Period Of Occupation Research Articles

The medieval croft plužina field system in a mountain region of central Europe: The interdisciplinary record of the earthen field boundaries in Debrné, Czechia

AbstractThe integration of archaeological, historical and geoarchaeological records represents a significant contribution to research into the medieval landscape. This study focuses on the medieval field system in the deserted village of Debrné, located in northeastern Bohemia, Czechia. The village features a well‐preserved croft plužina field system, a typical historical landscape of central Europe. The main and most visible elements of the field system are the earthen field boundaries, which were the focus of the geoarchaeological investigations. Archaeological excavations in trench S1 revealed a collection of larger stones at a depth of 1 m, potentially serving a drainage function akin to the observed plužina. Additionally, a boulder paving, identified as a remnant of a path between fields, provided insights into the historical use of the area. In trench S2, positioned closer to the village's core, layers with increasing stone content were recorded at a depth of 130 cm. However, the drainage structure observed in trench S1 was not replicated. The dating of earthen field boundaries indicated the creation of the terrace in the second half of the 16th century in trench S1. In trench S2, radiocarbon dating at a depth of 70 to 80 cm ranged from 1025 to 1175 A.D., predating the first written source about Debrné. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating in trench S2 suggested exposure to sunlight during the third century A.D. Archaeobotanical analysis of charred macroremains from trench S1 revealed 236 plant macroremains belonging to approximately 20 taxa, showcasing wild‐growing, collected useful species such as raspberry, blackberry and elderberry. Trench S2 yielded 23 plant macroremains belonging to 11 taxa, with similar species as trench S1. Pedological and micromorphological examinations displayed distinct layering in both trenches, showing up to six layers. Micromorphological analysis unveiled vuggy microstructures, varying grain sizes and elemental patterns, shedding light on different periods of occupation. Multidisciplinary investigations of the buried soils forming the earthen field boundaries discovered that the original soil cover comprised automorphic lixisols and cambisols, which also form under present conditions. These results underscore the importance of integrating pedological, geoarchaeological, archaeobotanical and physical data to comprehend the intricate nature of anthropogenic landscape changes.

The politics of electricity use and non-use in late Ottoman Istanbul.

This article focuses on the earlier encounters and uses of electricity, its technology, and its infrastructure to understand how electricity formed a contested terrain of politics among the city's varying actors, such as state officials, financial investors, and consumers, in late Ottoman Istanbul, roughly between the 1870s and early 1920s. I contend that people used electricity as a political tool in their everyday lives even before they could access it physically. Electricity skepticism during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II (1876-1909) increased Istanbul residents' inclination for an electrified future; the longer the sultan's prohibitions lasted, the more they fueled this inclination, causing problems about the use of electricity. In contrast to the previous regime's skepticism about electricity use, the Committee of Union and Progress (1909-18) administrators considered electricity a public service that a larger population could use rather than a source of energy for a small, privileged elite. The first urban-scale power plant was completed in 1914. However, the inability to import technical equipment and raw materials due to political and financial troubles caused by World War I (1914-18) and the Occupation Period (1918-23) hampered electricity production and consumption, causing serious problems in electricity use on public and private scales. Amid the wave of challenges, the city inhabitants witnessed numerous unpleasant encounters with electricity use; some perished in tram accidents, while others became criminals. At a time when much of society viewed electricity as a vital element for progress and economic growth, the prevalence of crowded trams, tram accidents, blackouts, and instances of electricity theft within the Ottoman capital called into question the notion of electricity as a technological promise and public good. Consequently, the initial enthusiasm for electricity's transformative potential waned due to tensions between expectations and daily realities, resulting in a cautious approach toward technological modernity.

Participation of the Gagauz of USSR in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

This article is dedicated to the participation of representatives of the Gagauz people in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 Current problems of historical science in the Republic of Moldova, connected with the falsification of the history of the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, which have political significance for the statehood and independence of the Republic of Moldova, are considered. On the basis of historical sources, archival materials, personal memories of participants of the anti-fascist resistance, the situation of the Gagauz people in the south of Bessarabia during the period of the Romanian-fascist occupation of 1941-1944, the struggle of the inhabitants of the Gagauz regions of Bessarabia against the Romanian occupation regime is highlighted.

