Period Of Rapid Economic Growth Research Articles

Dynamics of Disruption: Ethnographic Practice in Contemporary Turkey

This roundtable explores how recent social and political upheavals in Turkey have impacted ethnographic research in and about the region. We propose that an analysis of ethnographers’ experiences in contexts of disruption and uncertainty can offer important insights into both research methodologies and contemporary politics and society in Turkey. The past twenty years have been a time of transformation and, arguably, disruption in the Republic of Turkey. In 2003, the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi; AKP) rose to power under the leadership of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. As the following decade heralded a period of rapid economic growth and development, social and political changes also began to reshape institutions in consequential ways. In 2008, top military leaders were charged with participating in a conspiratorial deep state in what would come to be known as the Ergenekon trials. While these prosecutions were framed by the ruling party as critical to securing democratic governance in Turkey, they also marked a turning point in the AKP's efforts to secure and consolidate its hold on the state. After the AKP won its third general election in 2011, their efforts to consolidate power grew, and over the following decade Turkey would devolve from being recognized as a model Middle Eastern democracy to an illiberal democracy and finally an authoritarian regime. This political transformation was punctuated by key events, from the 2013 Gezi Park protests and the attempted coup of July 2016 to the resumption of armed conflict with the Kurdistan Worker's Party (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê PKK) in 2015 and the government's crackdown on Academics for Peace.

THE INFLUENCE OF INVESTMENT DECISIONS, FREE CASH FLOW, AND DEBT POLICY ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

The construction industry plays a pivotal role in any country's economy, driven by the increasing demand for infrastructure, housing, and facilities during periods of rapid economic growth. Efficient financial management is paramount for construction companies to ensure sustainability and growth. This study explores the impact of investment decisions, free cash flow, and debt policy on the financial performance of construction companies. Investment decisions significantly affect financial performance as they influence the allocation of resources, with an emphasis on the Price Earning Ratio (PER) to gauge market expectations and future prospects. Free cash flow, representing the cash available after operational and investment costs, positively and significantly affects financial performance. Debt policy, as a crucial part of capital structure decisions, also significantly influences financial performance. The study uses quantitative methods and concludes that these factors collectively explain 62.9% of the variation in financial performance. Understanding these dynamics can aid construction companies, investors, regulators, and other stakeholders in optimizing financial strategies and achieving sustainable growth in the competitive construction industry.

Regenerative economy: A pathway to a future-ready, sustainable Africa

ABSTRACT Africa is experiencing a period of rapid economic growth, booming population, and migration as biodiversity is deteriorating and the climate is warming. Together, these represent grand societal and environmental challenges. The African Union and the United Nations both promote sustainable development, in which society and nature flourish as the economy progresses. However, achieving this goal is not self-evident. We discuss the concept of regenerative economy and propose it as a path forward for the African context. We identify three levers of action evident in Africa that promote the idea of regenerative economy: clean innovation in technology and business models, leapfrogging through decentralized communication and energy systems, and leveraging African values of horizontal collectivism. We present some case examples of how this can and does work but highlight that achieving regenerative economy en masse depends on scaling up business models, effective governance structures, and capacity building in Africa. If implemented correctly, regenerative economy can offer pathways to a future-ready, sustainable Africa.

Profits and inequality during an export boom. Evidence from tax records in Lima, Peru

ABSTRACT Some studies have shown that inequality increased in pre-1930 Latin America as the economy and foreign trade grew. Others have shown that there was no clear relationship between economic growth and inequality. The information on nineteenth-century Peru is useful to estimate income inequality during a period of rapid economic growth. This article estimates the distribution of profits in Lima between 1838 and 1859 using information from tax reports. Mobility across social classes was possible for some guild members. However, financiers and large merchants experienced higher growth in profits than artisans and small traders. In addition, a comparison of profits and wages shows that the richest entrepreneurs experienced a rapid increase in profits during a period of declining real wages. Thus, the income gap between the richest and poorest residents of Lima widened during this period.

