location (CO) is 27.4% higher than the effect during off-peak hours. Moreover, this investigation has uncovered the spatial dependence characterizing the relationship between each BE and PT competitiveness. It has indicated that BE exert both direct and indirect impacts on PT competitiveness. For instance, metro station density extends the PT competitiveness within both the area it is located and its surrounding areas. During the evening peak hours, when metro density increases by 1%, the CO in the area it is located and in its surrounding areas will respectively decrease 0.045%, and 0.143%. Overall, this research offers valuable insights for bus transit operators and policymakers seeking to enhance PT efficiency and competitiveness by devising strategies such as skipping stops during off-peak hours, balancing regional PT facility supply, optimizing the connectivity of PT, and increasing the density of PT stations.

Expressway traffic flow prediction based on MF-TAN and STSA.

Highly accurate traffic flow prediction is essential for effectively managing traffic congestion, providing real-time travel advice, and reducing travel costs. However, traditional traffic flow prediction models often fail to fully consider the correlation and periodicity among traffic state data and rely on static network topology graphs. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a expressway traffic flow prediction model based on multi-feature spatial-temporal adaptive periodic fused graph convolutional network (MFSTAPFGCN). First, we make fine preprocessing of the raw data to construct a complete and accurate dataset. Second, by deeply investigating the correlation properties among section speed, traffic flow, and section saturation rate, we incorporate these features into a multi-feature temporal attention mechanism in order to dynamically model the correlation of traffic flow in different time periods. Next, we adopt a spatial-temporal adaptive fusion graph convolutional network to capture the daily cycle similarity and potential spatial-temporal dependence of traffic flow data. Finally, the superiority of the proposed MFSTAPFGCN model over the traditional baseline model is verified through comparative experiments on real Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) gantry transaction data, and the effectiveness of each module is demonstrated through ablation experiments.

Community water fluoride cessation and rate of caries-related pediatric dental treatments under general anesthesia in Alberta, Canada.

This study examined the rate of caries-related dental treatments under general anesthesia (GA) in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities in Alberta, Canada, between 2010 and 2019. This retrospective, population-based study included all children ( 12years of age) living in Calgary (non-fluoridated) and Edmonton (fluoridated) who underwent caries-related dental treatments under GA at publicly funded facilities. Demographics and dental data were extracted from health administrative databases for three time periods of 2010/11 (pre-cessation), 2014/15, and 2018/19 (post-cessation). Among 2659 children receiving caries-related treatments under GA, the mean (SD) and median (IQR) age were 4.8 (2.3) and 4 (3-6) years, respectively, and 65% resided in the non-fluoridated area. The analysis revealed that the cessation of water fluoridation was significantly associated with an increased rate of caries-related GA events per 10,000 children in both age groups (0-5 and 6-11years), with a more pronounced effect in 0-5-year-olds in non-fluoridated areas. The risk of dental treatments under GA was also positively associated with post-cessation time. Discontinuing water fluoridation appears to negatively affect young children's oral health, potentially leading to a significant increase in caries-related dental treatments under GA and oral health disparities in this pediatric population.

Prevalence of Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) and exfoliative toxin A (eta) gene within methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an urban tertiary hospital: A molecular epidemiology pilot study

Background Staphylococcus aureus is well known to cause a multitude of clinical manifestations, from mild to severe bloodstream infections that could lead to death. Infections are common, either in community-acquired or hospital-acquired settings, and treatment remains a challenge due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The pathogenesis of S. aureus is mediated by several cell-surface and secreted virulence factors. The virulence factors discussed in this study are Panton-Valentine leucocidin (pvl) and exfoliative toxin A (eta). Identifying both pvl and eta gene may help in studying bacterial pathogenesis and biology thus creating possible therapeutic pathway or intervention. Our pilot study aimed to observe pvl and eta as virulence gene prevalence in a North Sumatera tertiary referral health center. Methods Our study was a descriptive-analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design in which we collected isolates over a single time period. The frequency of genes is reported as a percentage comparison between MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). Qualitative gene prevalence analysis was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Our results showed that from 38 MRSA sample isolates, 32 samples were found to be pvl-positive, or 84,3% of the total samples. From 40 MSSA sample isolates, one sample was found to be pvl-positive MSSA, or 97,5%. Regarding eta, from 38 MRSA sample isolates, 81,6% of the total sample did not have eta, while from 40 MSSA sample isolates, all samples were found to be positive for eta. We found that both pvl and eta were significantly more likely to be expressed in the MSSA strain. Conclusions Our study shows that pvl and eta are more likely expressed in MSSA strains than in MRSA strains in Indonesia.

Demographic Incidence of Recumbent Cow Syndrome in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu, India

This study investigates the demographic incidences of recumbent cow syndrome in 156 recumbent cows over a period of 9-month in the Cauvery Delta region of Tamil Nadu, India. They were examined &amp; categorized based on breed, age, and period of occurrences. The incidence of recumbent cow was higher incidences during May month and lower during November month. Whereas the highest incidence of recumbent cow syndrome was noticed in Jersey cross bred cow (69.8%) followed by Holstein Friesian cross bred (25.0%) and native breeds (5.1%) whereas higher incidence of recumbent cow syndrome was observed in cows with the age group of 6 to 8 years. These findings emphasize the need for targeted management strategies to address this challenging metabolic disorder in dairy farming, considering specific time period or season, breeds, and age groups.

