Negotiation Period Research Articles

If It Ain't Brexit Don't Fix It

The United Kingdom and European Union are struggling to reach an agreement within the two-year period of negotiations. As the first country to depart from the European Union, the outcome of the British exit will set a precedent on dealings with future departing Member States. The Treaty of Lisbon, particularly Article 50, governs the procedural requirements for leaving the European Union. Examined through the lens of textualist principles and international law norms, the Treaty of Lisbon calls for an agreement to be reached between the Union and departing Member State. No European Union guidance documents provide for the default position should talks fail. This Article argues some sort of deal is required and in the best interests of everyone involved. To reach this conclusion, this Article briefly details the United Kingdom’s involvement with the European Union and the treaty provisions governing its participation with the Union. This Article uses rules of treaty interpretation in coming to the conclusion that a deal is pre-requisite to Brexit. It also highlights the increasingly more likely, and devastating, consequences of failing to meet this obligation.

Global drug policy at an impasse: Examining the politics of the 2016 United Nations General Assembly Special Session

BackgroundThe 2016 United Nations General Assembly’s Special Session on the World Drug Problem (UNGASS) was a ‘critical moment’ in recent global drug policy history. MethodsThis study examines the dynamics and consequences of UNGASS 2016 using documentary analysis and interviews with ten leading international drug reform experts. ResultsInternational consensus relating to the global drug problem remains heavily fractured. This is evident from: the increasingly diverse positions adopted by Member States during the negotiation period leading up to UNGASS; conflicting agendas within and between different United Nations agencies; and the content of the UNGASS Outcome Document. Our interviews further revealed key obstacles facing the international drug policy reform community following this event. ConclusionGlobal governance in the sphere of drug policy has reached an impasse but this should have limited impact on the ongoing efforts of reformers to shift the debate so long as civil society actors have access to funding and opportunities to participate in key future global drug policy events.

Higher education staff and Brexit. Is the UK losing the youngest and brightest from other EU countries?

Since the Brexit referendum in 2016, and the formal act of triggering article 50 by Theresa May’s cabinet in 2017, the UK has entered a period of negotiations, the outcome of which, and also the terms of the post-exiting phase, are still uncertain. In this period of uncertainty, the mobility of people is one of the main issues at stake. The topic is important for the higher education sector where the percentage of (other) European Union staff in UK universities has grown at an impressive rate in recent years before the Brexit referendum. This paper draws from official Higher Education Statistic Agency (HESA) data to investigate if there is any inversion of this trend in the British system, arguing that some ‘Brexodus’ of academic staff - meaning a decrease in the percentage of other EU nationals - has already started for some academics, namely the youngest and the brightest.

Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Brexit Referendum and Post-Referendum Events on Selected Stock Exchange Indexes

Abstract The paper studies the impact of political turbulence in the United Kingdom in 2016 and 2017 on selected relevant stock indexes. The empirical analysis consists of unit breakpoint tests. The potential points of structural break are determined based on an overview of occurrences of political instability from the Brexit referendum to the snap Parliamentary election of 2017. The paper concludes that the outcome of the referendum on Brexit caused a structural break that was visible in every stock index studied. On the other hand, the paper fails to find any evidence of a structural break caused by subsequent events, namely the decision to call the snap election or the outcome of the election itself. This implies that investors have accepted the UK decision to leave the EU and there was no further destabilization of the stock markets. It can be further concluded that the United Kingdom and the European Union need to address a deep political divide and find a way to coexist and mutually benefit in the period of negotiations and after the Brexit takes place

On dynamic consensus processes in group decision making problems

Consensus in group decision making requires discussion and deliberation between the group members with the aim to reach a decision that reflects the opinions of every group member in order for it to be acceptable by everyone. Traditionally, the consensus reaching problem is theoretically modelled as a multi stage negotiation process, i.e. an iterative process with a number of negotiation rounds, which ends when the consensus level achieved reaches a minimum required threshold value. In real world decision situations, both the consensus process environment and specific parameters of the theoretical model can change during the negotiation period. Consequently, there is a need for developing dynamic consensus process models to represent effectively and realistically the dynamic nature of the group decision making problem. Indeed, over the past few years, static consensus models have given way to new dynamic approaches in order to manage parameter variability or to adapt to environment changes. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the recent evolution of consensus reaching models under dynamic environments and critically analyse their advantages and limitations.