Damnatio Memoriae of Serbian Culture: The Institute for the Preservation of Antiquities of Milan Nedić's Government, Precursor of the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments

Currently, the conservation activities in Serbia are conducted by the institutions for the protection of cultural monuments. It is widely accepted that the first institute of the kind was The Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, established in 1947, during the enactment of several heritage laws, which were also presented as the first of their kind. The main contribution for the establishment of the Institute was attributed to its first director, Milorad Panić-Surep.
 During the Second World War, in the spring of 1942, at the initiative of the occupiers, the collaborationist government of Milan Nedić enacted the Regulation on the Preservation of Antiquities. It was the first legal act aimed at protecting cultural heritage in Serbia. On this basis, the Institute for the Protection of Antiquities was established, which actively operated despite the wartime conditions. From its establishment until the founding of the post-war Institute in 1947, there was an uninterrupted continuity, marked by several transformations due to the turbulent post-war events.
 Towards the end of the war, in early 1945, the Institute for the Protection of Antiquities ceased its operations but was not dissolved, it was merged with the Art Museum instead (formerly the Museum of Prince Paul, now the National Museum of Serbia). Thus, both before and after the war, in addition to its regular activities, the Museum also engaged in conservation efforts. The Museum director, Veljko Petrović, insisted that, following the example from the occupation years, an independent institution for conservation activities should be established.
 This was realized in several steps. Firstly, in April, a special committee for creating the Register of Antiquities was formed under the auspices of the Museum, taking over the responsibilities of the former Institute. Subsequently, at the turn of 1945 to 1946, the committee evolved into a separate museum Department for the Protection and Scientific Study of Cultural Monuments, and by mid-1947, it became an independent institution as the Institute for the Protection and Scientific Research of Cultural Monuments. This institution took over all previously created documentation as well as leading experts and in 1960 it changed its name to the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments.
 Following the given facts, the Institute for the Protection of Antiquities from 1942 is a direct precursor to the Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, with a continuous legacy. Driven by ideological reasons, the post-war authorities intended to demonstrate that numerous innovative moves of state administration were initiated during their tenure. Consequently, they endeavored to conceal or minimize initiatives undertaken by previous authorities, particularly the ones associated with the collaborationist government during the occupation period, whose entire activity was presented as contrary to the interests of the people.

Nacionalni identitet i političke stranke Bošnjaka u Bosni i Hercegovini

This paper examines the issue of the modern political tradition and national identity of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the beginnings of which are linked to the period of the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878-1918. Starting from that time until modern political conditions, in one long period, periods of their political divisions (the Austro-Hungarian period) and exclusive attachment to certain political movements (the period of the first Yugoslavia) alternated. The decades-long dominance of the communist party (in the second Yugoslavia), This paper examines the issue of national identity and the modern political tradition of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the beginnings of which are linked to the period of the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878-1918. Starting from that time until modern political conditions, in one long period, periods of their political divisions (the Austro-Hungarian period) and exclusive attachment to certain political movements (the period of the first Yugoslavia) alternated. The decadeslong dominance of the communist party (in the second Yugoslavia), followed by the re-establishment of a pluralistic political life, is also characteristic and followed with the re-establishment of a pluralistic political life. In this paper, we want to make a synthesis of the development of the Bosniak national idea and its formation and rounding that took place in socialist Yugoslavia, especially during the civil war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, which was closely related to their predominant political parties.

ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ НАЦИСТОВ ПРОТИВ ДЕТСТВА НА НОВГОРОДСКОМ СУДЕБНОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ (7 ДЕКАБРЯ - 18 ДЕКАБРЯ 1947 Г.)