A Simple Approach for Module Temperature and Power Prediction

In this work a mathematical approach to calculate solar panel temperature based on measured irradiance, temperature and wind speed is applied. With the calculated module temperature, the electrical solar module characteristics is determined. A program developed in MatLab App Designer allows to import measurement data from a weather station and calculates the module temperature based on the mathematical NOCT and stationary approach with a time step between the measurements of 5 minutes. Three commercially available solar panels with different cell and interconnection technologies are used for the verification of the established models. The results show a strong correlation between the measured and by the stationary model predicted module temperature with a coefficient of determination R2 close to 1 and a root mean square deviation (RMSE) of ≤ 2.5 K for a time period of three months. Based on the predicted temperature, measured irradiance in module plane and specific module information the program models the electrical data as time series in 5-minute steps. Predicted to measured power for a time period of three months shows a linear correlation with an R2 of 0.99 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.5, 2.7 and 4.8 for module ID 1, 2 and 3. The calculated energy (exemplarily for module ID 2) based on the measured, calculated by the NOCT and stationary model for this time period is 118.4 kWh, resp. 116.7 kWh and 117.8 kWh. This is equivalent to an uncertainty of 1.4% for the NOCT and 0.5% for the stationary model.

Computationally efficient guaranteed cost control design for homogeneous clustered networks

We consider a clustered network where connections inside the cluster are dense and between clusters are sparse. This leads us to a classical decoupling into fast (intra-cluster) and slow (inter-cluster) dynamics. Our objective is to provide a computationally efficient method to design control strategies that guarantee a certain bound on the cost for each cluster. Basically, we design a composite synchronizing controller with two terms: one responsible for the intra-cluster synchronization and the other achieving the synchronization between clusters. The first one does not require much computational effort since an analytic expression describes it. The second term is designed through a satisfaction equilibrium approach. In other words, the internal (fast) and external (slow) controllers are independently designed, and they ensure a guaranteed satisfactory cost for each cluster. Moreover, we show that the internal control affects the cluster cost only for a short time period. Finally, numerical simulations illustrate the theoretical results.

Finite-Element Modeling of the Dynamic Behavior of a Crack-like Defect in an Internally Pressurized Thin-Walled Steel Cylinder

This article presents one part of a study on the dynamic deformation and fracture of sections of steel gas pipelines with an external crack-like defect under the action of internal pressure. This work was performed on the basis of finite-element simulations using a cylindrical shell model executed by ANSYS-19.2 on the example of the section of the steel gas pipeline “Beineu–Bozoy–Shymkent” in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The propagation of the incipient crack-like defect along the pipeline and the resulting dynamic fracture in its tip area were investigated. The options of pipeline loading by working and critical internal pressure were both considered. It was found that, within the time of 1.0 ms, the formed crack expanded in the circumferential direction up to the maximum value, which depended on the value of the internal pressure. A further growth of cracks occurred along the longitudinal direction. At the operating pressure, the initial length of the crack increased by a factor of 5.6, while the equivalent stresses increased by a factor of 1.53 within 3.5 ms. Within the time of 3.75 ms, the equivalent stresses stopped growing due to the gas decompression. Specifically, there was a stop to the crack growth along the longitudinal direction. Vice versa, at the maximum pressure, the pipeline fracture did not change qualitatively, while at the time of the process, it decreased up to 3.5 ms. The finite-element results of the stress–strain state and pipeline fracture in the crack tip area at the working pressure showed that, within the time of 1.0 ms, the distance between the crack walls reached 23 mm at the free edge. Conversely, within the time periods of 2.25 and 3.5 ms, it increased two and three times, respectively. The crack elongation in the longitudinal direction occurred 5.8 times with time. Together, within the time of 3.5 ms, the equivalent stresses increased twice, after which the growth of the crack stopped due to the gas decompression. Moreover, studies on the growth of the crack-like defect in its tip area at the maximum pressure showed that additional considerations on the pressure on the crack edges led to an increment of 3.6% of the crack length. The results of this work can be used for the development of measurements for operating gas pipelines in the field of structural reinforcement.

Policja II Rzeczypospolitej - pomiędzy negacją a gloryfikacją. Historiografia i postulaty badawcze. Cz. 3 - Losy policjantów po 1 września 1939 roku i podsumowanie cyklu

This article concludes a series of three articles. The first two, published in 2022, were divided into time periods; 1) until 1989, and 2) since the 1990s. The present one discusses the issue of the fate of police officers after September 1, 1939, and includes a summary and research postulates. The timelines used in the series are not accidental, of course, as they had a significant impact on the way historiography devoted to public security organs was conducted in the interwar period. The literature that deals with pre‑war police is relatively rich in terms of quantity. However, it is worth examining it more carefully as several works raise a number of questions and doubts. Next to very good ones there are some that should not have been published. If we take a closer look at the style of narration in particular publications, we will notice that the authors in the vast majority limit themselves to describing and reporting facts, avoiding factual analysis. Many of the publications deviate from scientific standards, focusing their attention exclusively on creat-ing the preferred image of the public security organisation in a given period of time. Unfortu-nately, this is noticeable not only before 1989, but also later, when the negative image of the pre‑war police was replaced by its excessive glorification or even mythologisation. Despite the fact that more and more issues are raised and some of them are further developed, we still cannot consider the state of research that I am interested in as being satisfactory. The following issues still need to be highlighted and thoroughly investigated: 1) police biography; 2) issues of formation, socialisation and mentality; 3) the state of morale of the police corps; 4) participation in the Polish‑Soviet war; 5) participation in ensuring the internal security of the state; 6) police‑society relations, including the creation of the image of the police in culture texts; 7) police participation in the protection of state dignitaries; 8) international police co-operation; 9) the history of the police in the individual provinces; 10) women’s police service; 11) the functioning of police associations and cultural and educational activities; 12) war pre-parations; 13) the fate of police officers after September 1, 1939.