Practical Improvement and Performance Evaluation of Road Damage Detection Model using Machine Learning

The social infrastructure, including roads and bridges built during period of rapid economic growth in Japan, is now aging, and there is a need to strategically maintain and renew the social infrastructure that is aging. On the other hand, road maintenance in rural areas is facing serious problems such as reduced budgets for maintenance and a shortage of engineers due to the declining birthrate and aging population. Therefore, it is difficult to visually inspect all roads in rural areas by maintenance engineers, and a system to automatically detect road damage is required. This paper reports practical improvements to the road damage model using YOLOv5, an object detection model capable of real-time operation, focusing on road image features

Rewriting the Economic Growth History of Korea in the 1970s: Focusing on the Pollution Imports and the Shadow People of Economic Growth

During the period of rapid economic growth since the 1970s, Korea imported many polluting industrial facilities from Japan, resulting in the generation of huge amounts of hazardous waste. While the problems of environmental degradation such as these were an integral part of Korea’s development process, they have received only scant attention in the official history of the country’s economic development, often being dismissed as peripheral issues. This paper aims to go beyond this tendency by rewriting the history of economic growth that underlay the disputes caused by the importation of polluting industries from Japan in the 1970s. Its features can be summarized as follows.</br>First, Japan was the most damaging pollution exporter to Korea in the 1970s, and it was also the direct channel to import the knowledge of pollution, and alternative logic against the pollution issues.</br>Second, discussions over industrial pollution in the 1970s occurred in the antagonistic relationship between four groups: the government, media, opposition party, and scholars.</br>Third, a group of experts played various roles, including bureaucrats, researchers, and policy makers, leading the discussion of pollution in Korean society in the 1970s.</br>It has been well over 50 years since 1970. Nevertheless, Korean society still does not hesitate to create areas and people that become shadows in the wake of development. This explains why we should focus on the “sick body” rather than the “numbers” in this age of science and technology.

Content analysis of Chinese cities’ Five-Year Plan transport policy documents

Chinese cities’ Five-Year Plans establish the direction and priorities for their urban transport systems for the subsequent half-decade. In this study, we compiled and then analyzed the document structure and content of the Five-Year Plans for Transport for 23 Chinese cities at two points in time (2010 and 2020). These documents afford a unique opportunity to establish how Chinese transport policies vary across different types of cities during a period of rapid economic growth and transport network development. Using content analysis techniques, we report findings regarding frequency and sentiment (positive/negative) towards a set of traditional and emerging transport planning topics, as well as document legibility (words per sentence, sentences per paragraph, use of graphical content, etc.). Our findings indicate that compared to many western Regional Transport Plans, Chinese Five-Year Plans tend to be more text-heavy than similar documents in western countries, with their length increasing during the 2010s. Furthermore, we demonstrate systematic variability in terms of topic frequencies with respect to cities’ characteristics during the period 2010 to 2020, however the variations in terms of sentiment scores are weaker. More economically advanced cities exhibited a heightened focus on sustainable travel options, negative externalities related to cars, emerging technologies, and equity, whereas less economically developed cities emphasized regional development issues. We also demonstrate an increased focus over time on equity, vehicle technology, and parcel-delivery logistics within the Five-Year Plans. Of the various topics we analyzed, air pollution experienced the greatest decrease over time in sentiment.

A STUDY ON REBUILDING AND MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL FACILITIES IN LARGE-SCALE HOUSING COMPLEX

In Japan, many housing complexes were constructed during the postwar reconstruction period and the period of rapid economic growth. Commercial facilities were built in these housing complexes, but due to the aging of the facilities, reconstruction has become necessary. This study clarified the reconstruction method and process of KOURIGAOKA CORiO in Kori housing complex, as well as its subsequent management and operation. Furthermore, we conducted a questionnaire survey of visitors and compared their awareness of the current KOURIGAOKA CORiO with that of the shopping district before the reconstruction and analyzed the results.

Evaluation of Bridge Maintenance Priorities in Megacities

Bridges are key social overhead capital facilities with a direct impact on citizen safety and the socioeconomic development of a country. Many bridges in South Korea were completed during the nation’s period of rapid economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, meaning that bridge aging is now accelerating and should be of real concern. Based on records of other highly developed countries not having adequate maintenance systems for old bridges and consequently experiencing a number of tragic bridge collapses, Korea is at risk of following suit. Being able to measure the efficiency of bridge management considering economic and social values is therefore critical. In this work, a qualitative bridge maintenance priority evaluation model using open-source bridge information was developed. The model was evaluated by applying it to eight actual bridges located in Daegu Metropolitan City, Korea. It is concluded that aging bridge maintenance and management can be performed more efficiently and reliably if the model proposed in this work is used.