Difficult partnership: Turkey – EU. Chances, aspirations and barriers

The article deals with the admission of Turkey into the structures of the European Union, as a country located in only a small part in Europe but at the same time constituting a strategic location from the point of view of EU security. The time frame of the analysis made here basically covers the whole period of accession negotiations, but due to the length of the negotiations, only the most important elements will be emphasised (beginning of the accession process, its subsequent stages, problems). The aim of the article is to point out the opportunities and barriers to this accession, whose vision moves away because of Turkey’s deepening political crisis triggered by president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The main thesis of the article is the statement that the negotiation process, which started years ago, was inhibited and slowed down as a result of subsequent events taking place both in the EU (migration crisis) and in Turkey itself (military coup of 2016). The author wants to answer two questions: (1) what problems, over the years of accession negotiations, proved to be insurmountable in this process? and (2) what prospects for Turkey’s accession are drawn on the basis of the current positions of both negotiating parties? Empirics in this case must be based on an analysis of the history of the Turkish accession process and the most current media reports (mainly on the 2016 coup)

Common Fisheries Policy and its impact on the fisheries sector in Croatia

Abstract The aim of the paper is: 1) to determine the key changes in the evolution process of the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) and the Croatia’s fisheries policy and 2) to describe the structure and dynamics of macroeconomic and budget performance related to Croatian fisheries in the period 2007-2016. Two methods were used: the historical method and the descriptive analysis of macroeconomic performance and budget structure. The CFP was officially introduced in 1983, bringing the management of fisheries in all EU member states under one system. Its aims were: to resolve sea conflicts between member states, to provide stability to the fisheries sector, to prevent a total collapse of fish stocks and to provide higher quality of life to the fishermen. However, the CFP has constantly been criticized for poor enforcement of environmental measures and scientific recommendations, and for the lack of a common language between the EU institutions and local stakeholders. Both the European and Croatian fisheries sector faced many problems, especially during the transition period in the 1990s. Some of them included a serious decrease of catches, outdated technology and fisheries fleet, depletion of demersal species, lack of developmental trends in mariculture, absence of measures of rational exploitation and protection of economically significant species. The negotiation period was an opportunity for the fisheries sector in Croatia to adapt its goals, measures and stakeholders in order to achieve a more sustainable and internationally competitive fisheries sector in the future. The membership facilitates trade in the EU area, along with providing significant funding and technical assistance. The budget support structure and the existing policy framework point out an increase in the implementation of structural measures which should assist in an overall improvement of social, economic and environmental aspects of fisheries.

Ethnic cartography and politics in Vienna, 1918-1945.

In Vienna, the close of the First World War and the period of the peace negotiations in Paris saw an enormous boom of ethnic-geographic research approaches and ethnic map-making. This process continued with the appointment of the Viennese geographer Hugo Hassinger (1877-1952) to the chair of human geography at the University of Vienna in 1931 and intensified with the establishment of the South East German Research Association and the National Socialist takeover in March 1938. But did the initiatives to create ethnic maps originate with politicians and authorities, or did they come from the scientists themselves? This article argues that scientists embarked upon ethnic geographies on their own initiative. Although political institutions used scientists and their resources for their own, political ends (ethnographic maps served as an important source for the National Socialists in their operations for ethnic consolidation), scientists also mobilized resources from the political sphere for career and disciplinary purposes.