Children of Leningrad region were victims of many Nazi crimes: forced labor, beatings, forced donation, deportation, punitive actions, etc. The focus of this article is on crimes against children investigated at the Novgorod trial of German war criminals in 1947. Based on a wide range of sources, some of which are being introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time, the course of evidence collection and the order of court deliberations are analyzed. Although a significant number of child victims were connected with the mass extermination of Jewish and Roma families on the basis of their ethnicity (these crimes in Leningrad region were committed in 1941 by the Einsatzgruppe A), but it was not possible to bring the perpetrators to justice, so at the Novgorod trial these crimes were heard only in a general context. Therefore, the topic of crimes against children was presented at the Novgorod trial as part of the investigation of anti-partisan actions and deportations. Because of the haste in its organization, many crimes against children of Leningrad region, especially during the first period of occupation, remained anonymous.

NEURALGIČNOST IZMEĐU ORALNE ISTORIJE I ISTORIOGRAFIJE NA PRIMERU DRUGOG SVETSKOG RATA NA KOSOVU I METOHIJI: STUDIJA SLUČAJA ORAL HISTORY KOSOVO

Albanians, interlocutors of the Oral History Kosovo project, most of whom are contemporaries of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the war period, have a negative memory of the Kingdom. They state that Albanians were victims of agrarian policy / colonization and forced emigration, that is, that they were prevented from normal cultural development by denying them the right to education in their mother tongue. However, the facts show that much less land was taken from the Albanians for the purposes of agrarian reform / colonization than they think, then that emigration to Turkey was on a smaller scale due to the inability of the state to finance it and, finally, that the Albanian minority had the right to education in the mother tongue exclusively in private schools, which was the dominant pattern in many European countries (and in Albania for the Slavic minority). The Albanians, the interlocutors admit, welcomed the occupiers, the Germans and Italians, as liberators, because they freed them from the hated Serbian administration and enabled them to be educated in their mother tongue, in which “Greater Albania” was promoted unhindered. After all, the period of occupation was a time of absolute Albanian domination over the Kosovo Serbs, as evidenced by numerous crimes committed against them. On the other hand, there are numerous Albanian testimonies about the alleged crimes of the communist regime against the defeated Albanians-ballists in 1944–1945. and the newly mobilized Albanians in Bar in 1945. The interlocutors do not make an ideological difference between Serb-chetniks and Serb-communists, treating them simply as Serbs and as such fitting them into the archetype of the enemy who is “taking” Kosovo from them. Also, those Albanians in the service of the occupiers are perceived as fighters for the national cause. That nazism and fascism were not definitively eradicated in Kosovo in 1944 is also evidenced by the later coquettishness of the communist system and the ideologically defeated Albanian movements in Kosovo.

Social-Cultural Processes within Sumy Region during the Period of the German Occupation 1941-1943 (Based on the Materials of “Sumy Visnyk” Newspaper)

The objective of the article is to cover the social-cultural processes on the territory of Sumy region during the period of the German military occupation in 1941-1943. The majority of the research source base comprises publications in the local occupation newspaper “Sumy Visnyk” which was issued 1941 to 1943. Its articles give the opportunity to study thoroughly certain social-cultural processes in general and the development of the theatrical and educational spheres, functioning of a museum, a cinema, and libraries in particular. Also, it enables characterizing the everyday life of the population in the state of occupation. The authors have come to a conclusion that the occupational periodicals were aimed at creating a positive perception of the occupation authority by the local population, manipulating the masses to make further resistance impossible. The life of the population was quite hard and also limited in many aspects. It included a curfew, restrictions for trade and migration. The purpose of the social policy was the use of the workforce but the workers were obliged to have an employee registration card provided by the labour exchange. The newspaper articles pour the light on such phenomena of cultural life as cinema premiers, theatre performances and concerts which had an extensive repertoire. Radiobroadcasts turned into the main tool for informing the population and taking ideological control over it. The museum resumed its work, the exhibitions of different pieces of art (paintings, embroidery and woodcarving) were held quite often. The educational reform took the turn of Ukrainization. Some new vocational-technical colleges, schools and German language courses were opened. A certain liberalization of a spiritual life was initialized. Worship in the Orthodox churches was also resumed.