Forecasting Inflation Rate in the Philippines Using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) Model

The Philippines has experienced a long period of rapid economic growth. However, inflation has now become a major concern, with the Philippines currently experiencing high inflation. High inflation is a threat to strong economic growth, particularly to people's purchasing power. This study aims to predict the inflation rate in the Philippines using Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model. The historical data on the inflation rate of the Philippines, comprising 135 observations from January 2012 to March 2023, was obtained from the official website of the Philippine Statistic Authority (PSA). The study followed the Box Jenkins Methodology, which consists of 4 stages: Identification, Estimation, Diagnostic Checking, and Forecasting to develop a SARIMA model. It was then revealed that the best SARIMA model for predicting the inflation rate in the Philippines is SARIMA (1,1,1) (0,0,1)_12 based on the following criteria: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQIC), σ^2, and the Highest Log Likelihood. This chosen model has a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8.17% which is within the acceptable range of 25%. This shows an indication that the forecast is acceptably accurate. The best SARIMA model was then used to forecast the inflation rate in the Philippines from April 2023 to March 2024, and based on the result of the forecasting, it appears that the inflation rate in the Philippines is expected to decline gradually over the next 12 months, from 6.93% in April 2023 to 4.85% in March 2024. These findings could provide insights that the government can use to make decisions about monetary policies and help the economy of the Philippines to improve.

Petrocultural Formations: Crisis Discourse, Energy Geographies, and Neo-liberalism

The 1970s energy crises was a decisive point in US culture and in the development of neo-liberal geographies. After the post-war period of rapid economic growth, Western economies sputtered and stalled. Cutting across political, economic, and cultural spheres, the discourse of energy crisis brought narrative coherence to what was, in fact, a heterogenous historical moment. In doing so, energy crisis discourse facilitated dramatic social and economic restructuring, as well as shifts in the distributions of lived spaces and times. More broadly, energy crisis discourse played a significant role in configuring the emerging processes of neo-liberalization and bringing about a set of historical outcomes, herein elucidated in three figures: the suburb, energy, and the entrepreneur.

The history of compensation system for workers with pneumoconiosis-related lung cancer

To review the historical aspects of compensation system for workers with pneumoconiosis who developed lung cancer. Materials and papers published on the compensation system as discussed in administrative meetings were utilized. Legal claims for compensation for lung cancer among individuals with pneumoconiosis increased during the period of rapid economic growth in Japan. A possible causal relationship between pneumoconiosis and lung cancer in workers has been discussed by committees of specialists. The Expert Committee on Pneumoconiosis and Lung Cancer in 1978 did not find a causal relationship between them. However, a survey of physicians specializing in pneumoconiosis revealed medical disadvantages among individuals diagnosed with pneumoconiosis who developed lung cancer. The Ministry of Labour announced the risk of work-related lung cancer in patients with advanced pneumoconiosis (class IV or equivalent severity). Since then, numerous lung cancer patients with pneumoconiosis have been adjudicated. In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) re-evaluated the carcinogenicity of silica and declared it to be a Group I carcinogen in humans. The Expert Committee on Compensation of Lung Cancer Cases Developing from Pneumoconiosis discussed the IARC evaluation but did not accept this classification. However, the Committee of Occupational Exposure Limits in the Japan Society of Occupational Health upheld the IARC evaluation of silica as a Group I carcinogen. Because the Expert Committee of Medical Disadvantage of Lung Cancer Patients with Pneumoconiosis accepted the increased risk of lung cancer in patients with class III or equivalent severity pneumoconiosis, the Ministry of Labour announced worker compensation for such patients. The Expert Committee of Health Control of Pneumoconiosis Complicated with Lung Cancer reported in 2002 that a meta-analysis revealed no increased risk of lung cancer among workers exposed to crystalline silica; however, there was an increased risk of lung cancer in patients with pneumoconiosis. The Ministry of Labour has added lung cancer to the list of complications from pneumoconiosis and, if necessary, regular medical checkups for lung cancer. After Leaving dust work, the Health Care System provides for workers who are diagnosed With class II or higher pneumoconiosis. Therefore, if an individual with pneumoconiosis develops class II or higher lung cancer, that individual becomes eligible for workers' compensation. The conclusion of the Expert Committee in 2002 and the decision of the Ministry of Labour to add lung cancer to its list of complications of pneumoconiosis are evaluated to be appropriate.