“Territorial Peace”: The Emergence of a Concept in Colombia’s Peace Negotiations

ABSTRACTThe essays collected in this forum discuss the political geography of the recent Colombian Peace Agreements, which aim to put an end to one of the most long lasting armed conflicts in Latin America. Central to many arguments in this accord is the concept of “territorial peace”. From a range of different academic disciplines and perspectives, the authors of this Forum explore this concept, focusing on its genealogy during the period of peace negotiations (2012-2016), its importance in the content of the agreement, and some of its connected dimensions, in particular to notions of ethno-territorial, sex and gender issues, as well as formal party politics.

Casualties of peace: an analysis of casualties admitted to the intensive care unit during the negotiation of the comprehensive Colombian process of peace

BackgroundAfter 52 years of war in 2012, the Colombian government began the negotiation of a process of peace, and by November 2012, a truce was agreed. We sought to analyze casualties who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) before and during the period of the negotiation of the comprehensive Colombian process of peace.MethodsRetrospective study of hostile casualties admitted to the ICU at a Level I trauma center from January 2011 to December 2016. Patients were subsequently divided into two groups: those seen before the declaration of the process of peace truce (November 2012) and those after (November 2012–December 2016). Patients were compared with respect to time periods.ResultsFour hundred forty-eight male patients were admitted to the emergency room. Of these, 94 required ICU care. Sixty-five casualties presented before the truce and 29 during the negotiation period. Median injury severity score was significantly higher before the truce. Furthermore, the odds of presenting with severe trauma (ISS > 15) were significantly higher before the truce (OR, 5.4; (95% CI, 2.0–14.2); p < 0.01). There was a gradual decrease in the admissions to the ICU, and the performance of medical and operative procedures during the period observed.ConclusionWe describe a series of war casualties that required ICU care in a period of peace negotiation. Despite our limitations, our study presents a decline in the occurrence, severity, and consequences of war injuries probably as a result in part of the negotiation of the process of peace. The hysteresis of these results should only be interpreted for their implications in the understanding of the peace-health relationship and must not be overinterpreted and used for any political end.

Addressing Cultural Identity through Negotiation: Analysis of Student-teacher-authored Narratives

AbstractTeachersí cultural identity is among the forepart issues within the realm of teacher education studies. The research about teachersí identity has been done using teacherauthored narratives. That said, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of negotiation in the student-teachersí cultural identity formation. To that end, three studentteachers (two males and one female student-teachers), majoring in English language teaching participated in this study. During four months, the student-teachers participated in a negotiation program on cultural identity. They were sent some academic papers to study, then, they participated in discussions about cultural variations and the ways to address them in classrooms. The student-teachers where asked to write their narratives. Then the narratives where analyzed based on the semantic expressions. The qualitative analysis of the student-teachersí narratives showed that their cultural identity changed during the negotiation period. By analyzing the student teacher-authored narratives, it appeared that they addressed cultural variations in different ways includingusing cultural varieties in teaching, identifying the gaps between cultural contexts, reconceptualization of cultural concepts, cultural transformation, new modes of using culture, internalization of cultural issues, and cultural awareness, each of which is discussed in the current study. It can be concluded from the obtained information that cultural identity is a dynamic one and open to change. The research bears some implications for teacher education policy makers to introduce sustainable teacher education program in general, and sustainable second language teacher education program in particular.

Implementing Transition: How Would it Work?

The United Kingdom Government has indicated that it wishes to have a 'transitional' or 'implementation' period as part of the process of the UK's withdrawal from the European Union. This paper examines how such transitional arrangements might be adopted in terms of both EU law and UK law, and identifies a number of potential legal difficulties that would have to be addressed if a transitional period were to be put in place. The paper concludes that the most straightforward legal vehicle for a transitional period (in the sense of deferring exit from the EU so as to provide more time for agreeing the future relationship between the EU and the UK) would be extension of the Article 50 negotiation period, albeit that adopting such a course would be fraught with political difficulty.