Reconstruction of paleoecological and paleofire dynamics of the Tobol areas based on materials from lake-swamp deposits of Oskino

The paper compares palaeoecological, archaeological and palaeo-fire data from lake-swamp deposits of the Tobol river region, obtained as a result of the study of the Oskino wetland lake. The dependence of palaeofire dynamics on human economic activity and climate-induced changes in plant communities is analysed. The reconstruction covers 9.6 ka, including the entire period of occupation of the area, as well as the end of the Greenlandian stage and the beginning of the Northgrippian stage. Comparison of pollen data, concentration of macroscopic charcoal particles in lake-swamp sediments showed a correlation between decreasing moisture levels, increasing conifer proportion in forest composition and increasing fire frequency. It has been established on the vegetation anthropogenic influence was little (pollen data) partly due to this is related to the orientation population towards an appropriative type of economy up to 4.5 ka BP. The palynological data not show significant changes in the residential landscape or an increase in the frequency of fires in connection with the emergence of livestock breeding in the Late Bronze Age. In the Early Iron Age, semi-nomadic livestock breeding was formed the population probably did not need to burn forests for grazing, so the intensity of fires did not increase.

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ОБЛІГАЦІЙ ЯК ДЖЕРЕЛА ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВИХ ПОТРЕБ У США ТА УКРАЇНІ

The history of the introduction of war bonds as a source of financing for various wars in the United States is presented. The share of tax revenues and funds from the sale of military bonds to finance military expenditures is graphically shown. A tendency to reduce the share of military loans among the sources of financial support for military expenditures and to shift the focus to tax revenues is identified. The role of war bonds in financing military expenditures during World War II is described in detail. The main characteristics of military bonds in the United States are presented: maturity, face value, interest rate, and investors. The work of the government to popularize military bonds in the United States is described. The article characterizes military bonds for financing military needs in Ukraine during the period of occupation of part of the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions by Russian mercenaries in 2014 and during the full-scale invasion in 2022–2023. The ways the government has simplified the process of purchasing military bonds, including through the Diia app, are described. The structure of financing defence and security expenditures in 2022–2023 is graphically presented. The dynamics and structure of tax revenues, military bonds, and non-tax revenues as sources of financing military expenditures are analyzed. The focus is on the redemption of military bonds by the NBU through the issue of hryvnia in 2022. It is proved that the effectiveness of the sale of military bonds in the United States and Ukraine depends on the level of patriotism of the population, its trust in the government and faith in victory. The common features of bonds issued in the United States and Ukraine in wartime by the following features are presented: the purpose of bonds issuance, investors' motives, the selling price, and placement of bonds on the stock market. The distinctive features based on the following criteria are identified: currency of bond placement, face value of the bond, types of investors, bond maturity, bond yield, frequency of bond placement in the primary market, and government agencies responsible for bond placement and promotion. It is proved that the issue of military bonds provides countries with the opportunity to attract financial resources for the long term, which allows them to plan and finance strategic military projects, purchase weapons and other military equipment.

Landscape-scale spatial variations of pre-Columbian anthropogenic disturbances at three ring ditch sites in French Guiana.

In the past two decades, repeated discoveries of numerous geometric earthworks in interfluvial regions of Amazonia have shed new light onto the territorial extent and the long-term impact of pre-Columbian populations on contemporary landscapes. In particular, the recent development of LiDAR imagery has accelerated the discovery of earthworks in densely forested hinterlands throughout the Amazon basin and the Guiana Shield. This study aimed to evaluate the extent and landscape-scale spatial variations of pre-Columbian disturbances at three ring ditch sites in the French Guiana hinterland. We carried out extensive soil surveys along approximately 1 km-long transects spanning from ring ditches through the surrounding landscapes, and drawn upon multiple indicators, including archaeological artifacts, macro- and micro-charcoals, soil colorimetry, and physicochemical properties to retrace the pre-Columbian history of these sites in terms of occupation periods, anthropogenic soil alteration, and ancient land use. Our results revealed a perennial occupation of these sites over long periods ranging from the 5th and 15th centuries CE, with local enrichments in chemical indicators (Corg, N, Mg, K, Ca) both within the enclosures of ring ditches and in the surrounding landscapes. Physicochemical properties variations were accompanied by variations in soil colorimetry, with darker soils within the enclosure of ring ditches in terra-firme areas. Interestingly however, soil properties did not meet all the characteristics of the so-called Amazonian Dark Earths, thus advocating a paradigm shift towards a better integration of Amazonian Brown Earths into the definition of anthropogenic soils in Amazonia. Soil disturbances were also associated to local enrichments in macro- and micro-charcoals that support in situ fire management that could be attributed to forest clearance and/or slash-and-burn cultivation. Taken together, our results support the idea that pre-Columbian societies made extensive use of their landscapes in the interfluvial regions of the French Guiana hinterlands.