The ancestral hall and ancestor veneration narrative of a Huizhou lineage in Ming–Qing China

ABSTRACT As a venerable institution of ancestor veneration, ancestral halls remained buildings reserved for the gentry class before the Ming dynasty, and became vehicles for transmitting a form of elitism within a privileged circle. Hence, owning ancestral halls was also deemed a manifestation of political and social status. However, among the commoner class in the Huizhou region in the Ming, numerous localized kinship organizations emerged: lineages. People were gathering strength in the communal living maintained by generations, but at the same time, they also generated a demand for common ancestor veneration to maintain lineage relationship stability. By the mid-Ming, with the surge of ancestral hall construction by lineages, the exclusive privilege of the elites for ancestral halls was broken. In Huizhou, a unique sacrificial culture with the ancestral halls as the carrier appeared. In the subsequent period of rapid economic growth, an influential new group emerged within the lineages: merchants whose increasing involvement in constructive activities allowed the ancestral hall construction to bloom, reflecting the rising status of merchants in this period. This paper focuses on such a Huizhou kinship organization, the Huang lineage, and describes the history of their ancestral hall construction in detail.

APPLICATION OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS OF MARITIME TRANSPORT ENTERPRISES

The article deals with the management process of maritime transport enterprises of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on the activities of the Administration of Sea Ports of Ukraine. It is determined that in modern business conditions, the process of improving the functioning of seaport administrations, which are a component of the transport infrastructure of the state's economy, is gaining relevance. In this regard, seaports are the object of close attention on the part of state authorities, and their effective functioning is the object of scientific research both in Ukraine and in the world. It is noted that in our country there has been a significant decentralization of powers in the maritime transport management system, which has both positive consequences (attraction of private capital in the development of port infrastructure, the beginning of the separation of the functions of port activities from infrastructure management to management of the efficiency of port activities), and negative consequences – the reduction of the number of units of the fleet under the flag of Ukraine and the deterioration of the system for ensuring the safety of navigation. 
 The search for ways to build a rational management system in the field of maritime transport, taking into account increasing its efficiency and ensuring safety, is a general problem, which can be solved using the best world experience. The article examines the experience of maritime administrations in the leading maritime states of the world (Great Britain, USA, Germany and Sweden).
 Taking into account foreign experience, it can be concluded that the main task of the Administration of seaports of Ukraine is to create favorable conditions for the competitiveness of ports, which will lead to the growth of the gross domestic product, the formation of which is significantly influenced by the work of the port sector, where the maximum opportunities for exporting transport services and transit potential of countries are concentrated. However, having a unique competitive advantage in its geopolitical position, Ukraine does not have sufficient competitiveness of port services. The development of regional seaport complexes can have a significant impact on the economic growth of territorial entities, entrepreneurial activity and competition in the market, the influx of investments and qualified personnel, and the development of innovative technologies. The main role in the development of seaports can belong to public management using the mechanism of public-private partnership, as in the advanced countries of Europe. Sea ports must be considered as a system that is heterogeneous in relation to regions, it is formed due to significant differences in the area of geographical location, provision of resources, the structure of the economy, the achieved development of various spheres of the economy, the conditions for entering the market environment, the rates of transformation of forms of ownership, etc. It is the application of leading foreign experience that will help to restore the activities of Ukrainian seaports in the post-war period, a period of rapid economic growth and expansion of investment opportunities.

WHERE IS THE FUTURE? Geography, Expectation and Experience across Three Decades of Malaysia's Vision 2020

AbstractIn 1991, the Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, announced Vision 2020 to make the country ‘fully developed’ by that year. Launched during a period of rapid economic growth, Vision 2020 legitimized Mahathir's developmental penchant for spectacular urban megaprojects and ambitious technological experimentation. While hopes of reaching Vision 2020's crude GDP targets were dashed even before the end of the 1990s (largely as a result of the Asian financial crisis), and Mahathir stepped down from office in 2003, the year 2020 retained significance as a horizon of expectation for a generation of Malaysians. In this Interventions essay I look back at three decades of Vision 2020 from the temporal vantage point of 2020. The lead‐up to that year saw political, popular and artistic retrospection on Vision 2020, spurred in part by nonagenarian Mahathir's return to power. Contextually, ‘Where is the future?’ articulates unrealized technological and developmental expectations from peak Vision 2020. Conceptually, the essay offers a critical geography of political futures past—demonstrating the constitutive spatiality of future expectations and the diverse ways in which elite developmental visions are engaged in life geographies, spaces of experience and representational practices.

Lost Rivers: Tokyo's Sewage Problem in the High-Growth Period, 1953-73.