Analysis of combat casualties admitted to the emergency department during the negotiation of the comprehensive Colombian process of peace

Aim: Our objective was to describe the variations in casualties admitted to the emergency department during the period of the negotiation of the comprehensive peace agreement in Colombia between 2011 and 2016.Methods: A retrospective study of all hostile military casualties managed at a regional Level I trauma center from January 2011 to December 2016. Patients were subsequently divided into two groups: those seen before the declaration of the process of peace truce (November 2012) and those after (negotiation period). Variables were compared with respect to periodsResults: A total of 448 hostile casualties were registered. There was a gradual decline in the number of admissions to the emergency department during the negotiation period. The number of soldiers suffering blast and rifle injuries also decreased over this period. In 2012 there were nearly 150 hostile casualties' admissions to the ER. This number decreased to 84, 63, 32 and 6 in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. Both, the proportion of patients with an ISS ≥9 and admitted to the intensive care unit were significantly higher in the period before peace negotiation. From August to December/2016 no admissions of war casualties were registered.Conclusion: We describe a series of soldiers wounded in combat that were admitted to the emergency department before and during the negotiation of the Colombian process of peace. Overall, we found a trend toward a decrease in the number of casualties admitted to the emergency department possibly in part, as a result of the period of peace negotiation.

Analysis of combat casualties admitted to the emergency department during the negotiation of the comprehensive Colombian process of peace.

Aim: Our objective was to describe the variations in casualties admitted to the emergency department during the period of the negotiation of the comprehensive peace agreement in Colombia between 2011 and 2016.Methods: A retrospective study of all hostile military casualties managed at a regional Level I trauma center from January 2011 to December 2016. Patients were subsequently divided into two groups: those seen before the declaration of the process of peace truce (November 2012) and those after (negotiation period). Variables were compared with respect to periodsResults: A total of 448 hostile casualties were registered. There was a gradual decline in the number of admissions to the emergency department during the negotiation period. The number of soldiers suffering blast and rifle injuries also decreased over this period. In 2012 there were nearly 150 hostile casualties' admissions to the ER. This number decreased to 84, 63, 32 and 6 in 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. Both, the proportion of patients with an ISS ≥9 and admitted to the intensive care unit were significantly higher in the period before peace negotiation. From August to December/2016 no admissions of war casualties were registered.Conclusion: We describe a series of soldiers wounded in combat that were admitted to the emergency department before and during the negotiation of the Colombian process of peace. Overall, we found a trend toward a decrease in the number of casualties admitted to the emergency department possibly in part, as a result of the period of peace negotiation.

Evaluation of the EU-Canada comprehensive economic and trade agreement (CETA) in terms of Turkish foreign trade

Purpose- Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, CETA that European Union signed with Canada on November 30, 2016 has the quality to result in economic, social and cultural consequences by making norms as compatible not only by removing tariff barriers differently from formers. It has been expected that agreement which removes tariff barriers at the rate of 99% increases the trade between each two countries at the rate of 23%. In addition to this, consequences that cause some concerns in terms of Turkey that is still candidate country to EU are possible. Turkey had stayed out of negotiation period of CETA as is the case with meetings of Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) that EU started negotiations with USA. On the other way, Turkey has been affected by CETA because of applying Customs Union Agreement with EU since 1996. Like agreements that EU has made with other countries, EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement is going to deepen the negative effects of Customs Union Agreement on foreign trade of Turkey. Methodolgy- In this study, Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, CETA, had been discussed in the view of basic indicators subjecting to foreign trade. Possible effects of CETA had been analyzed on Turkey economy because of that Turkey participate in European Customs Union. Findings- It had been seen that first of effects of Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement on Turkey economy had consisted of two sections as particular to CETA and TTIP. Conclusion- Turkey has been affected by CETA because it was applying Customs Union Agreement with EU since 1996. Like agreements that EU has made with other countries, EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement is going to deepen the negative effects of Customs Union Agreement on foreign trade of Turkey.