전후 일본의 미망인운동과 모자보호

This paper examines the widow's movement and mother and child protection issues from immediately after the defeat to April 1952. The analysis until April 1952 is related to the political situation in Japan during this period. Japan was under Allied Occupation from immediately after the defeat until the San Francisco Peace Treaty took effect in April 1952. After this treaty went into effect, Japan became an independent government. During this period, Japanese widows could be divided into war widows and ordinary widows. The most distinctive feature of war widows is that the bereaved family, centered on men other than widows, took the initiative and proceeded with a bereaved movement focusing on mental treatment issues such as memorials and condolences. The feature of the widow's movement examined in this paper focuses on life problems. Therefore, it includes not only ordinary widows but also war widows in need due to livelihoods. In addition, unlike the bereaved movement, which is centered on male bereaved families, the widow's movement is centered on women. This article examines the reality of widows who lived in chaos during the occupation period, which began immediately after the defeat in World War II. Then, through the relationship between the mother-child dormitory and the widow's movement, it will examines the issue of mother-child protection. This analysis will provide implications for examining the changing social and mental awareness of widows based on life problems.

Chernihivshchyna is a Northern Advanced Post: Occupation, Liberation, Prospects of Living on the Borderland

The main events in the outlying villages of Chernihiv during the period of occupation / deoccupation are described in the article, based on the collected expeditionary materials. The interviews have been recorded in the villages of Ivanivka and Yahidne. They have been occupied by Russian regular troops for almost a month. Chernihivshchyna is one of the first regions to meet the hostile invasion of the northern neighbour. The rapid passing of Russian troops through the region, as well as their deployment among the housing stock of the population, which was a human shield for the invaders, led to catastrophic consequences in some settlements: damaged infrastructure (roads, schools), destroyed cultural heritage sites, polluted environment, and human lives were cut short. Thus, today it is important to record the state of development of the social, domestic, and cultural spheres of everyday life in the region. The attempt is made to describe the attitude of the local population to Russians in different periods of coexistence (Soviet times, independence, occupation), since the local population of the border region has always had close trade and economic ties. The testimonies recorded from the locals are extremely important not only for understanding the full consequences of the occupation of Chernihiv region, but also for Ukrainian society’s understanding of the trends in relations with its northern neighbour and for outlining an action plan to secure sovereign territories from both external invasion and internal destabilization. The communication of the local population with the occupiers through field evidences is considered in the published work. These are, in particular, illustrative aspects of the invaders’ inability to explain their own purpose of occupation, their lack of understanding of Ukrainian history and culture, the rejection of the local civic position by the military men of the RF, etc. The peculiarities of the life of villagers under occupation and during the period of deoccupation are also analysed in the article; the trends in the region’s reconstruction both at the expense of local and volunteer resources as well as through projects with Ukraine’s external European partners are considered.

COHORT CHANGE AND LIFE COURSE SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE HEALTH TRAJECTORIES

Abstract The combination of socioeconomic gains and losses during a lifetime contributes to a large inequality in cognitive capacity in later life. Although studies have examined the connection between an individual’s socioeconomic status over the life course and cognitive health trajectories, it is unclear how historical contexts may have influenced these associations. In light of the dynamic macro-social environment in Korea, this study utilizes data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) from 2006 to 2018. I explore the variation in the socioeconomic patterning of cognitive health trajectories based on the benchmarking of socioeconomic status across the life course. The study reveals three main findings. First, I find cohort-specific cognitive health trajectories based on socioeconomic status across the life course. Notably, childhood socioeconomic status leaves an indelible mark on levels of cognition only among earlier cohorts born during the Japanese Occupation period. Additionally, socioeconomic disparities in the rate of cognitive health decline widen among earlier cohorts, while this trend is not observed among more recent cohorts. Second, compared to childhood and later-life socioeconomic status, education consistently shows a positive association with higher levels of cognition rather than slower cognitive decline, regardless of whether the cohorts are earlier or more recent. Third, there is a notable gender difference in socioeconomic disparities in cognitive decline, with women experiencing more pronounced disparities compared to men, especially among earlier cohorts. These findings underscore the significance of historical and contextual factors when examining the association between socioeconomic status and cognitive health across the life course.