Early modern Tokyo was a city of water with rivers and canals crisscrossing the city and connecting its commercial centers. However, modern Tokyo's rivers have disappeared-filled in, or converted into concrete-lined sewers. This article explores what happened to these waterways during Japan's period of rapid economic growth. It focuses on the 1961 policy decision by city planners and water engineers that resulted in the rivers-to-sewers transition in the lead-up to the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. The process of making this policy sheds light on the interface of the long-term urban industrial pollution and the short-term pressures of urban clean up before the 1964 Olympics. Contributing an envirotech perspective on industrial waste management during Japan's high-speed economic growth period, this article brings to focus a rush to pave with concrete Japan's return on the international scene, as part of the showcasing recovery from the political and economic catastrophe of World War II.

Poverty in India in the face of Covid-19: Diagnosis and prospects.

India has been hard‐hit by the Covid‐19 pandemic. The virus has exacted a heavy toll in terms of lives lost and deteriorating health outcomes. The economic consequences of the pandemic have been similarly grim. In this paper we attempt an initial, interim, assessment of the impacts of the crisis on poverty. We review the growing literature that considers emerging poverty impacts, noting that there remain significant knowledge gaps due to limited evidence on current welfare outcomes. We analyze pre‐Covid survey data to examine the incidence of chronic poverty and downward mobility during a period of rapid economic growth and declining poverty. A profile of poverty during such a period might offer a plausible, partial, window on population groups currently at risk. We suggest that, notwithstanding the severe initial impacts of the crisis on poverty, there are grounds for expecting further consequences going forward. As the virus has spread out of the relatively affluent cities, and as economic stagnation persists, rural areas, with historically higher rates of chronic poverty and vulnerability, may see particularly sharp increases in poverty. While recent vaccination developments offer some grounds for optimism, there remains an urgent need to identify, implement and amplify effective policy alleviation measures.

Sociological Analysis of "Abandon the Old in Tokyo" Comic Story by Yoshihiro Tatsumi

Abstract. This study aims to compare the social life of Tokyo workers and what Yoshihiro Tatsumi describes in the comic gekiga “Abandon the Old in Tokyo” in the period of Japan’s rapid economic growth (mid 1950-early 1970) using the sociological approach of literary works. Social life that will be studied is specifically on the social interactions of Tokyo workers with society, employers, colleagues, parents and also the form of the worker's family system at that time. The method used in this study is the qualitative descriptive method. The findings showed that the comic story, despite being a work of fiction, does indeed depict the real social conditions of Tokyo workers during a period of rapid economic growth where workers tend to be individualistic and hedonistic. The rapid changes in Tokyo at that time does not carry over into the work environment where workers still adhere to patrilineal management which is very formal, however between colleagues some form of informality and intimacy still exists in the face of extremely difficult working conditions. Meanwhile, the neglect of parents by the younger generation occurs a lot due to changes in the family system changing from the IE system to the kazoku system, the economic and the housing situation, as well as the relationship between family members is no longer close. Marriage no longer occurs to maintain the IE system and customs, rather, marriage occurs on the basis of love between husband and wifeKeywords: Sociological Analysis, Abandon the Old in Tokyo, Gekiga, Workers

Are both individual-level and county-level social capital associated with individual health? A serial cross-sectional analysis in China, 2010–2015

ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the associations of both individual-level and county-level social capital with individual health in China during a period of rapid economic growth.Design and settingA serial cross-sectional study...

A Study on the Relationship between Income Change and the Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Urban China

We use a threshold model to analyze the relationship between per capita income and the per capita water footprint of food consumption in the urban Guangdong Province of China, and further simulate the effect of changes in income distribution on the per capita water footprint of food consumption. The income growth of urban residents has a significant positive effect on the per capita water footprint of food consumption, where the effect varies by income stratum. The income elasticity of the per capita water footprint of food consumption for the total sample is 0.45, where the income elasticity of the low-income group (0.75) is greater than that of the high-income group (0.23), indicating that a change of income in the low-income group has a greater effect on water resources. The simulation results show that increasing the income of residents, especially that of the low-income group, significantly increases the water footprint due to food consumption for the whole society. At present, China is in a period of rapid economic growth and urbanization, comprising a period of profound change and sensitive response to the income level of urban and rural residents. Therefore, in order to reduce the effect of food consumption on the environment, sustainable food consumption management strategies should consider group differences. We should correctly guide all kinds of groups to carry out sustainable consumption, advocate healthy and reasonable diet models, reduce animal food consumption, avoid the excessive consumption of food, and strengthen the management of food waste.