The Cyprus Peace Talks at Mont Pelerin (7-11 and 20-21 November 2016) and the Greek Cypriot Press: The Positions of Cypriot Newspapers Alithia, Politis and Haravgi

This text is based on research aiming to record the period of negotiations at Mont Pèlerin, Switzerland between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot community in November 2016. Articles from three newspapers (Alithia, Politis and Haravgi) were studied, with an emphasis on political coverage regarding the negotiations. The choice of newspapers was based on the fact that they have been around for many decades, they have a different ideological orientation and they have contributed to the modern history of Cyprus. Moreover, they all have a full electronic archive of their issues which makes it easy to access and study the articles.The overarching aim is to understand the efforts to solve the Cyprus problem through the recent negotiations in Switzerland and to examine the positions of the Cypriot press regarding this thorny and crucial issue over which the Republic of Cyprus has been agonising for more than forty years.

Brexit stage left

On the 29th of March 2017 the British government invoked article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union, triggering a two year period of negotiations before Britain exits from the European Union. Hardly in doubt since the outcome of the national referendum, Britain’s eventual exit from the political and economic union is now all but certain. Brexit will have a profound impact on economics, trade and international relations not only within Europe but globally, as the changing relationship between several of the globe’s major economic powers ripples across the international economy. It is unclear what kind of compromise if any will emerge over the next two years; lurking in the background of negotiation is the spectre of World Trade Organisation trading rules and punitive trading conditions - a looming cliff edge beyond which the UK plummets out of existing treaties. Nevertheless what Brexit means for business in the UK and beyond has become clearer in recent months, and what it means is prolonged uncertainty. The shape of the final settlement will likely evolve during the years and decades following Brexit itself. Uncertainty itself is becoming the defining context of international business in the wake of the British referendum vote, and business success over the next decade may come to turn on management of uncertainty and mitigation of risk.

How can urban and local leadership teams navigate the impending international relations revolution? A practitioner viewpoint

The practice of cities and regions nurturing external and international relations has been part of their roles and functions literally for millennia. More than ever, in an era of globalisation, international breakdown and dysfunction, local leaders need to look outward, identify their localities' international opportunities and challenges, and put in place measures to address them. This viewpoint is based on a briefing the author produced for LGIU (Local Government Information Unit -a think tank owned by UK local authority members) in November 2016. It outlines the case for UK LAs, with neighbours and partners as appropriate, to recognise the importance of a coherent approach to international affairs through the BREXIT negotiation period and beyond. It suggests a framework for formulating this approach, and draws on some examples of internationalisation that are already established and operating. It also suggests opportunities for local government as a sector to influence Government’s priorities and approach. This may be better promoted across relevant LA associations, with partners (e.g. LEPs, universities, NGOs, etc.) and at UK as well as individual nation level.

Never mind the Brexit? Britain, Europe, the world and Brexit

Britain’s vote to withdraw from the EU came as an unexpected shock to many in the UK, the rest of the EU and around the world. The UK and the remaining EU now face a fraught and potentially lengthy period of negotiations to settle Brexit. How might this change Europe? And how might it change the rest of the world’s views of Europe? This article looks at how Brexit could shape worldviews of Europe. It does so firstly by looking at the international and European roles Britain sees for itself and how the rest of Europe views those roles. The article then turns to views of both the UK and the EU from the USA, Russia and China. It argues that neither the UK nor the EU should overlook how external perceptions of Europe, the UK and Brexit matter because they will determine the strategic context in which the Brexit negotiations unfold.

Rebuilding the community: the Federation of Jewish Communities and American Jewish humanitarian aid in Yugoslavia, 1944–1952

This article recounts the implications of American Jewish aid for rebuilding the Jewish communities of Yugoslavia in the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust. By focusing on the founding and the activities of the Autonomous Relief Committee (ARC), which channelled aid provided by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC), the article argues that it was the power that ARC assumed, of deciding on funding priorities and being in close proximity to the new Yugoslav communist regime, that allowed it to shape the outlook of post-Holocaust Jewishness in Yugoslavia. The article is based primarily on previously unexamined sources from the Federation of Jewish Communities of Yugoslavia and JDC, and sheds new light on the dynamic period of negotiation of the new normative Jewish identity in the aftermath of the Holocaust.