Don Brown and Japanese librarianship during the occupation period

Japanese library policy during the post-war occupation was primarily driven by the Civil Information and Education Section (CIE) of the GHQ/SCAP. Donald B. Brown was a head of the Information Division of CIE, in charge of occupational media policy. He had experience as a journalist of The Japan Advertiser in 1930s and as an analyst in the Office of War Information (OWI) in early 1940s. He led the dissemination of democratic ideas in the media sector, publicizing the purpose of occupation to the general public, and eliminating militarism/non-democratic ideas. Branch Library Bulletin was published 45 times from 1948–1949 and conveyed a variety of cultural activities such as documentary films, exhibitions, listening to music records, debates, English conversation classes, etc.Don Brown also emphasized the role of the library for disseminating democratic ideas. He played an important role in the foundation of CIE libraries in the early occupational period and in the establishment of the Japan Library School (JLS) at Keio University in 1951. 23 CIE libraries were founded in the occupational Japan and showed democratic model for post-war Japanese public library. Open shelf and free use were not popular in Japanese public librarianship in pre-war period. In order to operate CIE libraries more effectively, it was necessary for the Japanese themselves to operate those libraries, and a new educational institution should be established to train such Japanese staff. At that time, main training method for Japanese librarians was short course and no graduate school existed specializing library economy/library science. The JLS, led by Robert L. Gitler, was a major epoch in considering the development of education and training for Japanese professional librarian.

Sea level rise drowned a vast habitable area of north-western Australia driving long-term cultural change

For most of the period of human occupation of Sahul (the combined Pleistocene landmass of Australia and New Guinea), lower sea levels exposed an extensive area of the northwest of the Australian continent, connecting the Kimberley and Arnhem Land into one vast area. Our analysis of high-resolution bathymetric data shows this now-drowned region existed as an extensive archipelago in Marine Isotope Stage 4, transforming in Marine Isotope Stage 2 into a fully exposed shelf containing an inland sea adjacent to a large freshwater lake. These were encircled by deep gorges and escarpments that likely acted as important resource zones and refugia for human populations at that time. Demographic modelling shows the shelf had a fluctuating potential carrying capacity through Marine Isotope Stages 4–2, with the capability to support 50–500 k people at various times. Two periods of rapid global sea level rise at 14.5–14.1 ka (Meltwater Pulse 1A), and between 12 ka and 9 ka, resulted in the rapid drowning of ∼50% of the Northwest Shelf. This likely caused a retreat of human populations, registering as peaks in occupational intensity at archaeological sites. We contend that the presence of an extensive archipelago on the Northwest Shelf in Marine Isotope Stage 4 facilitated the successful dispersal of the first maritime explorers from Wallacea, creating a familiar environment for their maritime economies to adapt to the vast terrestrial continent of Sahul.

The fate of ancestors living in the countryside in family accounts and in-home archives. The “My Family” Project implemented in 2022 by students of the Institute of History of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce

The present article contains an introduction (describing problems in the study of microhistory and distinguishing groups interested in these types of considerations), the characteristics of interviews and written papers and the conclusions drawn from them. The basis for its creation was the “My Family” Project, consisting of three elements: students’ written papers, a recording of an interview with a family member (preferably a grandmother or grandfather) and a presentation at a conference. The project was carried out in the summer semester of 2022 with second-year B.A. students at the Institute of History of the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce as part of “The historian’s research methods” classes. Students involved in this initiative also took part in a conference entitled “My Family as an Archival Source” (as part of the “Meetings with an Archival Source” series), which took place on September 28, 2022. A report on this event was written by one of the students participating in the project. The first part of the project consisted of student interviews with family members. Parents and grandparents discussed topics such as the history of their ancestors, the years of German and Soviet occupation, and everyday life. The representatives of the older generation focused on telling about their experience of World War II in small towns of today’s Świętokrzyskie province, while the students’ parents discussed the dull reality of the Polish People’s Republic. The interviews concerning the occupation period were emotional; they show the savagery of the Germans murdering Polish ­civilians and indicate that historians have not yet worked through this issue. Students’ papers deal with the unique history of their ancestors. The topics discussed in them mainly concern the fate of the authors’ great-grandparents and grandparents. The texts describe the realities of Kielce villages during World War II, as well as the hardships of everyday life. The overwhelming majority of the ancestors of the students participating in the project lived in the countryside, having peasant or landowning origins. The article ends with conclusions presented by students during the discussion summarizing the project. Student papers can encourage readers to research their family’s past. Every history student should know the history of their family.

습률의 변화과정과 축제로서의 복원 가능성 재고

The chestnut picking play ‘Ssupyul’ shows the aspect of modern festivals during the Japanese occupation period. A 'chestnut picking' competition was held near Uijeongbu Station in 1921. It developed as an annual event in October by opening private chestnut tree forests. Active participation in activities and entertainment were encouraged, with geishas affiliated with the association presenting dance, song, and new faction drama. The chestnut picking event was renamed and held as the ‘Women's Chestnut Picking Competition’ in the Annyang area in 1933 and 1934. The organizing institution of the competition responded to the changing times, transitioning from ‘Maeil Shinbo’ to ‘Chosun Ilbo’, ‘Dong-A Ilbo’, and the magazine company Shin Gajeong. Japanese overseas study women emerged as main participants, beginning to raise various voices. The chestnut picking competition held in Gyeonggi area centered on Uijeongbu came to an end in 1938. With the visibility of base return in 2020, theUijeongbu local government is also actively working on the long-desired project of cultural restoration and activation of cultural space. This article aims to provide a foundation by analyzing the status of the chestnut picking competition during the Japanese occupation period and publicizing the possibility as a local festival, aligned with the excavation and expansion of cultural resources in the Uijeongbu area

Coral carbonate-bound isotopes reveal monsoonal influence on nitrogen sources in Southeastern China's Greater Bay Area from the mid-Holocene until the Anthropocene

Most anthropogenic nitrogen (N) reaches coastal waters via rivers carrying increasing loads of sewage, fertilizer, and sediments. To understand anthropogenic N impacts, we need to understand historical N-dynamics before human influence. Stable isotope ratios of N preserved in carbonates are one way to create temporal N records. However, records that span periods of human occupation are scarce, limiting our ability to contextualize modern N dynamics. Here, we produce a fossil-bound N-record using coral subfossils, spanning 6700 years in China's Greater Bay Area (GBA). We found that during the mid-to-late Holocene, the GBA's coastal N was dominated by fluvial sources. The weakening of the Asia monsoon throughout the late-Holocene decreased river outflow, leading to a relative increase of marine nitrate. This source shift from riverine-to-ocean dominance was overprinted by anthropogenic N. During the late 1980s to early 1990s, human development and associated effluent inundated the coastal system, contributing to the decline of coral communities.

Hominin Response to Oscillations in Climate and Local Environments During the Mid‐Pleistocene Climate Transition in Northern China

AbstractArcheological evidence from loess sediments from Shangchen on the southeastern Chinese Loess Plateau indicates a suspension of hominin occupation around the time of the early mid‐Pleistocene climate transition, prompting a re‐assessment of climate‐vegetation‐hominin interactions. Loess deposits with in situ lithic records cover the period of hominin occupation and reveal four distinct climate‐vegetation periods (2.1–1.8, 1.8–1.26, 1.26–0.9, and 0.9–0.6 Ma). Major oscillations in climate superimposed upon an aridification trend and an expansion of C4 herbaceous vegetation from about 1.26 Ma may have driven early humans to move to more hospitable locations in the region. Comparison with the record at Nihewan indicates that large‐scale climate oscillations induced disparate hominin responses due to distinctive local environmental conditions.